by emma butler, nadia douglas, brian fay, sive finlay, sara kinsman, chris mulvey, sarah mcgrath,...
TRANSCRIPT
MeaslesBy
Emma Butler, Nadia Douglas, Brian Fay, Sive Finlay, Sara Kinsman, Chris Mulvey,
Sarah McGrath, Siobhán Regan
What is Measles?• An infection of the
respiratory system• Caused by the
Morbillivirus• Transmitted through
respiration • Symptoms: fever, cough,
rash koplik’s spots
Diagnosis & treatmentClinical diagnosis requires a
history of fever of 3 days, with at least 1 of: cough, cold, conjunctivitis
Koplik’s spots are diagnostic, but not always seen
No specific treatment
Evolution of measlesEvolved from the
rinderpest virus in the 11th and 12th centuries
Thought to have evolved in an environment where cattle and humans lived in close proximity
1st scientific description by Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi
Historical treatmentsAncient Egypt
MythologyHerbal treatments
Ancient RomeMythologyHerbal treatments
American Indians Disharmony Medicine men
The Dark Ages & Medieval Era Proper obedience to God and
the will of the ChurchDirty water : to keep a baby
from growing up sicklyRabbits foot: to prevent
diseaseLeechesBleeding : “draining out” the
illnessRoasted mice
Homeopathy & MeaslesIn Eastern medical
philosophy, poisons are believed to accumulate in the baby's body during life in the womb.
Changes in your child's behaviour.
Measles strengthens the immune system.
Virgin population that has never experienced the disease.
Fiji 1875• Measles epidemic killed over 40,000 people• Increased visiting vessels and shorter travelling times –
from Australia rather than England• No natural immunity – used as evidence for natives
being less evolved• Extrinsic factors increased the severity
• vitamin A deficiency• coinfection with pneumonia and diarrheal disease• starvation – hurricane and unable to gather food due
to the epidemic• refusal to accept the risk – similar to HIV in the
1980s
Native American IndiansMeasles introduced to the
Americas by Old World settlers beginning with the Voyages of Columbus in AD 1492
Separate evolutionary histories for host-pathogen relationships prior to Age of Exploration
Lack of immunological memory increased risk of infection, morbidity and mortality
“Virgin-soil” epidemics
Native American IndiansOld World diseases
preceded contact by actual explorers
Populations already decimated by the time Europeans settlers attempted to colonise
Intensified reactions to measles vaccine observed in unexposed populations of American Indians to this day
Intrinsic & Extrinsic Drivers• The intrinsic and extrinsic driving factors
of measles are well characterised.• Earn et el (2000) used a seasonally forced
SEIR model to demonstrate how changes in complex dynamics could be predicted, with just knowledge of population size and vaccination rates.
Intrinsic & Extrinsic DriversFrom studies similar to that of Earn et al
(2000)- intrinsic and extrinsic factors of measles are not mutually exclusive of each other
Interactions between1. Intrinsic, nonlinear dynamics and2. Extrinsic, seasonal cyclesDrive the disease and influences the epidemics
Cyclical Nature of Epidemics
Any Questions?