byzantium and christendom. introduction by 1300, europe and russia are christian division- eastern...

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Byzantium and Christendom

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Page 1: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Byzantium and Christendom

Page 2: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Introduction By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian

Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half- fragmented-

Roman Catholic

Western church & society was more rural

Page 3: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Christianity Contracted in Africa & Asia due to Islam

Islam took Jerusalem in 7th century

Most willingly converted

Christianity’s success as minority religion depended on tolerance of local rulers

Less tolerance as time passed

Page 4: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-
Page 5: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Byzantium Builds on Roman past

No clear starting point

330- Constantine builds Constantinople

Empire has 2 capitals

Division of Christendom

Eastern half lasts 1000 years after fall of Rome

Strategically located, walled city, near the water

Page 6: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-
Page 7: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Byzantium (Con’t)

Sought to restore the glory of Greco-Roman culture

Referred to themselves as “Romans”

Clothing- robes and sandals

Page 8: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

State Structure Western Rome, Africa, and Middle East lost

Generals had authority to raise armies from local peasants

Very centralized authority

Emperor’s role as God’s representative

Caesaropapism- both a Caesar and Pope of Orthodox church

Legitimized rule & gave common identity

Aristocrats held gov’t positions

Territory shrank around 1095- Crusades

Falls to Ottoman Turks in 1453

Page 9: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Christian Conflict Orthodox- “right thinking”

Churches had icons- religious images

Doctrine differences with Roman Catholics

Turn doctrine into Greek philosophical arguments

1054- both churches excommunicate one another

Crusades created more conflict

Page 10: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Byzantium and the World Conflicts with Arabs

Weapon- Greek fire

Important role in trade

Gold coin widely used

Products in high demand

Spread culture to Balkans & Russia

Cyrillic alphabet spread by missionaries

Page 11: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Conversion of Russia

Kiev Rus emerged in 9th century

Created via trade

High level of social stratification

Regional religions until Prince Vladimir’s conversion

Unifying identity for the people

Moscow- 3rd Rome?

Page 12: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-
Page 13: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-
Page 14: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Western Europe

Margins of civilization until 1500

Shift from Rome to West & North

Series of kingdoms ruled, eventually forming states

Roman law adopted

Charlemagne & Carolingian Empire-

Roman bureaucracy & crowned new

emperor of Rome in 800- Holy Roman

Empire

Page 15: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-
Page 16: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

New Kingdoms

Feudalism

Protection

Catholic Church fills administrative duties

Latin continues ^

Rulers convert, gain protection

Catholicism embraces native practices

Conflict w/ kings & Church

Page 17: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Change in the West

Climate change

High Middle Ages- 1000-1300

35 million in 1000 80 million in 1350

Environmental changes

Cities were smaller than other civilizations’ cities

Urbanization- slow, only about 10%

Develop guilds- Hanseatic League was one

Women’s role in economy grows, then shrinks

Men- providers, not fighters

Page 18: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-
Page 19: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Crusades After 1000, Western Europe on the rise

Byzantium under pressure

Increasing contact with India, China, and Mongolia

1095- Crusades begin

Fighters go to Heaven

Largely decentralized project

Main goal- Jerusalem

Spain brought into Christendom, Byzantium weakened, Popes strengthen their position, Cultural diffusion

Deepens divide between Catholic & Orthodox

Page 20: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

European Advancements

Complete chart

Many farming advancements

New water-driven windmill

Advances in weapons, ship-building, and navigation

Page 21: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Politics

Slowly develop states

No single empire- geographic, linguistic, and cultural barriers

Frequent wars drove gunpowder revolution

Rivalries stimulate technology development

More separation of Church & state than the East

Merchants had autonomy

Led to capitalism?

Page 22: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Reason & Faith

Greek philosophy’s influence

Stoicism- reason, indifference, endurance

Renewal of interest in Greek texts- especially Aristotle

Application of reason to non-religious subjects

Lays foundation for Scientific Revolution

Byzantium- largely against this movement

Islam- translates many Greek texts

Does science reinforce faith or seek to destroy it?

Page 23: Byzantium and Christendom. Introduction  By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian  Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half-

Legacy

Crusades

Christianity’s split

Constant military campaigns- WWI and WWII

Religion &/vs. science

Separation of Church and state

The rise of the dominant power of 18th-21st centuries