By: Gustavo Rendon

MATTER AND ENERGY

WHAT IS MATTER?

• Matter is basically everything around you!

• Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

• It is anything that is made up of atoms and molecules.

• There are 5 states of matter.

Plasma

Bose-Einstein

MATTER

• Matter is the material that everything in the universe is made of and all matter on Earth is made up of elements.

• Each state of matter is also known as phases.

• Elements and compounds can move from one phase to another when energy or other physical forces are present.

Energy= Temperature Energy= Heat

FORMS OF ENERGY

Energy has the ability to cause

change or do work.

• Kinetic Energy

• Potential Energy

• Thermal or Heat Energy

• Chemical Energy

• Electrical Energy

• Electrochemical Energy

• Electromagnetic Energy

• Sound Energy

• Nuclear Energy

WHAT IS A SOLID?

• Solids are usually hard because their molecules are so close to each other.

• Solids hold their own shape because their molecules are not allowed to move around.

• Solids can be made of pure elements or a variety of compounds.

• When a solid is made of a variety of compounds, it is called a mixture, an example of a mixture is concrete.

• When a solid is made of a pure substance, it can form a crystal. In these crystals, there are crystal lattices where their organization of atoms is exact.

WHAT IS A LIQUID?

• A liquid is an in-between state of matter between a solid and a gas and it doesn’t have a definite shape.

• A liquid takes the shape of the container of which it is in.

• Molecules in a liquid are closer together unlike gases but not as close as in solids.

• When liquids are heated, they spread out and contract when cooled. When it is heated, it turn into a gas and when it is cooled to its frozen point, it turn into a solid.

WHAT IS A GAS?

• Gases are random groups of atoms that are bouncing around because they are full of kinetic energy.

• Rather than its molecules being compressed like in a solid or close together like in a liquid, they are all over the place. They also don’t have a definite shape like a solid does.

• Vapor is used to describe the gases that are usually found in liquids, but it means the same as gas.

WHAT IS PLASMA?

• Plasma has free moving electrons and ions.

• Energy is needed to strip electron from atoms to make plasma. The energy can be thermal, electrical, or light (ultraviolet light or intense visible light from a laser.)

• Plasma in the stars and in the tenuous space between them makes up over 99% of the visible universe.

FORMING

• Elements with a positive or negative charge are called ions.

• Since positive and negative ions attract each other, this allows the bonding of atoms to occur, forming structures of matter that are larger than just one atom. And then when similar atoms bond together, they make molecules.

• Atoms of different elements joined together form compounds.

INORGANIC VS. ORGANIC

• The compounds and molecules in living systems are called organic, while molecules and compounds not made by living systems are inorganic.

• Organisms like autotrophs, usually create their own matter by consuming inorganic molecules and compounds from the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. An example is photosynthesizing plants.

INORGANIC VS. ORGANIC

• Organisms like heterotrophs, consume and assimilate other living things to create their own organic matter. Some examples are carnivores and herbivores.

ORGANISMS

• All organisms conserve and transform matter and energy.

• Food contains energy that organisms require for survival.

• When one organism is food for the other organism, energy in the prey is transferred to the predator. When humans eat fish, we get some energy from the fish.

• All living organisms require energy to survive or else they will die.

• An organism can get energy from the sun, these organisms are called producers. Organisms that get their energy from eating other organisms are called consumers.

Producers Consumers

FOOD CHAINS

• A food chain is a perfect model to show how energy, in the form of food, is transferred from one organism to another. Here is a common food chain in life,

1. Plants get their energy from the sun.2. The deer gets his energy from the plants.3. The wolf gets his energy from the deer.

METABOLISM

• Metabolism is the chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells, and thus the organism. This is how organisms get their energy to survive.

• In order for organisms to get energy and grow, they depend on their metabolism. An organisms metabolism consists of the food necessary to survive and gather energy.

• Metabolism is categorized in 2 categories.

METABOLISM

• Anabolism is the building up of things - a succession of chemical reactions that constructs or synthesizes molecules from smaller components, usually requiring energy in the process.

• Catabolism is the breaking down of things - a series of degradative chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller units, and in most cases releasing energy in the process.

NEXT CHAPTER:CELLS