By:

Datuk Ir. Abdul Kadir Mohd Din & Prof. Ir. Haniffa Hamid Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd

SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE &

EXHIBITION (SEM 2013)

23 October 2013

Kuala Lumpur

Introduction

Wastewater as an Alternative

Water Source for Non Potable

Use in Malaysia

Wastewater Reuse

Technology and Treatment

Challenges and Barriers

The Strategic Approach

Way Forward & Summary

PRESENTATION STRUCTURE

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Objectives

To present an overview of use of treated

wastewater effluent as an alternative

water source; potential to reduce water

footprint

To highlight the strategic approach

for water reuse initiatives in Malaysia

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Introduction

• Malaysia Vision to become a fully

developed country by the year 2020.

• Rapid development has taken place

in sectors like agriculture, industry,

tourism, manufacturing and

urbanisation.

• All these development would not

be possible without adequate

water resources.

• Despite the country’s wet humid

equatorial climate regime, many

parts of the country suffer from

periodic water stress, primarily due

to:

• Imbalance water demand in

varying locations and sectors.

• Changes in weather pattern

affect trends in precipitation &

temperature. (C) IWK/PED/1013

NEED TO REDUCE WATER ABUSE Potable water for Potable Uses

Reclaimed Water for Non-Potable Use

National Water Resources Study (2000-2050) – Water Stress States Penang, Melaka, Selangor , potentially N. Sembilan.

Rapid Urbanization and Industrialization. During Dry season, water shortage & rationing

To cope : Inter State supply; demand management; & efficient water use i.e. water recycling

Need Statement

(C) IWK/PED/0713

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Wat

er D

eman

d (

tho

usa

nd

M

LD)

Year

Potable

Irrigation

Other Crops

Livestock

Fisheries

WATER DEMAND IN MALAYSIA IS INCREASING

Raw Water Resources in Malaysia

– Current & Future Potentials

Direct Extraction from River

12,620 MLD

Storage Dams 2,274 MLD

Ground Water 204 MLD

Treated Wastewater

Rain Water Harvesting

Seawater (desalination)

(C) IWK/PED/1013

(4500 MLD)

KEDAH

PERLIS

PULAU PINANG

TERENGGANU

SELANGOR

KELANTAN

PERAK

MELAKA

NEGERI SEMBILAN

WP KUALA LUMPUR

JOHOR

PAHANG

LABUAN

Domestic Wastewater Dimensions and Network

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Many Regional STPs are

located at urban areas

i.e. the water demand

areas; potential

alternative water

resource

25% of National

Potable Water

Demand

“Indah” Water -

an Alternative

Water Resource

BIOSOLIDS N – 3%; P – 1%, K - <0.1% Organic Matter – 40-50% CV – 2000-3500 kCal/kg DS

BIOGAS Methane – 65% CV – 5000 kcal/m3

TREATED EFFLUENT BOD < 5 mg/l COD < 15 mg/l SS < 5 mg/l

ENERGY CONSUMPTION RM 0.10 to RM 0.50 per m3 of treated effluent

DISPOSE FLARE

HIGH CARBON FOOTPRINT GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSION

The Present Situation

DISCHARGE

(C) IWK/PED/0713

Biofertiliser

Treated Effluent for Industries

Biogas

Biogas Engine

Electricity Supply

Composting

Nu

trie

nt

valu

e f

or

Fert

ilise

r A

pp

licat

ion

Tre

ate

d

effl

uen

t

Biosolids Biomethane

Kajian IWK-UPM:

Biopepejal sebagai

Baja utk Perhutanan

Kajian IWK-UPM:

Biopepejal sbg baja

Tanaman Getah

Kajian IWK-LGM:

Aplikasi biopepejal sebagai

Baja Tapak Semaian Getah Kajian IWK-UTM-JPP:

Aplikasi Membrane CMF

& RO pada Bioefluen

Kajian IWK-UTM:

Bioefluen untuk

Tumbuhan Landskap

Treated Effluent for Landscaping

Kajian AAIBE sedang

dilaksanakan dengan UNITEN

Bioeffluent

Potential Resource Recovery in Sewage Treatment

(C) IWK/PED/1013

AGRICULTURE REUSE

• Crop Irrigation

• Highest Demand in China, Mexico, India

• Reliable supply

• Low cost

• Nutrient rich

MUNICIPAL REUSE

• 2nd Grade WATER • Filling recreational parks

•Washing trucks and trains

•Public toilet flushing and cleaning

• Street washing and drain cleaning

•Park Irrigation

• Fire fighting

• HIGH QUALITY WATER • Drinking Water supply

INDUSTRIAL REUSE

• Private sector driven

• Well defined needs and requirements

• Cooling purpose

• Steam generation

• Process water

• Construction

• Concrete mixing

• Tunneling

• Cleaning

Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source

(C) IWK/PED/1013

RO Units

Note: the above data is based on values compiled from a pilot

project at Shah Alam STP in 2003. NA refers to Not

Applicable/Available

Effluent to Recycled Water - Pilot Projects

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Parameter Unit Average WHO Std MOH Std

Colour Hazen <5 15 15

Turbidity NTU <0.5 5 5

Aluminium mg/l <0.01 0.2 0.2

Chloride mg/l <1 250 250

Copper mg/l <0.01 2 1

H2S mg/l <0.01 0.05 0.05

Iron mg/l <0.01 0.3 0.3

Manganese mg/l <0.01 0.5 0.1

Sodium mg/l 5.58 200 200

Sulfate mg/l 1.75 400 400

TDS mg/l 12.9 1000 1000

Zinc mg/l 0.02 3 5

Flouride mg/l 0.07 1.5 0.9

Hardness mg/l <1 500 500

Silica mg/l 0.2 NA NA

- Joint Research: UTM-JPP-MWA-IWK (2003)

•Pilot Project – Effluent to Recycled Water • The final output meets WHO dan MOH standards

RO Units

Note: the above data is based on average values of the RO

product (reclaimed water quality) compiled from the on-

going study at Cyberjaya STP; NA refers to Not

Applicable/Available. *Conductivity and Silica are monitored

to assess the performance in % rejection achieved.

Effluent to Recycled Water - Pilot Projects Cont’

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Parameter Unit Average WHO

Std MOH Std

Colour Hazen <5 15 15

Turbidity NTU <0.1 5 5

Ammonia mg/l <1.5 1.5 1.5

NO3-N mg/l 0.7 10 10

NO2-N mg/l 0.1 NA NA

TDS mg/l 4.6 1000 1000

Alkalinity mg/l 10 500 500

*Conductivity uS/cm <100 NA NA

E.Coli CFU/

100mL Absent Absent Absent

Total Estrogen ug/l <2.5 NA NA

*Silica mg/l 4.6 NA NA

- Joint Research: IWK-UKM- SSENG at Cyberjaya (May 2011- presently on-going)

•Pilot Project –to study the potential of SSENG’s Pore Controlled Fiber Filter (PCF) technology for water reclamation from STPs.

• Proof of concept of PCF as a lower cost water reclamation technology.

•The output quality after RO meets MOH standards. Further improvements to optimize the is currently being investigated .

The Pilot Unit at Cyberjaya Regional

STP – consist of PFC Unit & RO

filtration compared against UF & RO

filtration technology

- Joint Research: IWK-UTM (2006)

i. Reduces dependency on potable water

ii. Contains nutrients for plant growth iii.Cheaper source of water

Advantages of Bioeffluent for Landscaping Plants :

After

Sebelum

Rate of leave growth increased by 2 fold

Rate of plant growth increased by 9 fold

Levels of pathogen in the bio fluent can be reduced by use of UV or chlorination

techniques

Before

- Pilot Project with MPPD (2012)

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Rank

Country Treated waste-water reused m3/d

Country Treated wastewater

reused m3/million

capita

Country Treated wastewater

reuse as % of the total

water extraction

1 USA 7,600,000 Qatar 170,323 Kuwait 35.2 2 S. Arabia 1,847,000 Israel 166,230 Israel 18.1 3 Egypt 1,780,821 Kuwait 163,330 Singapore 14.4 4 Syria 1,014,000 UAE 126,713 Qatar 13.3 5 Israel 1,014,000 Cyprus 88,952 Cyprus 10.4 6 Spain 821,920 S. Arabia 75,081 Jordon 8.1 7 Mexico 767,280 Bahrain 56,301 UAE 8.0 8 China 670,000 Syria 55,109 Malta 7.8 9 Japan 573,800 Tunisia 51,233 Tunisia 7.1 10 Tunisia 512,328 Jordan 40,179 S. Arabia 5.5 11 UAE 506,850 Malta 27,400 Namibia 4.3 12 Australia 456,100 Oman 27,385 Bahrain 4.2 13 Korea, Rep 430,000 USA 25,486 Oman 1.9 14 Kuwait 424,657 Egypt 24,395 Syria 1.9 15 Iran 420,000 Australia 22,805 Bolivia 1.1 16 Chile 320,000 Spain 20,436 Egypt 1.0 17 Peru 280,100 Chile 19,876 Libya 0.9 18 Jordan 225,000 Namibia 19,733 Chile 0.9 19 Turkey 136,986 Libya 18,966 Korea, Rep 0.8 20 Argentina (1) 129,600 Singapore 17,442 Spain 0.8 21 Italy 123,288 Peru 10,163 Australia 0.6 22 Libya 110,000 Korea, Rep 9,024 USA 0.6 23 Qatar 105,600 Mexico 7,259 Peru 0.5 24 Yemen 92,000 Iran 6,000 Yemen 0.5 25 Germany (1) 86,400 Bolivia 4,800 Mexico 0.4 26 SA (1) 82,195 Japan 4,479 SA (1) 0.2 27 Singapore 75,000 Yemen 4,444 Japan 0.2 28 Oman 71, 200 Argentina (1) 3,375 Iran 0.2 29 Cyprus 68,493 Palestine 2,734 Argentina (1) 0.2 30 Bolivia 43,200 Greece 2,624 UK (1) 0.2 31 Bahrain 41,100 Italy 2,163 Lebanon 0.1 32 UK (1) 40,000 Turkey 2,011 Turkey 0.1 33 Namibia 35,520 SA (1) 1,771 Greece 0.1 34 Greece 28,000 Lebanon 1,528 Italy 0.1 35 Brazil (1) 23,330 Germany (1) 1,048 Germany (1) 0.1 36 France 19,178 Belgium (1) 671 China 0.0 37 Malta 10,960 UK (1) 662 Belgium (1) 0.0 38 Palestine 8,750 China 510 Guatemala 0.0 39 Belgium (1) 6,950 France 320 Morocco 0.0 40 Morocco 6,600 Morocco 213 France 0.0 41 Lebanon 5,500 Brazil (1) 127 Brazil (1) 0.0 42 Poland 2,740 Guatemala 119 Poland 0.0 43 Guatemala 1,460 Poland 71

Water reclamation and reuse around the world Global Initiatives

A Wastewater

Reclamation facility in

Sydney Australia. Uses

Continuous MF & RO to

produce 20ML D of

reclaimed effluent for

industrial reuse by

BlueScope Steel.

Reduces potable water

use by 60%

A Wastewater

Reclamation facility in

Sulaibiya Kuwait.

375,000 m3/d ultra-

filtration and reverse

osmosis.

NeWater facility in

Singapore.

Uses Advanced dual-

membrane

(microfiltration

& reverse osmosis) and

ultraviolet disinfection

Santa Carla California - 10% wastewater (60MLD)

is recycled through South

Bay Water Recycling

pipelines for landscaping,

agricultural irrigation, and

industrial needs

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Microfiltration Ultrafiltration

Nanofiltration Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Type of Technology selected needs to suit the reuse application or demand for minimum

quality and criteria set by the user. • For example; electronic industry or boilers for refineries requires high quality reclaimed water

produced from membrane technology via Reverse Osmosis.

• Other types of industries/sectors/area requires only media filtration or disinfection for utility

washing and landscaping

Wastewater Recycling Technology

(C) IWK/PED/1013

TYPES OF APPLICATIONS

TREATMENT REQUIREMENT

Treated Wastewater

Effluent

Sand Filtration

Disinfection Tertiary

Treatment (MF or/and RO)

Process Specific (user

defined)

1. Municipal use

a) Street Cleaning/Construction

b) Drain Cleaning

c) Landscaping

d) Recreational Impoundment

e) Vehicle Washing

f) Indirect potable use – groundwater recharge/ environmental lake

2. Industrial Use

a) Process water

b) Cooling Purpose

c) Boiler

3. Agriculture Use

a) Irrigation for non-food crops

b) Aquaculture (ornamental)

Typical Treatment Requirement for Water Reuse Applications

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Wastewater

Treatment Plant

A Potential Non Potable Water Reuse Scheme in Malaysia

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Illustration of Potential Non Potable Water Reuse for

Landscape Irrigation and Industrial Applications

Case Scenario 1: Damansara STP to the Factories and Golf Club

KLR 354

Golf Club

Effluent

KLR 354 - Damansara STP

Uses Oxidation Ditch –

Activated Sludge Systems

to produce high quality

treated effluent (Std A)

Currently : 15,907 m3/day

treated effluent is released

and not recycled

Potential Water Reuse

Application to Golf Course

Landscape and Industrial

Zone in Petaling Jaya.

Industrial Zone

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Bayan Baru STP

Treated Effluent

PEG 061 – Bayan

Baru STP

Uses Oxidation Ditch –

Activated Sludge

Systems to produce

high quality treated

effluent (Std A)

Currently 69, 376

m3/day treated effluent

is released and not

recycled

Potential Water Reuse

Application to Industrial

Zone in Bayan Lepas

Illustration of Potential Non Potable Water Reuse for

Industrial Applications

Case Scenario 2: Bayan Baru Regional STP to the Bayan Lepas Industrial Park

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source

- The Benefits : Sustainability

Sustainable Water Resource Development

Sustainable water resources management looks at 2 aspects:

Use of Technology in alternative sources

Diminishing

margin for action Sustainability

Reduce dependence of Natural Resources

Natu

ral

reso

urc

es

Use o

f

tech

no

logy

• Reduces tensions and stress on potable water supply

• Reduces demand on potable water for non potable use

• Improve potable water demand management for the public/community.

• Lower cost for non potable use, particularly for municipal reuse.

• Improves national water supply efficiencies

(C) IWK/PED/1013

- Reduced stress on potable water supplies

-More potable water reserves

- Reduced Public complains

- Alternative sources of water

- Zero discharge

- Additional revenue

- Enhance image

- Satisfaction

- Better quality of service

- Increased production

- Attraction of FDI

- Zero discharge

- Promote Green Technologies

- Reduce pollution

- Promote resource recovery

- Supports economic growth and development

- Improve Malaysia Water Efficiencies via Bio-effluent

Recycling

-Showcase of Green Technology applications

Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source

– The Beneficiaries

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Challenges and Barriers

Issues & Challenges

Fragmented Institutional Framework

Legal and Policy

Aspects

Risk & Lack of Scientific & Technical

Data

Technology Stakeholder Acceptance

Funding & Tariff

Absence of Guidelines &

Standards

Multi sectorial

agencies are

involved

No National Policy

on Wastewater

Reuse

No Acts or

Regulations; land

issues, conflicts in

services provisions

Local

scientific

data and

information

to support

large scale

viable

applications

Various types of

technology is available,

largely foreign based,

lacks local specification

and standard

Public acceptance is

crucial – religious/ cultural

Public trust & confidence

Attitudes towards

environment

No tariff for

water reuse

pricing.

High funding

cost for capital

investment for

certain types

of applications

Local standards,

criteria, guidelines

for different types of

applications is not

available.

(C) IWK/PED/1013

WATER RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT

RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT

WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE

WATER & SANITATION MANAGE WASTEWATER AS PART OF THE NATIONAL

WATER RESOURCE

Wastewater – A Threat to Water

Resources?

Wastewater – A Water

Resource to Meet the Demand?

The Strategic Approach

(C) IWK/PED/1013

• Technology, particularly membranes is changing the economies on the optimum size of treatment plant

• The trend should be away from big water transfer with a move to solutions within areas with integrated water, wastewater and re-use – see following diagrams

• Integration would facilitate this change of thinking

• Integration will facilitate the economies of scale and allow optimisation of environment and expenditure – eg improved wastewater treatment upstream of water intake

WATER DISTRICT WATER CATCHMENT & REUSE POTENTIAL via GT

(C) IWK/PED/1013

(C) IWK/PED/1013

National Policy Wastewater reuse practices should be an essential component of sustainable and

integrated water resource management. Key policies to be considered in planning

and undertaking wastewater reclamation.

1. Wastewater should be recognized as a resource – for sustainable water resource management with maximum usage /reuse

2. Sewerage catchment planning shall be strategically premised on the potential of wastewater as a resource.

3. Wastewater reclamation & reuse should be included into sustainable development, integrated water resources management strategies, climate change adaptation.

4. The various reuse option should be considered from the outset of the design in the STP, as well as in their operation with corresponding criteria and standard. Construction of new STP/CSTP should include the tertiary treatment for effluent water reuse or at least provision for it.

5. Guidelines & appropriate standards to suit with the appropriate and cost effective reuse application should be formulated and adopted.

6. Collective involvement of all stakeholders in water reuse plans should be facilitated through appropriate platforms and mechanisms – public acceptance is key.

7. Innovation and R&D on wastewater recycling need to be carried out and continued whereby relevant agencies should coordinate and support the initiatives with funding and other means

8. Financial sustainability of water reuse plans should be ensured - the producers and users of recycled water should be incentivized with an acceptable and reasonable tariff mechanism fairly considering an equitable apportionment of cost of producing recycled water.

• There exist untapped resources

within the water cycle

• Water Resources

• Energy

• Sustainable Environment

• Potential for economies of

environment

• Integrated operating plans ensure

quality of water resource for

treatment and consumption and

quality of effluents released back

to the water resource

• Way forward is to jointly work

towards a national agenda for

wastewater reclamation and

recycling.

THE

WATER

CYCLE

Water

Collection

Reservoirs/

dam

Water

treatment

Service

reservoirs Distribution to customers

and wastewater

collection

Waste water

treatment

Sludge

treatment

Clean

water

returned

to river

Evaporation

from sea

Potential Integration of Wastewater Reuse

and Water Supply

Water

Collection

Reservoirs/

dam

Water

treatment

Service

reservoirs Distribution to customers

and wastewater

collection

Waste water

treatment

Sludge

treatment

Clean

water

returned

to river

Evaporation

from sea

(C) IWK/PED/1013

Way Forward Institutional strengthening

National Policy & Guidelines

Incentives & Innovative Funding

Gain

government

support

Produce Guidelines and Standards On Reuse

Create Awareness and Understanding

Continue Intensified Scientific Research

Implement Demo/Pilot Projects

(C) IWK/PED/1013

• High level task force to drive water recycling

• Mechanisms to link agencies across the Ministries & Stakeholders(e.g. KeTTHA, KPKT, MOSTI, MNRE, MWA, MyWP, ENSEARCH, ASM)

• Government Grants for Pilot Projects at Existing Sites e.g. Regional STPs in urban areas facing water shortage during drought as well as located near industrial sites/ New developments can be implemented as show case under “Kejiranan Hijau”

• Recycled Water Grade

• Recycled Water Tariff

• Development Policy siting of Coolling Tower /Industrial area of Townships to be near to CSTP

• Import Tax Exemption for Recycled Water Technology Systems & Equipments

• Tax Deduction or Soft Loans for Project Proponents

• Low Carbon and Sustainable Index for Developments that Reuse Reclaimed Bioeffluent

• Recycled Water Systems &Technology Quality & Standards

• Dual Piping Systems for New Developments/Township

• Sustainability Index of a Township to reflect Water Recycling & Footprint as well as Carbon Foot print

• Recycled Water Systems &Technology Quality & Standards

• Dual Piping Systems for New Developments/Township

Formulate National Policy for Wastewater Reuse. Promote multi stakeholder collaboration. Intensify R&D, Demo Projects. Conduct Stakeholders engagement to Create Buy-in. Develop Guidelines.

Local Technology Development Incentives for Replication of Reuse of Treated Wastewater Establish GT /3R Fund

Further Growth in Reuse Demands, development of more advance recycling technology, sustainable environment and sewerage services

Summary & Recommendations

KeTTHA & ASM to

submit a position paper to

the Government to promote

water reuse and incentivise the initiative through a policy

directive for a sustainable water

demand management

(C) IWK/PED/1013

“Indah” Water -

an Alternative

Water Resource

For more info and queries please visit our website:

www.iwk.com.my

(C) IWK/PED/1013