ously
Eastern
Empire
5
1.
The
Empire
from
the
Foundation
of
Constantinople
Rift
between
Byzan-
tium
and
Rome
Formation of
century
106
The
Hippodrome
108
Mosaic
231
slaying
the
lion.
century 252
St. Sophia.
century
259
Virgin
and
Child.
Ivory.
10th
conspiracies,
of
Byzantine
civilization—
used in
both as a political
today
little
doubt.
It
endured
eleventh
century,
and
diplomats,
as
well
as
reformers
developed
Russians,
Croats
even,
to
govern,
transmitted
to
them
will remain
that
opportunity
glory.
when
various
forms
periodically
civilization.
Among
Byzantium,
Charles
Italy
covered the Venetian
dealt with Venice
and
its
and decline of
for the
publication in
17
10
York,
1927).
14
History
of
the
1913),
II:
 Justinian's
Govern-
the Fall of the Phrygian Dynasty ; ch. XIV:  The Fourth
Crusade and the
Government
and
Adminis-
16
seen
in
virtually
every
that made it
decadence,
religiosity and worldliness.
races,
its
greatness and
Byzantine
civilization,
Much of its
the
published.
been made in
played a greater
to
triumphant from
the tussle
was
subservient
to
the
regard
funda-
mental
among
State
when
Diehl's
H.
Baynes
Without laying
sake of style,
The
been
order
to
generally
accepted,
Empire
citizens
liked
to
be
regarded
that, to the
and
its thousand
years of
curves. This
and
in addition,
the old and
476,
and
Roman
tradi-
tions
persisted
even
separate
identity.
halves
of
395,
bequeathing
to
his
sons,
fifth
century
would
Early
Christian
marble
head,
type
of
the
Empress
Flaccilla,
wife
of
to
S.
on
earth,
he
set
himself
to
champion
Orthodoxy
whether the more and
the
that
inclined
it
appar-
seem, Latin
was has-
of view, the realm
of
legions
fired
by
his
the heart
of Asia.
He tri-
all powers
leaders.
the
Empire
itself.
Most
important
of
all
in the
radically
of
weakened
and
of
the
dead
in
the
whose intention and
•
splendour
of
its
the brilliance
had
been
re-established
half
they em-
greedy
of
renown
and
from the
side of the
had made a
redoubtable rival to
his
subjects
their
gratitude
him
and
checked
the
ravagings
of
Italy, the un-
of the Germanic
tained
the
rights
and
round
it,
Macedonian Emperors
grace, all the refine-
the
peak
the
Empire's
this power
anarchy. And anarchy was
West,
Not that
could
have
been
Hellenized,
brought
civil war,
such
was
the
scene
for
nearly
emperors
defeated
Romanus
Comneni were
triumph for the military
aristocracy; like the Capetians,
emperors,
judged
by
the
scope
forceful,
Comneni
a
tion
man
emperors.
Imperial
diplomacy
and in Hungary,
of the mind, and its love of the arts; Constan-
tinople
Greek Empire, Christendom's
posi-
tively
and
Villehardouin.
forces of
did the
increased,
double
yet the
Latins re-
where
Venetians
and
Genoese
were
masters,
Serbia
of
Stephen
who
were
class
conflicts—
Lastly, there were re-
ligious struggles. Greek national
Byzantium we
hear again
Themistocles, and
these forebears once did
of
the
day
the
yet
decline.
Above
all,
let
often
been
reasons for Byzan-
tinued
existence
would
diplomacy
Constantinople,
the
Asiatic
even
whose
status,
by
its
complexity,
is
there
greater,
wrote
Justinian,
 what
Rome
in
its
law and
says
Justinian,
highest
rank
of the
Lord, the
we
genius; we
may bring gifts, even as the Magi
of
old,
to
against
and Priest
in one
was
Justinian
and
heaven
and
earth.
things again.
in gold,
of
Theodora
and
Zoe—
as
it
triumphant
of Novels
of
the
Isaurians,
so
healthy
religious
matters.
 Your
might,
ye
St.
Sophia,
the aid of Christ. His life mingled
at
consecrating
them,
of St.
Sophia delivered
loftiest heads
and
Pope
Gregory
the
but to
tended
all inhabited
•
fed and
masters,
freely
as beings inspired
divinity;
as
they conceive them-
and
the
or
2
In
the
seventh
of
the
tion
seems
not
to
have
know
by the
and
installed
at
it was
made,
blood
existed,
whose
members
and it is
an
increasing
104;
for 192.
Even usurpers
among
the
part—of
as
perors who,
working,
and
deserved
his
nickname
of
SYSTEM
Such
men
as
everything
is
directly
dependent
immediate
entourage
women
and
in a
best to use
fit
to
and
more
of
39
39
an
essential
part.
even
more
important.
As
we
shall
see,
strong, devoted to
sur-
consisted partly
mustered by
had no difficulty in
Vardariot Turks,
from the
as confed-
in
the
imperial
army.
races met together
very
reach
of
anti-imperial
influences.
in their long
ships, and re-
Armenian
contingents
were
favours.
peoples
were
represented,
against
Crete
employed
a
landing
the
estimate
70,000.
the
regiments
to a
—as
the
defence
of
was
the
they
fought
under
the
Whether on Asiatic
Italy, and Africa, this
faults, as
great
Bulgarian
sense die daily for the holy Emperors must never be
seen
had
to
be
kept
of
setting
him
on
the
throne.
these ills, Byzantium reserved
this
to
them
adventurers,
intent
merely
above ordinary
instead
of
of
any
country
they
passed
they thought
by
everything
could do
was served
Hera-
clius;
Nicephorus
Phocas,
Apostles
Bulgars whom
command of his
up and great
deterioration,
a
series
of
writes
the
historian,
 Justinian
bordered
he reflected
country, until
or
was
protected
by
a
Peninsula,
be
of
the
Empire
and
forth
in
all
directions.
Behind
this
mobil-
ized.
engaged
the
enemy,
usually
by
to render blow
fighting
The
brave,
the only
the
Omayyad
Caliphs
had
overhaul-
ing
of the navy in the tenth century; and until the
beginning
of
it continued
to be,
i until
the day
when Byzantium
ship-
builders
built
carried
an
tive
hearts
of
we
could
us.
In
the
sea
Byzantium
it
which for
centuries possessed
be
Basileus
chancellery there
of the
information and
memoranda relating
tralizing it; notes were
their
be circumvented and
Ages was
the
tireless
dazzled
the allied
fully wrung
of the most usual
Magister,
Even the Doge
of Venice accepted
sovereignty: the
golden crown,
To
perpetuate
Byzan-
women
in
By this carefully graded distribution of money and
favours
By-
was
easier
than to sting the pride of simple barbarians and rouse them
to
fury.
Justinian
wrote
himself the
foremost among
those
benefits
•
smaller chance
by
fostering
political
animosities
with
its
splendours
were
exhibited
of the palace they beheld a pageantry of rich uniforms,
priceless
chamber
a
tween
buzz
of
every
language
in
the
re-
ceived
with
the
957 Olga,
cence;
there
were
sumptuous
visits
closely watched,
to Constantinople
and
humiliations
to
too
familiar.
angel;
that
had
brought
him
that
therefore
they
was that it would
letters.
warmly and rewarded them
Byzantium
added
others
on
and
wonderfully
arrayed,
And
embraced Ortho-
of
the
Caucasus,
the
kingdom
of
Serbs,
Moravians,
Bulgars,
of course,
diplomatic
relations
established
as
barbar-
ians
they
imagination
of
The
other
result
was
to
barbarian peoples, or
dangers. The
made
re-
ceived,
stering their
the Empire. As time
strength
was
no
longer
adequate
to
the
Empire
hung
First
Crusade
the enthroned Em-
grounds
for
resentment.
The
Em-
peror
receive
of
conducted
their
retained
the
Roman
adminis-
it, did
he occasion-
is
Greek.
Similarly,
the
heads
titles
as
those
of
by
Justinian
to
civil and
military powers.
the least
area
occupied
by
such
a
corps.
Up
system,
of
military,
directed the
government and
and
Foreign
Affairs.
He
was
later
Logothete
of
of the
there was the
great
personage
whose
task
seats
though
it
retained
certain
known in the sixth cen-
tury
as
scrinia,
eta.
Just
racy,
so
Byzantium
owed
its
firm
was
local troops and
one
Strategus
by
descent,
developed
into
a
mediaeval
state.
Administrative
Centralization
The
directly
em-
ploy,
and
bility,
had
been
invested;
and
between
a
fixed
relationship.
respects,
higher
rung
of
the
imperial
tribunal;
barren
and
for-
saken
properties
(fmpoXi'i),
and
those
who
treasury, had
care to defend-
be
carried
to
his
subjects.
Every
ruler
care
men, and they
him
of
to
him
by
accustomed shade
of the
dreaded than
119,136,000
gold
dol-
National Unity
hostile
to
Hellenism,
West were lost
now
there existed a
race and culture.
tion, or resettlement. In the
European
parts
of the Ionian
And
every-
where
who were
very numerous
the
power
of
expansion
of
its
civilization.
By
what
broken
at
times;
a
the
the Empire
aristocracy
by
promised
and
Slavic
origin;
Italian,
cosmopoli-
life and
against
the
Armenians,
and
against
to
be
abolished,
but
an
autonomous
body
at
the
than the
that
they had been
been usurped
retained all its
or interfere
measure
of
used to taxes
of
the old order
successors had been as wise—if they had not sought
to set
to substitute money pay-
in
ernor of
the stamp
ment
created
the
theme
Mesopotamia
on
the
there,
of
Melitene.
Even
in
places
where
porary,
we
find
the
the
Church
in
Empire, the government's
first care was
to supply it
Byzantine colonization,
the Armenians
part.
developed
Southern Italy
under
the
Naupactus,
and
one
is
the
case
of
southern
and
government, and
completely, resounding
tact
and
its
respect
for
through
which
the
Orthodox
Church,
with
to prevail.
Otranto
subject
matically
left
to
nations they set the
its task,
did the
Empire an
outstanding service:
produce
of
Ceylon,
India,
Indochina,
Byzantines,
who
hindrances,
great
to
Until
the
ports,
to
which
caravans
brought
jade,
and
wine,
Orient. There were also
the
buy
Ivory plaque with animals.
and Corfu
on the
most impor-
Each
goods
brought
by
salt
fish,
Constantinople.
of the
stuffs, brilliant in
in the square
gateway.
The
Genoese,
and
Pisans,
some
of
whom
had
a
competitors,
were
later
given
the
valued
and
widely
used
of
of
shipping
and
trade.
In
spite
of
this,
Constantinople
continued
of its
made
it
2.
ARTICLES
OF
TRADE
A
the capital,
trades.
There
were,
of
was to
victual the
capital; there
•
Byzan-
tine
craftsmen.
Arabs
fish, salt,
de-
others; and
of
world
trade
colossal
quantity
West
too
petition. What
fetch the
oriental
guardian
for independent
pur-
chases,
the
quality
ported
they
agriculture.  Two things
is
a
the large
the budget, the
lation. But
be
imagined.
insecurity of
as
early
as
the
uninhabitable, and
tax-gatherers could collect
went abroad. Indeed,
can
subjects. Constantinople
the Byzantine it
was  the city
the great
as
has
been
and
from
the
disaster
which
thrust forth
Byzantium survived
the Byzantine
worldly
magnificence,
wealth,
contrast,
it
was
1. THE MILITARY
dosius II extended
Cyril
Mango
and completed through
the West. More
of the Golden Horn,
lay the
garrison
of
Constantinople.
stood in the shade of gardens.
In contrast to
streets,
to
robbers,
and
whom
the
is
style
survived—
Marco of
medallions,
masterpieces of
Taurus
of museums.
ace, a city within
Arabian
country ; and
religious city. Constantinople
contained, said Benjamin
devout princes
mediaeval
men
valued
far
above
and
forceful
religious
life
phrase,
 to
be
suspended
blaz-
with admiration.
and adorning it, and
echo
said,
 One
can
Apostles with its five
had
beautiful ones built
was
also mention
which, one
the building after
flowerlike
flames
of
the
glories
of
ritual
processions
and
divine
sacrifice,
so
moving,
so
officiate
the
Great
Wall,
stood
many
monasteries.
These
contemplation
where
dark
hegumen, the
which,
they could exert
Constantinople
was
a
great
indus-
Constantine, the
supervision and
mopolitan
crowd,
as
here. Hooknosed
Asiatics with
pointed beards
Babylon, Syria,
chain
met and min-
famous
masters
for the West.
today; he
which the
of natural laws
of the
was also a city of the arts. Squares, palaces, and
churches
know
the
far-reaching
world
Gothic
the
streamed
in
from
commercial
squares
colourful,
world.
their
wares.
All
changing
pageantry.
drink at
the Emperor's
was crowned
there were
end
to
year's
end,
the
capital
this
abruptly
from
cheers
to
arcades, where
tics, medicine,
religion—in
at the
authority with which
way to frenzied and
that infected the
gambling
fever,
and
by
order
who
had
at
night,
and
gold. They
the
swung round with
Up to
of unrivalled
of the
of Thrace
poorer
On
the
the
frontier
by
an
un-
broken
series
of
mighty
sort
of
bridgehead
on
sturdier char-
them-
selves
felt.
on the
force; for
peas-
was
shaped
of Phocas, Skleros,
of
Byzantine
dered
to
commanders.
an unrivalled
were superbly trained
ence
or
vassalage.
this
great
in fact
the
some
of
fertile
lands
tilled
by
sturdy
farmers.
head of
round, ivory table,
which could accommodate
and from which they
properties, consisting
work.
were neces-
But
everyone,
from
with plough
with the
the
Deacon,
a
disgrace
on
and was interned in
him
from exile in Lesbos,
throughout
Anatolia,
and
partisanship
inclined
him
to
side
great archons of Asia
Sea to
Minor
bordered
the
name
perils
and
brutalities of life on the Cilician border and the marches
of
Cappa-
needed to watch
tireless and elusive enemy;
Popular
imagination
it
never
had,
this
poem,
be-
this
idealization
we
the
adventures of Ulysses side by side with the story of
Joshua.
The
in
of
silver
enamels,
and
tapestries,
ent
temper.
Loyal
they
felt
part of
perial
insurrections that shook
and most of
excessive
wealth,
influ-
underestimated.
There
is
of Digenis,
for,
the
service
he
performs
and
whole
of
insufficient
who lived
them
in
glory
of
When
they
were
history.
In
the
thir-
teenth
the fourteenth, Hellenism
for those of
military
and
economic
strength.
121
Empire in every age
to a greater or
and
eleventh
centuries;
and
often,
as
in
twelfth century
the
the
in the
thirteenth the
Western provinces
began to
fall.
Crusades had
produced nothing
and
it
is
these
reasons
the
lack
until
every
walk
of
life,
no
man
more
and
unruly
a
It
was
votion
1453,
beds,
and
8
or
mu-
tilation.
rivals
sprang
prevailed. At the end of
the
seventh
of
the
Isaurians,
other
purple. Anarchy
We can
already
seen
something
capital; as in
and
noisy
loved
into
a
sort
of
urban
militia,
and
there were
pamphlets and
furies,
broke
open
the
prisons
and
thousands,
feeling
Emperor's kinsmen
invaded
and
despoiled,
precious
objects
Then
came
the final act of the drama. In the religious house of
the
Studium,
beasts
threatened
to the executioner,
bear
sanctuary
to de-
harangue
Bardas to
government troops;
for
imprisoned people
victim, Bardas, took possession of the imperial palace
until such time as his victorious son should make his triumphal
entry into Constantinople.
patriarch
in
to plot
together in
garded him from
31,
1057,
crowd
But soon
master
of
the
city,
and in any
to
the
realm
from
the
tyr-
to
at
their
devoted
amid
acclamation
of
this,
they
his
Comnenus. Again in
with
the
capital
resist
the
Crown,
however
with
relentless
emperors were
sure of
the morrow,
Although
Jus-
tinian
first in
fifth and the
enemy,
revolutionaries
men
events
were
that
concerned
the
circus,
men
to
watch
the
displays,
chariot
interest
grievously wounded, and
that shows
often
assumed
a
political
colour.
thousand
gener-
and
wild
beasts,
followed
by
executions
that
glutted
The
circus
and
execrations
spectacle,
took
delight
in
those
 images
not
of
controversy,
the
mania
for
argument,
many souls.
Many found
in it
 citizens
of
of
lukewarm
court
depended
palace
be-
trayal.
a
them
in
the
church
and bloodthirsty,
he
had
a
shed. Punishments
cut
off,
eyes
put
out,
and
out his beard
dragged him,
with sticks;
face.
Finally
he
was
columns.
A
vitals.
seeing who
getting
the
best
of
an
argument.
Contrasts
in
the
Byzantine
Character
a
handful of evil geniuses
in
high
their
tionships they
were unreliable;
and nicely calculated betrayals? not
to
all its good
why,
despite
the
blunt,
straightforward
the
fine teacher and a
one
all
out
fiery ambi-
tion and
great
house
of
the
Comneni.
common:
they
were
of
pleasure
and
the
yet
and
and
temperament,
and
where
the
attainment
was concerned,
nothing restrained
He
was
a
could
have
intellectual
power.
Naturally
these
examples
There
were
men
of
great
integrity
weighty
a
past,
way,
Byzantine character. In
Cecaumenus,
of
whom
we
lessons of expe-
rules
dis-
illusioned
attitude
pick one's way
and choose one's
the
capital.
He
influential
neighbour;
they
man,
huge
estates
the days of
there is
lands they chose, in-
and even to the Emperor
himself:
by
these
prised
 those
and
their
wealth
and
power
accumulated
 They
regard
the
subjecting them
and
their
long
groan-
ing,
whose
echo
will
disappear-
ance
of
the
free
property
so
indispensable
their
protection.
Owing
to
the
system
of
Phocas, Maleinus,
Basil II.
possessions of
those whom
words
of
a
contemporary
historian,
 restore
so
lamentably
Phocas,
and
make
restitution;
a
period
of
forty
years,
confirmed
the
fraudulent
of
the
State
in
which some of the
con-
spirator.
He
past,
he
was
enormously
everything
he
the
his star
from
every
quarter:
money
and
with
just as
the imperial
matched
one
another
in
daring
and
resolution.
With
the force of the
blood
they
the
because
Basil
at
Charsian,
on
the
domains
of
an
emperor
came
from
there,
earth,
much as
to
himself
by
of
Curo-
palates,
fully
man
man who made us all tremble
He
comes
to
 He
3. THE TRIUMPH OF THE
FEUDAL
SYSTEM
OVER
in
confiscated
and
feudal
Normans and
the appalling
these feudal lords,
so. In
the East
overlord.
Everywhere
we
find
huge
impressed the Latins,
thirteenth
century.
 French
at
in the realm.
That the feudal
absolute
century his
ecclesiastical jurisdiction
comprised no
fewer than
the seventh
Emperor
and
administered
to
defend
Orthodoxy
and
respect
ecclesiastical
privileges.
He
was
very
rich,
and
he
controlled
the
a
become
ciety. Some
for
humility
and
penitence
and
because
of
a
refuge
from
owing
to
the
in their monas-
them very
were,
dangers. We know the
to
superior. Neverthe-
of
in open revolt. The Eastern
Church,
at
the burden of
the fanaticism of the monks as well as the inordinate
ambitions
of
the
patriarchs
were
a
century,
the
Iconoclast
Em-
known
to
us
and power
for
more
than
a
century.
By
order
was
driven
through
the
Ahab who
Rome against the Crown,
 Apostolic
Head,
Church to
pronounce final
judgment in
been
the pro-icon
won
of
this
long
as being so
order, was extremely forthright in
his
description
erecting
of huge buildings and the purchase of vast numbers of
horses,
property
whatever
was
to
the
of
Constantinople;
the
other
worthy
persons,
cause of
has
convinced
us
allegations,
Decay
of
and estates,
long as he
founded
a
their duty
the
that religious founda-
deserts,
laid
a
he forced him,
the com-
to
pious
difference;
could place at
oppose
the
Emperor,
in
the
State,
and
the
ambitions
of
Michael
utterly
he
may
imagine
the
reign
of
a
weak
emperor.
Indeed,
in
the
by
this
victory,
1056 set
However
fourteenth-century
though
It is true
appointment
to
between
priesthood
and
outfacing
both
between the Greek
Church and Rome
•
the
Church
in
the
manner
laid
down
by
Constantine
and
Justinian.
Nevertheless
the
Empire
was
as
servants. It
the
past
by
contemporaries
they
bowed
before
the
tributaries
and
vassals
and that
and
triumphant and, as in the finest days of the Roman Empire,
could
call
himself
 Africanus,
Vandalicus,
provinces it would
be easy to
past.
Exalted
by
proud
 the
two oceans.
his
historians.
cost
the
Empire,
East
were offset
and Mace-
donia. Worst
Justinian's
reign,
and
the
army
discrep-
ancy
between
Empire
with
it
Charle-
magne's
right
buked
Louis
II,
Charlemagne's
 eternal
principles
and
usurped.
In
vain
Louis
Empire to
that
the
Pope,
in
proclaiming
attempted
to
regain
a
very
reconquer the whole of
thus the smallest
danger.
180
and
and
cur-
rent
in
the
Byzantium
the
rulers
IV and
of in Constan-
papal
ambassadors
at
Justinian.
would confer the
the
sov-
on
the
states
of
the
peninsula.
But
in Italy
to
 the
Rome
was
 the
head
Balkans;
over-
throw.
Croats and
Serbs; they,
them
the
peak
head
appealed
to
Serbia—long a vassal,
prospered so
well that
was able
to dispute
the
Danube
and
the
its
influence;
the
kingdom
marrying his
throne, he was ap-
to
attempt
to
in
Serbia, from exchanging Byzantine
we note
ment measures
of labour
often exempt; and
of
rural
communities
and
had
willingly
or
unwillingly
may be imagined.
exemptions
enjoyed
by
the
and
be
sought
elsewhere,
and
mainly
in
to be
the
profits
to
and
privileges.
Dardanelles,
as
well
part
all
the
ports
sailed into
extended
into
found
foothold
and
enjoyed
privileged
upon the
the
eastern
sail.
It
is
true
that
the
first
treaties
concluded
with
yet
were
and
allowing
them
to
the
Latins.
In
1292
Roger
Morosini
ar-
rived
75
Venice against
salute and
the
port
of
Constanti-
nople,
proposed
to
making courteous representations.
few
and unrigged,
or rotted
wrote in
the fourteenth
century,  While
revenue
of
from
posed
on
certain
articles
by
owing
diminished
what
Egypt, and
col-
lect
the
their
astute
was
enforced,
the
was
enforced,
the
was a
anything
else.
the court and the
about
the
treatise
would suppose that Byzantium
and gold, and
In
are
signifi-
cant
burden
of
distress.
3**
•3Z.
MDXXXIII,
London
prosperity of Byzan-
without
shame
that
I
the prey of
greatly diminished
in popula-
the
Empire;
the sturdy institutions
and
army
brought
dislocation,
find
feudatories
have
well
ernment
ceased
services
to
the
highest
bidder.
densome
to
the
public
funds,
its
their
fortunes
amid
came near
offered
princess.
affray
behaved
token
of
his
Emperor.
They
entrenched
service
of
left for
ravaging the
Turks,
the
defence
it was
so
long
cen-
from above,
penetrated
to
the
heart
of
the
Constantinople. The
ruin, and the
remained a
events took
all direc-
end of the
from
enlarging
either of their
an end to
European provinces, was
of
its
support.
Dislocation
of
Athens in
central Greece,
the
Peloponnesus.
the
to fight
to whom may be
the de-
intervention
might
have
the Latins,
were blind
be
an
over-
their
greed
and
endur-
ing
enmity,
and
find
the
Empire.
1.
RELIGIOUS
REASONS
Relations
between
century
Pope
•
the
treasures
of
the
Church
moral authority
throughout the
administration;
opposition
the
Popes'
advice,
and
master,
by unlawful means. But
the
Popes
Other
factors
Patriarch
tiated
than
in
the
minor
differences
of
by
Byzantine
polemicists
in
interpreted
rejecting
the
Roman
claim,
and
whom there was
traitor
to
one's
country.
Re-
offended
by
what
seemed
to
excited
conceal
the two
not
now
part of
had
a
He
had
to
the
purchase
of
of the
fire of
had
taught
further
complicated
a
very
more in
the twelfth,
they—especially
the
seen
how
the
full of Latins;
Lombards,
Frenchmen,
English-
had even rearmed
Emperor
placed
in
these
foreigners,
complained
that
they
difficult
missions
and
the
most
logical outcome of
worlds.
In
overthrowing
the
Byzantine
Empire,
the
tacit
connivance
inimical
though
it
often
was,
im-
sacrilege, at
the
Palaeologi,
even
THE
PERIOD
princes,
from
Manfred
Hohen-
staufen
to
made to conquer
Some
the Turks,
Floren-
rather see
have
Turks
should
be
beaten
off
But
the
realization
came
too
1444;
and
apart
John
of their distress
mediaeval
Eastern
Question.
the
a
zantine
libraries
great
contained. For instance,
critical discrimination in
great
philoso-
phers,
nor
great
historians,
like
in this collection, and
the
circle
on Aristotle,
that
a
man
Halicarnassus,
Appian,
Arrian,
Jov^toLtaU'^pOp^
,
(
Cyropaedia,
and
Greek literature is the nature and extent of their reading,
as in-
dicated in what they wrote. We have seen how much
a
man
Lexicon
of
part of
had a
Hesiod, Pindar,
of classical
He
had
a
pro-
found
sense
show
discourse. With Homer
Aristotle, Plutarch's
what Psellus knew
the end of
brother
of
Emperor
John,
taries on
We can
century to
ologi,
Byzantine
of style, though the
In
the same way, they went in for antique forms: they composed
witty epigrams
history
and
my-
thology.
It
has
already
disaster,
Byzantium
sought
profound
in-
fluence
attributes.
We
know,
too,
early
centuries
palm
tree.
12th
century.
of
their
the
Emperor. This blend
of
rial life, and the complexity of its life
of the
than
tury,
Procopius,
Agathias,
Menander,
closely
concerned
with
the
and
by
Symeon M
a select
century to
Mount Athos—
from
the
divines,
and
the
circle
mistrusted
of breadth,
known;
not
until
so
Michael Acominatus in
way, rebelling against
did.
Religious
eloquence
and
the strictly
militated
against
independent
the Church.
of Constantinople
for
admiration
that characterized the
fifteenth century. Other
ancients.
Another
Eustathius,
oratory:
panegyrics,
century,
the middle of
influence,
and
from
the
ancient
culture
led
to
the
renaissance
twelfth
centuries,
which
turned
classical
between the
able to
renewal
in
an offi-
freshness
and
vitality.
and
static,
science
and
daring,
was characterized
followed
the
Iconoclast
donian
and
tradition.
we find
search
for
renewal.
Courtesy
of
emotional
and
passionate,
and
owe
little
or
Byzantine art
twice
during
those
thousand
from ancient
taste
for
noble
attitudes,
very dif-
realism
that
left
genius.
Time
has
destroyed
many
of
the
ings
dating
from
of
conception,
such
elegance
Cyril
Mango
Church
of
the
Holy
Apostles
This is as
fifteenth.
Byzantine civilization
as a
art. Everywhere
brilliant mosaics and
enhance the
im-
of
and
churches; in
From
Byzantine
life
The Cleveland
They
were
finely
decorated;
the
goldsmith's art;
leeks, and onions,
Byzantine industry
from Byzantine
Byzantine mind,
higher
their
val world.
The outward
brilliance of
marvellous pattern for all who came near it, while the
inner
values
made
West, the
bringer
All
sub-
merged
were the Turkish
barbarian tribes
of
government,
the
and
its
folk
tales
guage.
Cyril
commissioned
by
Scriptures into
tium, with a more
ceived the advantage
own language. At
preached in
Slavic
liturgy,
and
at
they
Orthodox
faith
principles.
Even
today,
 would
know
civiliza-
tion.
1
the Slavs of
sport
description
of
what
he
wanted,
he
merely
was
of
a
by
divine
inspira-
reasons
influenced
Boris
real-
the
and
staged
a
demonstration
of
the
the
Latin
ritual
in
his
refuge
had
conceived
a
profound
admiration
for
the
brilliance
of
about
Byzantium. Around
him sat
girdles, and
of shining
and gold.
Byzantine etiquette
near enough
the Romans.
transformed. Symeon had
himself with
intellectuals. He
into
Bulgarian,
to
distribute
it
He
based
a nation.
Basilcus.
and
Constantinople
Christian
at the end of the tenth century, was to conquer
and annex
Bulgaria.
The
Bulgars
never
submitted
willingly
to
the
political
in
It
was
owing
too,
Christianity
conversion
the direction of
Metropolitan
strengthened
family
ties,
the
Russia, it brought,
love of letters
the most famous
world
and
northern
Europe,
Kiev
the
ac-
complish
settled
perhaps,
them
from
when Serbia led
Stephen Dushan
in the
holy Mount Athos—
full
of
mystic
there died in
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
kans
and
Basileus
and
by
all power and authority
robed
like
Greek court:
with the
Serbia
cross or the trefoil bear
the mark of Oriental design;
the paintings,
for composition, the
school, whose
works filled
country was
political
activity
within
famous
works
of
Greek
days
and
it
was
Christian
West
Empire: the
Slavs, whom
glories of Baghdad and
civilization
the Lombard assault,
to the
West; and
for an-
far north
there
a
new
Magna
Graecia.
Between
the
that
even
and
exarchs
rectly—that is
the sphere of art, the exarchs largely
succeeded
in
propagating
Greek
enjoyed
by
the
imperial
turned for
abbot of Monte
of repousse
are
copies
I
'administration
Mediterranean
ports
and
settled
and added to
and Italy
have
its
the
plans
fabrics.
West,
critical
sense,
approach
it
with
tions
we
that for
in
at
that
time.
Italy, the
in
dle
of
the
Zeno is
a pure
Either
by
way
East,
the
Carolingian
renaissance
ninth-
century
and
that between the fourth and sixth, the answer to the
 Byzantine
that
Byzantium
played
a
really
dominant
of the
largely
these
than they to
artists
decorated
the
monastery
church
of
Byzantine
manner ;
and if the scope of the Greek masters' work and the
duration of
their influence
varied from
period
worked, not only the bronze doors, gorgeous fabrics, enamels,
richly
ence, no
doubt connected
with the
marriage of
executed by
Tuscan artists.
In Tuscany,
creator
of
the
end
of
the
basiJeis
Moreover,
schools of Rome, Ravenna,
when,
to-
distorting
Justinian's
legislation
began
1158,
expressed
his
found
in
into Bologna in their
stood
sprang from it was to  reign over all spheres of
the
knowledged
his
of Roman law
of
and
of
France,
no scruples
in revoking
In
the
to justify
the omnipo-
from
which
Distant
Byzantium
sowed
many
ideas
that
took
from Byzantium. Strange as
Scotus
Erigena
Dionysius the Areopagite
and Maximus the
to Byzantium;
ends of
taries
had
thanks
to
Platonism
flourished
first
West,
and
Italy
relearned
in
whose
manuscripts
As
century
and
the
beginning
end
Greek
in
fall
of
West
to
admire
remote
descendants
of
those
though
for
Byzantium,
there
might
to show what Byzantium
the champion
and
eleventh
preserved
Arab East. The West learned
an
incalculable
its flame.
as
an
Empire,
of
Greece
 
own
day,
ministrative
cibly
converted
rest were Albanians,
office. Pro-
immense im-
tra-
to
power,
and
of Istanbul
was
It
was
found
a
 
concerned to
mind, and made
vived the Turkish
When
to
all
they
supplied
him
with
states-
of
the
Palaeologi,
in
1472,
of
Byzantium.
By
taking
princely
residence
built
in
 
of
everything depended on
held a
still further when
to
the
Georgians and
Armenians into
their service,
as well
which Peter the
the
Sacred
promotion, which went
the Czars undertook
a dual task:
Islam
Czarist ambitions
trend of
Orthodox
Church
another,
 gives
our
national
life
its
true
direction.
To
liberating
Chris-
know, each of
means to that
its capital.
into
Constantinople
as
conqueror.
The
memory
nounced
ever
be.
Greece
tion of
addition
to
original
reader who wishes
drawing
up
no attempt at
will
be
able
to
point
to
he has
languages,
read
best
not
to
Paris,
1947;
C.
L'Europe
orientate
de
1081
Empire
(717-1453),
Cambridge,
1923.
146
to
A.D.
1864,
ed.
Monographs on
for
its
scholar-
Stein which
The Cambridge
York, 1931.
following
may
be
represent:
A.
study
by
Baynes,
 Constan-
tine
Church, Proceedings
in
English:
the Constantinian
Constan-
cntiarium
Hungaricae,
Vol.
2,
Pt.
4,
Budapest,
1952,
277-304.
centuries
are
available
in
English.
Letters,
tr.
by
B.
Jackson,
in
P.
and general
of
e
lowing the death of
P.
Goubert,
Byzance
avant
V
available to the
(J.
W.
McGrindle,
ever,
Slavic
by
Matthew
Spinka
Chicago,
1940).
Available
still
J.
Eraclio,
essay
by
Charles
et des Serbes,
seventh
century
is
of
the
First
Bulgarian
definitely
to
the
eighth
century,
the
of
Roman
seventh century ( W. Ashburner,  The Farmer's Law,
commen-
tary
are:
F.
Dolger,
byzantine. Tradi-
de
I,
by H.
Michel
be
de Leon
(1934),
see C. A. Macartney,
Cam-
Leo VI, important sources for the
internal
French translations, as
brilliant
book
from
supervised
by
H.
Gregoire:
Bulgarians,
see:
S.
Runci-
man,
Laehr,
Die
Anfange
des
Foundation
conversion
de
la
Russie
there is
Several
now
available
to
ministrando
the history
life in Constantinople and
of
the
embassy
of
968,
study
of
Byzantine
civilization
[1948],
51-118).
eleventh century are:
J.
M.
Hussey,
Different
tions:
J.
Laurent,
History
of
the articles  Turks
of
Islam.
As
an
introduction
to
the
various
Turkish
tribes
times to
is the
eleventh century
of
Anna
Comnena,
the
remarkable
daughter
of
(Anna
Comnena,
The
Alexiad,
tr.
by
E.
Joranson,
which followed
the death
Diehl,
 Les
 Un
imperatore
in Constantinople
old
work
of
J.
Armingaud,
Venise
et
of the
Crusades in
de-
this
work
of
Byzantion,
15
For the
don,
1926;
tailed,
to
1216,
is
E.
Gerland,
Geschichte
der
Frankenherrschaft
in
Griechenland.
2.
Geschichte
of Con-
is the work
Parisot, Cantacuzene,
homme d'etat
Halecki,
Un
empereur
de
Byzance
a
M. Silberschmidt,
Das orientalische
Tafrali,
Xivrey,
Memoire
History
of
Mehmed
the
Byzan-
tine
in 1453 and
old, is the history
of
A.
Rubio
y
year, fasc.
recorded by
by
Lady
Goodenough,
1947.
On
the
part
of
the
Balkan
Peninsula,
F.
Zeit-
enwende,
Munich,
1953,
A.
D.
1938;
also,
by
there is O.
of
J.
Delaville
Le
Roulx,
of the
(Ibn
Bat-
on an embassy by
Le
Strange,
London,
1928).
his impressions of
to relate his
For
Byzantine
Geschichte der
.
there
is
after
1204,
of F. A.
Gregorovius, Geschichte der
Stadt Athen im
Mittelalter von der
tion
1938. On the
the most
E.
Honigmann,
Eveques
et
eveches
monophysites
as a
See now also the
 
rite byzantin,
troversy and the
Theodore
of
Theodore
of
''lorovsky,
 Origen,
Church
History,
19
(1950),
77-97.
the
Sixth
Century,
754,
Late
Classical
of
V. Grumel,
iTllyricum oriental,
|f.
Jugie,
is A.
Michel,  Von
Photius zu
Leib, Rome,
et
reunion
de
l'eglise
grecque,
Dictionnaire
the
Union
of
Lyons
John
V,
entre
grecs
et
repercussions, see
further D.
Florence in
Moscow, ibid.,
Symeon
le
theologie catholique,
and
H.
St.
L.
B.
of
general account of
Byzantine
 
18),
Caesarea,
Harvard
Theo-
de Leon VI le Sage,
Melanges
in Litur-
nach
Ceremonies
of
Classical Philology,
W.
Sickel,
 Das
pire, Byzantion,
de
an
im-
portant
work
is
A.
Michel,
 Die
der
Byzantiner,
Zeitschrift
fiir
Kirchengeschichte,
56
(1937),
1-42,
reprinted
in
Dolger,
elements qui
populaires
a
Constantinople,
auliques
reserves
aux
administration,
there
is
now
G.
(1955),
270-296.
Byzantine
Studien zur
Studi
Byzantini
e
Neoellenici,
5
(1939),
88-99;
S.
P.
Kyriakides,
Byzan-
tine
Studies,
2-5
Byzantine
Byzantindn
Spoudon,
Themem
erfassung,
Byzantinische
Zeitschrift,
46
(1953),
362-
368;
des
bizantini,
Aevum,
27
covering the entire span of the history
of the Empire is that given
by L.
Bas
Em-
pire.
au
work
Christophilopoulos,  Con-
century
is
G.
1938),
423-450;
Id.,
 Le
Byzantinische
Zeitschrift,
28
(1928),
ifr
his
1:563-597;
Id.,
Empire]:
Cur-
rency,
Public
Expenditure,
Budget,
power,
see
L.
Lavra,
Melanges
Charles
Spatbyzantinischer Zeit,
Yacad.
roumaine,
11
(Bucharest,
1924),
94-109.
Baynes
fundamental
de
la
(1944-45),
Or-
Macedonia,
especially
in
the
eleventh
Agrarian
Grundeigentum
in
Byzanz,
Bulletin
of
the
Lefebure des
Early
see:
A.
Schaube,
Handels-
Ages, see: L.
Speculum, 18
reich,
Byzantinische
Zcitschrift,
33
(1933),
295-312.
On
are:
L.
Brentano,
 Die
byzantinische
of
Reign of
V
Hesseling,
Essai
1948-52.
For
the
twelfth
century,
there
byzantines,
1st
ing the reign of Alexius
Comnenus.
a By-
de
three important biog-
On Byzantine
music is
R. Palikarova
Verdeil, La
mystere
tine
Church,
Henri
Gregoire:
 L'epopee
2nd
Athens,
1926;
zantine,
Byzantinische
Zeitschrift,
29
(1929-30),
IX
e
J.
su-
perieur
a
2
Princeton,
1947.
Important,
too,
are
the
d
byzantines since
 
An-
tioch,
55,
218
Bokhara,
79
 
238
Ep'hesus,
118,
167
Epirus,
209,
299
Erigena,
263
138,
186,
Theodosius
191,
210
Tinos,
194
Trajan
Reviews
of
the
Book
up a
 
volumes
will
their readers into
THE HELLENISTIC
by