by: dr shahrokhi
DESCRIPTION
By: Dr shahrokhi. CELL PHYSIOLOGY. CELL is the functional unit of the body - The body made of ~ 100 trillion plus cells, all surrounded by fluid, (extra-cellular fluid, ECF) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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By:
Dr shahrokhi
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CELL is the functional unit of the body
- The body made of ~ 100 trillion plus cells, all surrounded by fluid,
( extra-cellular fluid, ECF) PROTOPLASM - is the different substances that make-up the cell
-Has 5 basic components; WATER, ELECTROLYTE, PROTEINS, LIPIDS, and
CARBOHYDRATES.
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WATER: 60% to 75%
ELECTROLYTES:
important (inside the cell) are K+, Mg 2+, Phosphate, Bicarbonate, and small quantities of Na+, Cl- and Ca 2+
PROTEINS: -Constitutes ~ 10% -20% of cell mass.
-2 types ;i) STRUCTURAL PROTEINS ii) GLOBULAR PROTEINS
LIPIDS : most important are phospholipids and cholesterol which make-up ~2% of total cell mass
Phospholipids and cholesterol are mainly insoluble in water and are used to form cell membrane
CARBOHYDRATE : structural role is limited . Major role is nutrition - especially in the form of dissolve glucose in the surrounding extra- cellular fluid .
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Composition of the human bodyWater: 60%Protein: 18%
Fats: 18%Minerals: 4%
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CytoplasmComponents:Cytosol – gel-like fluidStorage substancesCell organellesCytoskeleton – network of filaments and
fibers
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The internal environment
The cell is surrounded by tissue fluid (Internal Environment).
The composition of the internal environment should remain constant within narrow limits.
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HomeostasisMaintaining constancy of internal
environment.
Dynamic constancy. Within a certain normal range.
Regulatory mechanisms:Intrinsic:
Within organ being regulated.Extrinsic:
Outside of organ, such as nervous or hormonal systems.
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Negative Feedback
Figure 1.5
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• Action of effectors amplifies the changes.
• Is in same direction as change.• Examples:
– Oxytocin (parturition).
– Voltage gated Na+ channels (depolarization).
– blood clotting
Positive Feedback
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Feed Forward ControlWhen response has to occur rapidly, the
brain uses a principle called feed forward control.
Seen mainly in nervous system. Eg:
Conditioned reflexAdaptive control.
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Body Water ContentInfants have low body fat, low bone mass, and
are 73% or more waterTotal water content declines throughout lifeHealthy males are about 60% water; healthy
females are around 50%This difference reflects females’:
Higher body fat Smaller amount of skeletal muscle
In old age, only about 45% of body weight is water
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INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
Interstitial fluid
Transcellular fluid - cerebrospinal, pericardial , synovial
Major Compartments for Fluids
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Extracellular fluid :It is the internal environment that
immediately surround the units of life of the whole body
Intravascular: within the vascular system
Interstitial: lies between the cellsTranscellular : secreted by epithelial
lining e.g., CSF, pleural fluid ,peritoneal fluid, joint fluid,….
Large volumes are present in disease states, pleural effusion , ascites.
Large losses in diarrhea and vomiting leads to dehydration and electrolyte disturbances.
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Fluid Compartments
Figure 26.1
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Intracellular fluid
Extra cellular fluid
ICF Plasma ISF CATIONS mmol/L
Na 10145140
K 14544
Ca 155
Mg 4022ANIONS mmol/L
Cl 3105110
HCO3 102831
HPO3 13866
Proteins 45174
Osmolality
mOsmol/L
302.2302.9301.8
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Electrolyte Composition of Body Fluids
Figure 26.2
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