Byzantine Empire

Byzantine, Russian & Seljuk Empire Map Activity Use the map on page 267 in your text

1. Lightly shade in the Following locations – make a key:a. Byzantine Empire – Yellowb. Kievan Russia – Red

2. Label the following cities:a. Romeb. Venicec. Constantinopled. Damascuse. Jerusalemf. Baghdad

g. Alexandriah. Cairoi. Kievj. Novgorodk. Cordoba

3. Label and color the following rivers and bodies of water in Bluea. Atlantic Oceanb. Mediterranean Seac. Red Sead. Black Sea

e. Nile Riverf. Danube Riverg. Tigris Riverh. Euphrates Riveri. Dnieper River

DO NOT GLUE IN

The Byzantine Empire Western Rome Splits from Eastern Rome

Western Rome – Falls apart

Eastern Rome – Flourishes Capital = ___________________________________

Continued as the New __________________

Kings saw themselves to still be considered _______________________________________________

Eastern Rome becomes Byzantine Empire

Constantinople Location picked for many reasons

o Far away from __________________________________________ (barbarians)

o Close to connections with the East for ____________________

o Protected by the _____________________________ and other water

o Easily able to _______________________________; could only attack 1 way

Many famous ____________________ still there today

Preserved ____________________________ culture

Had an interesting ___________ for the city

Large walls and _____________ protected it

Protective Walls of Constantinople Walls were used to keep _______________

out or at least stall them

Had _____ levels, and _________________

_________________ could rain down arrows

Layout of Constantinople

Justinian _____________________ was a serious emperor who worked from ___________ to _______________

He helped _______________ and re-conquer __________________

Had _____________________________ = controlled both ______________________ and __________

Byzantine under Justinian He wanted a re-conquest of the Roman ______________________ that were lost through __________________

invasions

Justinian’s Accomplishments Sent Best general _______________________________ to take North Africa from the Vandals

2 Years later Belisarius took Rome back from the ____________________________________

Justinian won back nearly all the ____________________ Rome used to rule.

Justinian Code Justinian set up a panel of ________________________ to look through ________ years of Roman law.

o Some laws were ____________________

o Justinian wanted to create a single, ___________________________

This became known as the ____________________________ that was used for ________ years after

his death

Justinian Expands Trade The main street that ran through Constantinople was called the ___________ which means

“_______________________________”

o It ran from the imperial _________________ to the outer _________________

There was a _______________________________________________ where shoppers could buy

o ______________ from ____________________

o ______________ from ____________________

o ______________ from ____________________

o ______________ and ______________ from ________________________

Byzantium Preserves Learning Families valued ______________________

o Sent children to _______________ or _________________ schools

o Hired private _______________________

o ________________ and __________________ grammar, ____________________ and rhetoric

They preserved _________________ and ____________________ great works

The Hagia Sophia Justinian’s most splendid building

________________ church later taken by the _______________________

Disagreements between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Church

Clergy No ________________ priest allowed Married _______________ allowed

Icons _______________________ allowed Veneration allowed of ________________ only

Leadership Roman ___________ was the #1 church authority & had power over ALL ___________ and ____________________

Rejected Roman ________ led by “_________________” who was under the Emperor, who had power over ALL ________________________________

Trinity Believed the Holy Spirit came from the ________________ AND __________________

Believed the Holy Spirit came from the _______________ (who is #1 in the Trinity)

Liturgy (church worship)

In __________________ In _____________________

Chapter 11 Section 1 Byzantium Becomes the New Rome

Justinian: A new line of Caesars: (5 facts from the reading)

1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Explain the Absolute Power of the Emperor: (no less than 3 sentences!!)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What are the four works of the Justinian Code?

1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Three Things Justinian did to Create the Imperial Capital:

1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _________

2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

What would you find on the Main Street “middle Way” of Constantinople?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What was the Hippodrome used for? _____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Briefly explain the Nika Rebellion (include who started it and why, how it was resolved, and the role Theodora played)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Byzantium helped to preserve learning by valuing ___________________. A basic course would focus on __________ and

_______________ grammar, philosophy, and rhetoric. Students would memorize ____________. They learned ______________

from Euclid, _________________ from Herodotus, and ___________________ from Galen.

What was the plague of Justinian and how did it leave the empire exposed to its enemies?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

List three events that weakened Constantinople due to attacks from East and West:

1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

The Church Divides

The church of Constantinople would eventually split into the ______________ ________________ and _______________

____________________ Churches.

Define the following vocabulary words:

Justinian Code: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Hagia Sophia: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Patriarch: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Icon: ________________________________________________________________________________________

Iconoclast: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Excommunication: ___________________________________________________________________________________

Schism: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Cyrillic Alphabet: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Name Date

CHAPTER 11 Section 1 (pages 269-273)

Byzantium Becomesthe New RomeBEFORE YOU READ

In the last chapter, you read about the Muslim world.

In this section, you will learn about the Byzantine Empire.

AS YOU READUse the chart below to take notes on people, places, anddevelopments in the Byzantine Empire.

^

TERMS AND NAMES

Justinian Code Body of Roman lawcollected and organized by theByzantine emperor Justinian aroundA.D. 534

Hagia Sophia Church destroyed bymobs of rioters in 532 and rebuilt byJustinian

patriarch Leader of the Easternchurch

icon Religious image used inpractices by eastern Christians

iconoclast Icon breaker

excommunication Formaldeclaration that someone is no longera member of the Church

schism Split

Cyrillic alphabet Alphabet inventedby Saints Cyril and Methodius, inwhich most Slavic languages,including Russian, are written

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Action

3usiinia.n waves -the capital

Jusi/n/tzn creates the law

The. empire, is weakened

The. church divides

Result

,

A New Rome in a New Setting(page 269)

How did the Roman Empire change?In the A.D. 300s, the emperor Constantine movedthe capital of the Roman Empire to the east. Hewas worried about the growing power of Germantribes. He thought that he could better meet thatthreat in the east. He built a great new capital city,Constantinople. It was on the site of the old portcity of Byzantium. Constantinople became the

center of the empire. Power moved eastward.The Roman Empire was officially divided in

395. The western area was overrun by Germantribes. It did not exist after 476. However, theByzantine, or eastern, part remained strong. It last-ed for hundreds of years

In 527, Justinian became the Byzantine emper-or. He sent an army to try to regain control of Italy.He hoped to restore the Roman Empire onceagain. By about 550, Justinian ruled over almost allof the territory of the old Roman Empire.

CHAPTER 11 BYZANTINES, RUSSIANS, AND TURKS INTERACT 99

1. Who was Justinian?

Building the New Rome;Byzantium Preserves Learning(pages 270-271)

What changes did Justinian bring?Justinian directed legal experts to create a com-plete code of laws based on the laws of ancientRome. This body of civil law—the JustinianCode—served the empire for 900 years.

Justinian also worked at making Constantinoplea strong but also a beautiful capital. He built high,sturdy walls to protect the city from attack. He con-structed a huge palace, public baths, courts,schools, hospitals, and many churches. The mainstreet of the city was lined with shops and open-airmarkets. People bought and sold goods from Asia,Africa, and Europe there.

In 532, riots broke out against the emperor.Justinian's troops maintained control of the city,killing thousands of rioters. A church called HagiaSophia ("Holy Wisdom," in Greek) had beendestroyed by the mobs. Justinian rebuilt it tobecome the most beautiful church in the Christianworld.

2. How did Justinian make Constantinople a strongand beautiful capital?

remained safe during this time despite manyattacks. Eventually, though, the empire shrank. By1350, the empire included only the capital city andlands in the Balkans—part of southeastern Europe.

3. What were the two biggest problems theempire faced?

The Empire Confronts ItsEnemies (page 272)What weakened the empire?The Byzantine Empire faced many dangers. A ter-rible disease broke out in 542. It was probablycaused by rats. The illness killed thousands of peo-ple and returned every 8 to 12 years until about700. This weakened the empire.

Also, the empire was forced to confront manyenemies over the centuries. German tribes, theSassanid Persians, and Muslim armies all tried togain control of Byzantine land. Constantinople

The Church Divides (pages 272-273)Why did the church divide?Although it was based on the Roman Empire, theByzantine Empire had developed a culture of itsown. People in the Byzantine Empire spoke Greek,not Latin. They belonged to the Eastern OrthodoxChurch, not the Catholic Church. The EasternChurch was led by the patriarch, the leadingbishop. However, even the patriarch had to obeythe emperor.

The feeling of separateness from Rome grewworse when one emperor banned the use of icons.Icons are religious images used by easternChristians to aid their devotions. The emperorthought this was like idol worship. Iconoclasts, or"icon breakers" went into churches destroyingimages. This caused the people to riot and the cler-gy to rebel. The pope became involved. He sup-ported the use of icons. One pope even orderedthe excommunication of a Byzantine emperor.That means that the pope said the emperor couldno longer be a member of the Church.

Slowly the Eastern and Roman churches grewfurther apart. In 1054, the split, or schism, becamepermanent.

Some missionaries traveled from the ByzantineEmpire to the north. Two missionaries, SaintMethodius and Saint Cyril, met the Slavic peopleswho lived in Russia. They developed an alphabetfor the Slavic languages. Many Slavic languages,including Russian, are now written in what is calledthe Cyrillic alphabet.

4. What are two differences between the Eastern andRoman churches?

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8

100 CHAPTER 11 SECTION 1

Justinian Code vs. Present Laws

“Things which are common to all and not capable of being owned are:

the air, running water, the sea, and the seashores.”

- Justinian Code

Laws About Justinian Code American Laws Women’s Rights All women can own property, make contracts

and wills, and bring a lawsuit. All women can own property, make contracts and wills, bring a lawsuit. Women are guaranteed the same right as men.

Robbery Robbery was NOT a crime. However, the victim could sue the robber for up to four times the value of the stolen property.

Robbery is a crime and is punishable by a fine and/or prison sentence.

Failure to Pay Dept People owed something had to sue the person owing them to gain dept back.

People owed something have to sue the person owing them to gain dept back.

Murder Murder was punished by banishment. Murder is punished by prison sentence or death.

Inheritance Women could not inherit property from their husbands unless it was provided in a will. Children received equal amounts of the father’s estate.

Law allows wives and children to divide an estate. Other directions can be provided for in a will.

Answer the following questions based on the information provided in the chart.

1) How are the rights of women similar under the Justinian Code and current American law?

2) What is the difference in the treatment of robbery between the two law systems?

3) Under which law system could women benefit most from an inheritance? Why?

4) Which current law has basically unchanged when compared to the Justinian Code?

5) Which legal system is "softer" on murders?

6) Why was the Justinian Code considered "new'' or "radical" for the time it was introduced in 533 C.E.?

T H E C H A R A C T E R O F J U S T I N I A NA N D T H E O D O R A

about A.D. 565

Procopius

Justinian, the ruler of the Byzantine Empire from a.d. 527 to 565, tried to reestab-lish the ancient Roman Empire. With iron-handed control and at a ruinous cost,Justinian eventually regained almost all the territory of the old empire. During thisperiod the Byzantine historian Procopius wrote official accounts of Justinian’sreign, praising the emperor for his great accomplishments and noble conduct.However, after Justinian died, Procopius wrote a different account, his SecretHistory, in which he blasted the emperor and his wife Theodora for their crueltyand dishonesty.

T H I N K T H R O U G H H I S T O R Y : Recognizing Bias

Do you feel that Procopius’ description of Justinian and Theodora is biased? Explainyour answer.

All that has befallen the Roman nation in its wars up to the present day hasbeen narrated by me, as far as it proved possible, on the plan of arranging all theaccounts of its activities in accordance with their proper time and place. Hence-forth, however, this plan of composition will be followed by me no longer, forhere shall be set down everything that came to pass in every part of the RomanEmpire. The reason for this is that it was not possible, as long as the actors werestill alive, for these things to be recorded in the way they should have been. Forneither was it possible to elude the vigilance of multitudes of spies, nor, if detected,to escape a most cruel death. Indeed, I was unable to feel confidence even in themost intimate of my kinsmen. . . .

This Emperor was insincere, crafty, hypocritical, dissembling [hiding] his anger,doubledealing, clever, a perfect artist in acting out an opinion which he pretendedto hold, and even able to produce tears, not from joy or sorrow, but . . . accordingto the need of the moment, always playing false yet not carelessly, but addingboth his signature and the most terrible oaths to bind his agreements. . . . But hedeparted straightway from his agreements and his oaths, just like the vilest slaves,who, through fear of the tortures hanging over them, are induced to make confes-sion of acts which they had denied on oath. He was a fickle friend, a trucelessenemy, an ardent devotee of assassination and of robbery. . . . And in addition tohis other shortcomings, while he was very easygoing as to lending an ear to slan-ders, yet he was severe as to inflicting punishment. . . . He never paused for a

World History: Patterns of Interaction © McDougal Littell Inc.

1

thorough investigation before reaching a decision, but straightway upon hearingwhat the slanderer said, he would make his decision and order it published. Andhe did not hesitate to write orders that called for the capture of towns and theburning of cities and the enslavement of whole peoples, for no reason whatever. . . .

And after he had slain perhaps myriads for no good reason, he straightwayembarked on plans for the ruin of many more. So then, the Romans being atpeace with the whole world, and he by reason of his lust for blood not knowingwhat to do with himself, Justinian kept bringing all the barbarians into collisionwith one another. . . .

Such, then, was Justinian. As for Theodora, she had a mind fixed firmly andpersistently upon cruelty. For she never did anything at any time as the result ofpersuasion or compulsion by another person, but she herself, applying a stubbornwill, carried out her decisions with all her might, no one daring to intercede forthe victim who had given offense. . . . And to state the matter briefly, no one eversaw Theodora reconciled with one who had given offense, even after the personhad died, but the son of the deceased received the Empress’ enmity as an inheri-tance from him, just as he received anything else that had been his father’s, andpassed it on to the third generation. . . .

She claimed the right to administer the whole Roman Empire. And if theEmperor should impose any task upon a man without her consent, that man’saffairs would suffer such a turn of fortune that not long thereafter he would bedismissed from his office with the greatest indignities and would die a mostshameful death.

Source: Excerpt from Secret History by Procopius, Books XIII and XV, translatedby H. B. Dewing (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1935), Volume 6.Reprinted by permission of the publisher and the Loeb Classical Library.

The Character of Justinian and Theodora

World History: Patterns of Interaction © McDougal Littell Inc.

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RUSSIANS ADAPT BYZANTINE CULTURE (274-278)

People from the forest north of the Black Sea who began trading with Constantinople were known as ____________.

THE LAND OF RUSSIA’S BIRTH

Russia’s homeland centered around three great rivers: ________________, __________________, ______________

In the 800s a group of Rus, or ___________________ came down from the north and settled with the Slavs.

SLAVS AND VIKINGS

Legend says that Viking chief ____________ was invited to be the ___________ of the Slavs.

In 862, he founded the city of ________________________. Became the early capital of the Russians

Monks wrote about this event in the _________________________________________.

In 880 Oleg, a nobleman from Novgorod, moved south to ____________ which allowed the Vikings easier

trading access to the city of _________________________________________.

The Vikings brought many goods to trade such as: _____________, ____________, ____________, ____________

They also brought Slavic subjects who they sold as ____________. (that’s where we get the word!)

KIEV BECOMES ORTHODOX

In 957, Princess Olga visited Constantinople and converted to _____________________________.

Vladimir, grandson of Olga, comes to the throne in 980 AD and considers converting. He is unsure about which

religion to choose so he: ____________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Eventually he decides to convert to _______________________________ and makes all his subjects convert to.

The building that convinced them to convert was more than likely the _________________________________

KIEVAN RUSSIA

Vladimir expanded the empire from ____________________ to the ______________ sea.

In 1019, his son __________________________________ came to power and led Kiev to even greater glory

To forge stronger trading alliances Yaroslav: ____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Kiev’s rules that centered mainly around commerce were known as Yaroslav’s __________

At its height Kiev was said to have ___________ churches as ____________________ prospered

POWER STRUGGLES BRING ON KIEV’S DECLINE

The decline starts with Yaroslav’s _____________

The error Yaroslav made was that he: ______________________________________________________________

His sons reacted by:________________________________________________

+ JUST WHEN THEY THOUGHT THINGS COULDN’T GET ANY WORSE. THEY GOT FAR WORSE!!!

MONGOL INVASIONS FAVOR THE RISE OF MOSCOW

In the mid-1200s a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia invaded Russia. These nomads were known as the

______________________

They were led by one of the most feared warriors of ALL TIME: __________________________________

The reasons for the Mongol invasion centered around two ideas:________________________________________

Mongols earned a reputation for brutality because of their ____________________ and __________________

The empire stretched from _____________________________________________________________________

The events of 1240:

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

They ruled for over ___________ years

The empire’s official name was the “Khanate of the Golden Horde”

▪ Khanate meaning: ________________

▪ Golden because:___________________________________

▪ Horde meaning:____________________

MONGOL RULE IN RUSSIA

Even though the Mongols were fierce they did tolerate ___________________________ in their realm

The church explained the Mongol rule as _______________________ for the people’s __________

The prince of Novgorod ____________________________________ convinced other nobles to go along with the

Mongols and crush any revolts. At his death he gave his son Daniel the area known as ________________

MONGOL RULE SERVES MOSCOW’S INTERESTS

In the late 1320s Ivan the first became the most powerful prince by gaining favor with the Mongols after

he:______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Ivan also became extremely wealthy and received the name ___________________________________

In order to enhance Moscow’s power Ivan convinced the _________________ to move there. This gave Moscow

an important ally: The________________

Rulers of Moscow where able to expand their territory through the strategies of:________________________

__________________ ____________________ ______________________.

AN EMPIRE EMERGES

As Constantinople falls to the Turks in 1453, a few years later, Ivan III marries a niece of the last Byzantine

emperor. He takes the name ____________, the Russian version of Caesar. With this he openly claims that

Russia is the “THIRD _______________”

Name Date

CHAPTER 11 Section 2 (pages 274-278)

Russians AdaptByzantine CultureBEFORE YOU READ

In the last section, you read about the establishment anddecline of the Byzantine Empire.

In this section, you will learn about the spread of Byzantineculture to Russia.

AS YOU READUse the time line below to show key events in the earlydevelopment of Russia.

TERMS AND NAMES

Slavs People from the forests northof the Black Sea

boyars Landowning nobles of Russia

Olga Russian princess whoconverted to Christianity in 957

Vladimir Grandson of Olga whoordered all his subjects to adoptChristianity

Yaroslav the Wise Russian ruler whohelped Kiev gain power and wealth

Alexander Nevsky Russian noblewho gained power in Moscow

czar Russian emperor

600sViking &ntejr ihe. lands ofih& Slavs

1019

OOOs 1400

Both Slavic and Greek (pages 274-2751Who were the Slavs?The Slavs lived in what is today eastern Russia.The area was bounded by the Ural Mountains andthe Black Sea on the south and the Baltic Sea onthe north.

The Slavs lived in the forest areas. They workedas farmers and traders. In the 800s, some Vikingscalled the Rus came from the north. They builtforts along the rivers and blended with the Slavicpeople. They founded the cities of Novgorod andKiev and became the rulers of the land. Theybegan to trade in Constantinople. With them, theybrought furs, timber, and the Slavs who were theirsubjects. They sold these people as slaves. In fact,the word slave comes from Slav.

Over time, the Vikings adopted the culture ofthe Slavs. Divisions between Vikings and Slavs dis-appeared. But the society was sharply splitbetween the great mass of peasants and the fewnobles, or boyars.

In 957 Princess Olga of Kiev converted toChristianity. Her grandson, Vladimir, also con-verted to Byzantine Christianity. He was the rulerof Russia. He ordered all of his subjects to adoptthis religion. Now more than trade linked Russia tothe Byzantine Empire. Russia also looked toConstantinople for religious leadership. Teachersfrom the empire gave the Russian people instruc-tions in the new religion. The king liked the ideathat the ruler of the empire was also the head ofthe church.

CHAPTER 11 BYZANTINES, RUSSIANS, AND TURKS INTERACT 101

1. How did Olga and Vladimir influence theSlavic people?

Kiev's Power and Decline(pages 275-276)

What caused Kiev's rise?Under the influence of Byzantine culture, Kievgrew to be a large, wealthy, and cultured city. Itcontinued to grow as Vladimir took land to the westand to the north. His son, Yaroslav the Wise,came to power in 1019. He proved to be an ableruler as well. Under him, Kiev grew even morewealthy through trade and alliances made withwestern nations.

Then the state centered in Kiev began to haveproblems. After Yaroslavs death in 1054, his sonsfought one another for control of the land. Tradedeclined, cutting the wealth of Kiev.

2. What caused Kiev's decline?

Mongol Invasions Favor theRise Of MOSCOW (pages 276-278)

How did the Mongol invasionschange Russia?In the middle 1200s, the Mongols reached Kiev.They quickly overran the Russian state, killingmany people. The Mongols held control of the areafor more than 200 years.

The Mongols had been fierce conquerors, butthey were not harsh rulers. As long as the Russianpeople did not rebel, the Mongols let them keeptheir customs, including their Eastern Christianreligion.

The Mongols made the Russians pay tribute, asum of money that was owed every year. They usedRussian nobles to collect the tribute. One of thosenobles, Alexander Nevsky, gained power. Hisheirs became princes of Moscow. They later usedthis city as their base of power.

Control by the Mongols had important effectson Russia. It isolated the Russians from westernEurope. Russian society developed in its own way.Rule by the Mongols united many different areasof Russia under one central authority. Before then,what is now Russia had been ruled by a number ofprinces. Mongol rule also led to the rise of Moscow,which had a good location near three majorrivers—the Dnieper, the Don, and the Volga.

Ivan I increased the influence of Moscow. Overtime, Ivan and his successors added to the land thatMoscow controlled. In the late 1400s, under IvanIII, Russia grew to be a mighty empire. In 1453,the Byzantine Empire had fallen, defeated by theTurks. In 1472, Ivan married the niece of the lastByzantine emperor. From that time, he called him-self czar—the Russian version of Caesar. In 1480,Ivan finally broke with the Mongols.

3. Name three effects of Mongol rule on Russia.

SkillbuilderUse the illustration to answer these questions.

1. What kinds of items are the Vikingscarrying in their boat?

2. What conclusions can you draw aboutthe Vikings from this woodcut?

COD)DOQo

102 CHAPTER 11 SECTIONS

Chapter 11 Review Terms and Names

1. Byzantine architecture-

2. Icon-

3. Mosaics-

4. The Justinian Code-

5. The Hagia Sophia-

6. Yaroslav the Wise -

7. The Orthodox Church-

8. The Cyrillic alphabet -

9. Vladimir-

10. Kiev-

11. The Primary Chronicle-

12. Olga-

13. Czar-

14. Slavs-

15. The Byzantine Empire-

16. Mongols-

17. Alexander Nevsky-

18. Novgorod-

19. The Great Schism-

20. Khanate of the Golden Horde-

21. Empress Theodora-