by: richard .t. awuah
TRANSCRIPT
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
By: Richard .T. Awuah
The Groundnut Industry: Past, Present and Future
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Outline of presentation
• Uses of groundnut
• Production trends
• Groundnut trade
• Milestones
• Challenges
• Prospects
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Origin and distribution
•South American Origin : Bolivia and Argentina(Eastern foothills of the Andes)
•Portuguese and Spanish: Introduced the crop to Europe
•Portuguese : Introduced it to Africa from Brazil (16th Century); Also India
•Now in all tropical & subtropical countries and warm temperate zones of the world
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Types of cultivated groundnut
Two main types (based on branching pattern)
i)Virginia type (subspecies hypogaea)
• Long maturity period (120-150 days)
• Alternate branching of vegetative and reproductive structures on lateral branches
• Erect/indeterminate growth habit; profuse branching
• Seed dormancy : common
• Pods : two seeds (typically)
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Types of cultivated groundnut (Cont’d)
ii) Spanish-Valencia type (subspecies fastigiata )
• Short maturity period (90-120 days)
• Sequential branching of vegetative and reproductive structures
• Scanty branching
• Erect growth habit
• Two seeds (Spanish) & 3-5 seeds (Valencia) per pod
• Generally no seed dormancy
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Uses of groundnut
Primary uses
i) Food:
• Kernels roasted; boiled; raw
• Kernels >butter; soup; stews etc
• Young leaves: vegetable in soup
• Local foods: Lakoa; kulikuli; weanymix; kose etc.
ii) Oil: Export /domestic consumption (good for cooking)
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Uses (Cont’d)
Secondary uses
• Vines: Fodder for livestock
• Cake: Preparation of livestock feed; fertilizer
• Oil : Soap; face cream; body cream; and hair cream; polish; paints; lubricant; pharmaceuticals; margarine etc.
• Shell: Livestock feed; soil amendment; chip boards; charcoal, briquette etc.
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Groundnut production by region (2013)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00P
rod
uct
ion
(M
il M
T)
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Area of groundnut harvested by region (2013)
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5.00
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25.00
30.00
35.00A
rea
ha
rve
ste
d (
Mil
ha
)
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Groundnut yield by region (2013)
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1.50
2.00
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4.00
Yie
ld (
MT/
ha
)
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Groundnut production by top five world producers
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Groundnut yields by top five world producers
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Groundnut production by some W/A countries
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2.50
3.00
3.50
1961 - 69 1970 - 79 1980 - 89 1990 - 91 2000 - 2013
Average Production/ Mil MT
Benin Burkina Faso Gambia Ghana
Guinea Guinea Bissau Liberia Mali
Mauritania Nigeria Niger Senegal
Sierra leone
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Groundnut yields by some W/A countries
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1961 - 69 1970 - 79 1980 - 89 1990 - 91 2000 - 2013
Average Yield (MT/ha)
Benin Burkina Faso Gambia Ghana
Guinea Guinea Bissau Liberia Mali
Mauritania Nigeria Niger Senegal
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Groundnut production by top 10 W/A countries (2013)
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Groundnut yield by top 10 W/A countries (2013)
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Groundnut area harvested by top 10 W/A countries (2013)
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Groundnut trade
Forms of groundnut traded
i) Nuts : (China, Vietnam, India, USA)
ii) Groundnut cake:(India, Sudan, Senegal, Argentina)
iii)Groundnut oil: (Sudan, Senegal)
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Major importing countries
The EU Countries
Japan
Canada
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Shelled groundnut and groundnut oil exports by region (2012)
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Export value of shelled groundnut and groundnut oil by region (2012)
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Trends in shelled groundnut exports by top W/Africa producers
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Trends in export value of shelled groundnut for top W/Africa producers
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Groundnut cake export by region (2012)
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10
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World Americas Asia Europe Africa W/A Australia
Qu
an
tity
an
d V
alu
eQTY (1000MT) Value (Million $)
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Groundnut cake export by top WA states (2012)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Togo Senegal Mali Nigeria
Qu
an
tity
an
d V
alu
eQTY (1000MT) Value (Million $)
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Some historical milestones
i) 16th Century : Introduction of groundnut to Africa
ii) 1834: Export of groundnut from Gambia to Britain
iii) 1835: Export of groundnut from the Gambia to America
iv) 1840: Export from Cape Verde to France
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Milestones (Cont’d)
v) 1890: Use of groundnut oil to power a diesel engine (Rudolf Diesel; in Paris)
vi) 1894: Discovery and patenting of peanut butter (John Harvey Kellog; in the USA)
vii) 1961-1963: Discovery of aflatoxins; First report in Ghana (1964)
viii) Establishment of the African Groundnut Council in 1964 (Promote groundnut in Gambia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Nigeria and Sudan)
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Milestones (Cont’d)ix) Establishment of ICRISAT: 1972 (To lead international research on some semi arid crops including groundnut)
x) Biocontrol of aflatoxins in the US: 1990s AflaGuard; USDA-ARS; registered by EPA as a biopesticide in 2004 for groundnut and marketed by Syngenta Crop Protection
xi)Biocontrol of aflatoxins in Africa: 2007-2009Aflasafe; registered in 2014; marketed by IITA
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xii) Formation and inauguration of PACA
by the AU Commission :2012(Partnership for AflatoxinControl for Africa; Coordinates aflatoxin management in Africa)
Developed ECOACAP (Aflatoxin Control Action Plan for ECOWAS states)
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Challenges to the industry
i) Seed • Non-availability (of certified seeds
• High cost of seeds (when available)
• Poor quality (Non-certified, farmer saved seeds; reduced viability, poor establishment)
• Inefficient supply system (Delays in supply, delays in planting etc.)
• Inferior cultivars (Susceptible to pest/diseases; low yields)
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Challenges (Cont’d)
ii) Poor soils
• Over cropped soils: Low in N,P,K, Ca and P
• Low soil OM
• Low water holding capacity
• Unfavourable pH levels
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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Challenges (Cont’d)
iii) Poor agronomic practices
Little or no fertilizer application
iv)Harsh Climatic environments• Unreliable rainfall patterns: Drought; erratic; poorly distributed
• Low rainfall amounts
• Soil moisture stress
• High temperatures
Artificial irrigation – Not practised
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Challenges (Cont’d)
v)Non mechanized and rain fed farming system
Essential tools
• Planters
• Strippers
• Shellers
• Dryers
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Challenges (Cont’d)
vi) Pests and diseases
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Brown leaf spot/early leafspot(Cercospora arachidicola Hori)
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Black leaf spot/late leaf spot (Phaeoisariopsis personata von Arx)
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Challenges (Cont’d): Pests and
diseases
Stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii
Sacc.)
Collar rot (Aspergillus niger
van. Thieghem)
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Challenges (Cont’d): Pests and
diseases
Rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) Rosette (Virus)
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Challenges (Cont’d): Pests and
diseases
Termites (Microtermes/Odontotermes spp.)
White grub (Schyzoncha spp.)
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Challenges (Cont’d): Pests and
diseases
Groundnut beetle (Caryedonserratus)
Flour beetle (Triboliumcastaneum)
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Challenges (Cont’d)
vii) Poor post harvest handling
• Poor drying
• Poor storage
• Poor transportation
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Holding of dehusked maize in a dark, poorly ventilated room
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Harvested maize exposed to the weather in the field
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Unshelled groundnut pods stored under insanitary condition
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Dehusked maize heaped on the bare ground
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Bagged maize by the roadside in rainy weather
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Challenges (Cont’d)
viii) Aflatoxincontamination
‘Ghana is to face a banfrom exportingcommodities likegroundnuts, peanutbutter and cerealsproducts to theEuropean markets if itis unable to reduce thelevel of aflatoxincontamination in suchcommodities’
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Challenges (Cont’d
ix) Policy direction
No clear cut policy direction for groundnut production and marketing (guaranteed prices, access to inputs, no credit facilities, unorganized markets etc.)
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Future prospects
Anticipation of increase in output in West Africa
Reasons
i)Stimulatory effects of some ECOWAS arrangements
ETLS; ECOWAS-EU EPA; CET
ii)Increased awareness of the issue of aflatoxins in the sub-region
iii) High demand for good quality oil (High oleic/linoleicacid; nutritious; good for cardiovascular function)
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Future prospects (Cont’d)
What we need to do • Manage the aflatoxin menace (For
increased exports , consumption and industry use)
• Improve the seed supply system (Train farmers on proper ways of saving seeds)
• Use higher-yielding, disease resistant seeds (To increase production)
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Prospects (Cont’d)
• De-emphasize manual farming operations
• Popularize the benefits of eating groundnut (To create demand)
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Thank You
Merci beaucoup
Gracias