By: Kendra & Ashley

General Structure

• Carbon double bonded to oxygen with two hydrocarbon groups (alkyl groups)

• Ketones never have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group R C

O

R'ketone

: :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acetone-3D-balls.png

IUPAC Names for Ketones

the -e ending of the parent alkane is replaced with the -one suffix of the ketone family

The location of the carbonyl carbon is indicated with a number.

The longest carbon chain is numbered to give the carbonyl carbon the lowest possible number.

The alkyl groups are listed alphabetically or in order of increasing size. : :

R C

O

R'

alkyl alkyl ketonewww.chemrat.com/ChemHog2/Organic%20Chem

Common Names

CH3 C

O

CH3

CCH3

O

C

Oacetone acetophenone

benzophenone

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/chemistry/organicchemistry/Families/Somefamilies/Ketones/Ketones.htm

CH3CCH2CH3

OCH3CHCCHCH3

O

Cl CH3

C CH2CH2CH3

O

1 2 3 4

1 2 4 5

OH3C

1 2 3 4

2-butanone 2-chloro-4-methyl-3-pentanone 1-phenyl-1-butanone

1

23

4

4-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one

Examples

www.chemrat.com/ChemHog2/Organic%20Chem

Examples

CH3CH2CCH3

O

CH3CH2CCH2CH3

O

2-butanone 3-pentanone

CH3CCH2CH2CH3

O

2-pentanone

3-methyl-2-butanone

CH3 C

O

CH

CH3

CH3

O

Br

3-bromocyclohexanone

CH3 C

O

CH

CH3

CH2OH

4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone

ExamplesExamples

www.austincc.edu/cuzomba/

Benedict's test

The Benedict's test differentiates aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes can be oxidized by Cu2+ in the presence of a strong base to form carbonic acids. Ketones cannot be oxidized by this reaction.

When the Cu2+ oxidizes the aldehydes it is reduced to Cu+, and forms the compound Cu2O, which is a reddish precipitate. That is how you know you have an aldehyde. If it doesn’t turn red, you know you have a ketone.

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/addelim.html#top

Tollen’s test

The Tollen’s test, is a basic solution of Ag(NH3)+. The Silver (I) cation is reduced (gains one electron) at the same time the aldehyde is oxidized.

This produces metallic silver (Ag0), which often forms a shiny “mirror” look. Thus Tollens’ reagent can be used to detect the presence of an aldehyde functional group – if a mirror forms then the compound tested is an aldehyde. If the test fails, then the compound is a ketone.

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/addelim.html#top

Hydrazine test

Hydrazine test can be used to detect ketones. When treated with 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine, ketones are converted to their respective hydrazones, due to the presence of the carbonyl group, and an yellow or orange precipitate is observed.

Hydrazones have a sharp melting point, and can be used to detect the original ketone.

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/addelim.html#top

Everyday Uses

• Carvone = spearmint flavouring

• Acetone = Nail polish remover, paint thinner, & cleaning solvents

• Demascone = berry flavouring

• Octanone = mushroom flavouring

• Benzophenone = perfume & sunscreen

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0073402621/825918/Chapter13.pdf

http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=nail+polish+remover

http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=vanilla