By

Dr. P.K. Ghosh

PS & Head (WM)

ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region

Umiam, Umroi Road, Meghalaya

A Brief Account on Analysis of water & sediment

in Umiam lake

Morphometric features of Morphometric features of Umiam reservoirUmiam reservoir

Total water spread areaTotal water spread area 500 ha approx.500 ha approx.

AltitudeAltitude Above 900 m above MSLAbove 900 m above MSL

Maximum Reservoir Level ELMaximum Reservoir Level EL 3220 ft3220 ft

Minimum Reservoir Level ELMinimum Reservoir Level EL 3150 ft3150 ft

Gross Storage ELGross Storage EL 3220 ft3220 ft

Dead Storage ELDead Storage EL 3150 ft3150 ft

Total length of damTotal length of dam 640.0 ft640.0 ft

Maximum height of damMaximum height of dam 238 ft238 ft

(a) Bay (b) Lentic sector

Uses of lakeUses of lake

Primarily it meant for Umtru-Umiam hydro-Primarily it meant for Umtru-Umiam hydro-electric project. electric project.

There is no organized fishery in this reservoir.There is no organized fishery in this reservoir. Subsistence fishing by the local people is Subsistence fishing by the local people is

common.common. About 200-250 anglers come to this reservoir About 200-250 anglers come to this reservoir

daily for fishing.daily for fishing. The common carp, The common carp, Cyprinus carpioCyprinus carpio is the is the

predominant sps.predominant sps. Boating is the main recreation found in this Boating is the main recreation found in this

lake.lake.

ProcedureProcedure The surface water samples were collected which were The surface water samples were collected which were

analyzed for various parameters like (Temperature, analyzed for various parameters like (Temperature, PH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, total alkalinity, total PH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, total alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, chloride) hardness, total dissolved solids, chloride)

Water transparency was measured using a secchi Water transparency was measured using a secchi disc.disc.

Sediment samples were collected using Petersen Sediment samples were collected using Petersen grab.grab.

The sediment samples were also analyzed for their The sediment samples were also analyzed for their chemical characteristics like PH, organic carbon, chemical characteristics like PH, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium.available phosphorus and available potassium.

Plankton was collected using standard plankton net Plankton was collected using standard plankton net made of bolting silk cloth.made of bolting silk cloth.

Pesticide residue is analysed using HPLC.Pesticide residue is analysed using HPLC.

Table: Physico-chemical parameters of Umiam Table: Physico-chemical parameters of Umiam reservoir water during different seasonreservoir water during different season

ParametersParameters

SeasonSeason

MeanMeanPre-monsoonPre-monsoon MonsoonMonsoon Post-monsoonPost-monsoon

Temperature(Temperature(ooC)C) 21.2721.27 26.4326.43 18.7918.79 22.1622.16

Transparency (cm)Transparency (cm) 268.16268.16 209.53209.53 220.94220.94 232.88232.88

pHpH 7.627.62 9.119.11 7.127.12 7.957.95

Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 7.607.60 9.089.08 6.986.98 7.897.89

Free CO2 (mg/l)Free CO2 (mg/l) 1.741.74 0.150.15 3.393.39 1.761.76

Ph.Alkalinity (mg/l)Ph.Alkalinity (mg/l) 0.330.33 3.793.79 0.01250.0125 1.381.38

Total Alkalinity (mg/l)Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 30.0230.02 20.7420.74 20.8620.86 23.8723.87

Hardness (mg/l)Hardness (mg/l) 25.9925.99 17.2317.23 17.7317.73 20.3220.32

Chloride (mg/l)Chloride (mg/l) 5.605.60 1.851.85 1.281.28 2.912.91

Nitrite (mg/l)Nitrite (mg/l) 0.0470.047 0.100.10 0.0620.062 0.06970.0697

Phosphate (mg/l)Phosphate (mg/l) 0.060.06 0.0950.095 0.050.05 0.06820.0682

Conductance (µ/cm)Conductance (µ/cm) 74.1374.13 57.9257.92 46.4546.45 59.5059.50

T.D.S. (mg/l)T.D.S. (mg/l) 37.0737.07 28.8928.89 23.4023.40 29.7929.79

Fig: Monthly variation in water transparency

Fig: Sediment texture of Umiam reservoir

Chemical characteristics of sediment in Chemical characteristics of sediment in Umiam reservoir during different seasonsUmiam reservoir during different seasons

ParametersParameters SeasonsSeasons

Pre-monsoonPre-monsoon MonsoonMonsoon Post-monsoonPost-monsoon

PPHH 6.036.03 5.585.58 5.995.99

Organic Carbon (%)Organic Carbon (%) 2.5362.536 2.3322.332 1.8171.817

Organic Matter (%)Organic Matter (%) 4.3724.372 4.024.02 3.1333.133

Total Nitrogen (%)Total Nitrogen (%) 0.1670.167 0.18380.1838 0.20540.2054

Available Nitrogen Available Nitrogen (kg/ha)(kg/ha)

407.68407.68 374.08374.08 324.74324.74

Available Phosphorus Available Phosphorus (kg/ha)(kg/ha)

65.6165.61 84.7984.79 55.1755.17

Available Potassium Available Potassium (kg/ha)(kg/ha)

362.67362.67 243.14243.14 258.95 258.95

Primary production in Umiam reservoir during Primary production in Umiam reservoir during different seasons of the yeardifferent seasons of the year

Primary productionPrimary production Pre-monsoon Pre-monsoon (Feb-(Feb-May)May)

Monsoon Monsoon (June-(June-Sept)Sept)

Post-monsoonPost-monsoon(Oct-June)(Oct-June)

Gross primary Gross primary productivity (mg productivity (mg

C/mC/m33/hr)/hr)

148.567148.567 66.89766.897 46.94346.943

Net primary Net primary productivity (mg productivity (mg

C/mC/m33/hr)/hr)

79.24179.241 48.32848.328 21.47221.472

Respiration (mg Respiration (mg C/mC/m33/hr)/hr)

101.942101.942 22.27922.279 33.33533.335

Table : Diversity of zooplankton in Umiam reservoirTable : Diversity of zooplankton in Umiam reservoirSl.

No.

Copepoda Protozoa Rotifera Cladocera Cillata

1 Canthocamptus sp Acanthocystis sp. Asplanchna sp. Alonella sp. Actinosphaerium sp

2 Cyclops sp. Amphitrema sp. Brachionus sp. Bosmina sp. Astrophrya sp.

3 Diaptomus sp. Antarcella sp. Cephadella sp. Ceriodaphnia sp Coleps sp.

4 Eubranchipus sp. Centropyxis sp. Chromogaster sp Chlydorus sp. Paramaecium sp

5 Limnocalnus sp. Ceratium sp. Colurella sp. Daphnia sp. Vorticella sp.

6 Naupluis sp. Chrysamoeba sp Collotheca sp. Macrothrix sp.

7 Difflugia sp. Conochilus sp. Moina sp.

8 Dinobryon sp. Cupelophagis sp. Simocephalus sp

9 Euglena sp. Epiphanes sp.

10 Peridium sp. Euchlanis sp.

11 Phacus sp. Filina sp.

12 Gastropus sp.

13 Hexarthra sp.

14 Keretella sp.

15 Lecane sp.

16 Lepadella sp.

17 Monostyla sp.

18 Nothalca sp.

19 Philodina sp.

20 Phomphlex sp.

21 Polyarthra sp.

22 Rotaria sp.

23 Testudinella sp.

24 Trichocerca sp.

Table : Diversity of phytoplankton in Umiam reservoirTable : Diversity of phytoplankton in Umiam reservoir

Sl. No.

Chlorophyceae Bacillariophyceae Desimidaceae Myxophyceae

1 Ankistrodesmus sp. Achnanthes sp. Anthrodesmus sp. Agmenellum sp.

2 Botryococcus sp. Asterionella sp. Cosmarium sp. Anabeana sp.

3 Ceratophyllum sp. Ceratonies sp. Desmatractum sp. Anacystis sp.

4 Closterium sp. Colonies sp. Desmidium sp. Coelasphaerium sp.

5 Coelastrum sp. Cymbella sp. Docidium sp. Merismopedia sp.

6 Crucigenia sp. Cytotella sp. Epiphanes sp. Nodularia sp.

7 Diaspora sp. Diatoma sp. Euastrum sp. Oedogonium sp.

8 Dictyosphaerium sp. Denticula sp. Gonatozygon sp. Oscillatoria sp.

9 Enteromorpha sp. Fragillaria sp. Melosira sp. Rivularia sp.

10 Hydrodictyon sp. Gomphonema sp. Mesotaenium sp. Spirulina sp.

11 Kirchneriella sp. Gyrosigma sp. Micrasterias sp. Tetrapedia sp.

12 Kyliniella sp. Navicula sp. Onychonema sp.

13 Merismopedia sp. Nitzchia sp. Penium sp.

14 Mesotaenium sp. Phormidium sp. Pleurotaenium sp.

15 Microcystis sp. Pinnularia sp. Sorastrum sp.

Conti…

1616 Monostroma sp.Monostroma sp. Rhizosolenia sp.Rhizosolenia sp. Spondylosium sp.Spondylosium sp.

1717 Pachycladon sp.Pachycladon sp. Selenastrum sp.Selenastrum sp. Staurastrum sp.Staurastrum sp.

1818 Pediastrum sp.Pediastrum sp. Stauronies sp.Stauronies sp. Tetraedon sp.Tetraedon sp.

1919 Polycystis sp.Polycystis sp. Surirella sp.Surirella sp. Xanthidium sp.Xanthidium sp.

2020 Protococcus sp.Protococcus sp. Synedra sp.Synedra sp.

2121 Phytoconis sp.Phytoconis sp.

2222 Radiofilum sp.Radiofilum sp.

2323 Scebedesmus sp.Scebedesmus sp.

2424 Sphaerocystis sp.Sphaerocystis sp.

2525 Spirogyra sp.Spirogyra sp.

2626 Stichococcus sp.Stichococcus sp.

2727 Tetrastrum sp.Tetrastrum sp.

2828 Tribonema sp.Tribonema sp.

2929 Ulothrix sp.Ulothrix sp.

3030 Zygnema sp.Zygnema sp.

Total density of plankton in Umiam reservoir during Total density of plankton in Umiam reservoir during different seasonsdifferent seasons

SeasonsSeasons Density of Plankton (u/lit)Density of Plankton (u/lit)

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton ZooplanktonZooplankton totaltotal

Pre-monsoonPre-monsoon 6560.206560.20

5,759.655,759.65 12,319.8512,319.85

MonsoonMonsoon 44,670.5044,670.50 1,218.601,218.60 45,889.1045,889.10

Post-monsoonPost-monsoon 26,025.6026,025.60 695.95695.95 26,721.5526,721.55

MeanMean 25,752.1025,752.10 2,558.072,558.07 28,310.1728,310.17

Contents of Residues of different pesticides (ug/l) in Contents of Residues of different pesticides (ug/l) in water samples collected from Umiam lakewater samples collected from Umiam lake

samplesample PesticidesPesticides

MCPMCP DMPDMP CARCARBB

ENDENDO-O-bb

CPPCPP ENDENDO-O-aa

CYFCYFNN

CPMCPMNN

residresidueue

UmiamUmiam -- -- -- 0.5850.585 -- -- -- -- 11

Important IsolatesImportant Isolates

NameName Positive/negativePositive/negative

Escherichia.coliEscherichia.coli +ve+ve

Salmonella sps.Salmonella sps. -ve-ve

Fig: Solid wastes accumulate in the lotic sector Fig: Pollution from river Umkrah

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