c-2005 - almuslih r - abraham's...1x-c-2005-13 abraham s association with the meccan sanctuary...
TRANSCRIPT
1x
-C
-200
5-
13A
BR
AH
AM
’SA
SSO
CIA
TIO
NW
ITH
TH
EM
EC
CA
NSA
NC
TU
AR
YA
ND
TH
EP
ILG
RIM
AG
EIN
TH
EPR
E-I
SLA
MIC
AN
DE
AR
LY
ISL
AM
ICP
ER
IOD
S
RE
Lii.
J’E
TU
DE
S()
RIE
NT
AL
IiS
-
The
figu
reof
Abr
aham
appe
ars
inth
eQ
uran
doze
nsof
times
inte
nsof
chap
ters
I,bu
tqu
r’an
icre
fere
nces
toA
bra
ham
asw
elt
asan
ynu
mbe
rof
othe
ran
cien
tfi
gure
san
dth
ele
gend
sab
ou
tth
emar
eno
tabl
ybr
ief.
The
yla
ckna
rrat
ive
cont
ext
and
deta
ilto
such
exte
ntth
atth
eyha
vebe
en
FO
NI)
EEN
1KM
PA
R(‘
H.
DE
HA
RL
EZ
desc
ribe
das
mer
ely
a...
ase
ries
ofdi
scre
tean
dpa
rabo
lic
utt
era
ncesn
3.In
deed
,su
stai
ned
narr
ativ
eis
virt
ually
abse
ntfr
omth
eQ
ur’a
n,w
ith
the
poss
ible
exce
ptio
nof
the
stor
yof
Jose
ph
3,an
dev
enth
ose
narr
ativ
e-li
kese
ctio
nsth
atca
nbe
foun
din
Isla
mic
scri
ptur
eap
pea
ras
ifth
eyw
ere
exce
rpte
dfr
omfu
llte
llin
gsth
atno
long
erex
ist.
The
qur’
anic
audi
ence
wou
ldcl
earl
yfa
ilto
unde
rsta
ndth
ehu
ndre
dsof
impo
rtan
tal
lusi
ons
tobi
blic
alfi
gure
san
dle
gend
sif
itw
ere
not
lal
read
yfa
mil
iar
wit
hon
eof
the
vari
ous
cult
ural
sett
ings
inw
hich
they
flIi
IU
i)t
HI
MIN
I%tt
RI
INt
(IIM
MI
Nk
III
[RA
Nt
‘i’i
occu
rred
.Q
ur’a
nic
reve
latio
nth
eref
ore
pres
umes
apr
ior
fam
iliar
ityw
itha
seri
esof
lege
nds
and
lege
ndar
yfi
gure
sth
atco
rres
pond
sro
ughl
y
with
that
of
Jew
ish
and
Chr
isti
ansc
ript
ure:
the
Heb
rew
Bib
lean
dN
ew
Tes
tam
ent.
Inth
epa
rlan
ceof
liter
ary
disc
ours
e,th
eQ
ur’a
nis
unkn
owab
lew
itho
utkn
owle
dge
of
itsbi
blic
alsu
bte
xt
4.A
ndit
iscl
ear
toda
yth
at
any
lite
rary
wor
kpr
esum
ing
asu
btex
tse
rves
atso
me
leve
las
are
spon
se
toth
atsu
btex
t.It
may
agre
ew
ithit,
inte
rpre
tit,
revi
seit,
orin
vali
date
it,bu
tit
clea
rly
reac
tsto
it.If
the
Qur
’an
can
beas
sum
edto
have
been
TO
ME
104—
Fas
c3-
4re
veal
eddu
ring
the
life
tim
eof
the
Pro
phet
Muham
mad
’,th
enit
mus
tbe
assu
med
that
itsbi
blic
alsu
btex
t—
the
man
yle
gend
sab
ou
tA
bra
ham
Y.
Mou
aAt&
c.A
brah
amdi
ms
Li
Cor
an,
Par
is.
1958
,p.
27-2
8.
EX
TR
AIT
J.W
AN
SB
RO
UG
H.
Qur
’oni
rS
tudi
es:
Sou
rces
and
Met
hods
of
Scr
iptu
ral
inre
rpre
razi
on.
Oxf
ord.
1977
.p.
I.S
un12
.Y
etev
enth
elo
ngqu
r’an
icre
nditi
onof
the
Jose
phle
gend
isno
tabl
yun
clea
rw
ithou
tth
ebe
nefi
tof
exeg
ais
ofth
ebi
blic
alre
nder
ing
ofth
est
ory
for
refe
renc
e.W
este
rnre
ader
sfa
mili
arw
ithth
efu
llte
xtof
Gen
esi,
supp
lyth
eir
own
eteg
esis
whe
nre
adin
gth
e-
-qu
r’an
icre
nditi
onan
dca
nth
eref
ore
mak
ese
nse
ofit.
u.’-
-
The
les
aBib
le,,
and
“bib
lica
l”ar
eed
only
for
lack
ofm
ore
accu
rate
nom
en
--
:-
clat
ure.
The
Qu?
anis
not
beho
lden
toth
eB
ible
,an
dits
subt
ext
refe
rred
tohe
reis
not
the
text
ofth
eB
ible
.T
heub
iblic
al,,
narr
ativ
esan
dre
fere
nces
inIs
lam
are
not
bibl
ical
inth
ese
nse
thaI
(hey
are
quot
atio
nsfr
ombi
blic
alte
xts,
but
rath
erth
anth
eyex
hibi
tcl
ear
para
llels
tobi
blic
alte
xts.
Perh
aps
abe
tter
term
mig
htbe
.cbi
bles
que”
.N
otw
ithst
andi
ngth
eex
celle
ntw
ork
ofW
ansb
roug
han
dhi
sst
uden
tsin
thei
rvi
ewth
aiit
isa
late
rdo
cum
ent,
the
appr
oach
ofIh
isst
udy
follo
ws
the
argu
men
tsof
Bur
ton
LOU
VA
IN-L
A-N
EU
VE
and
othe
rsw
hosu
gges
tth
atth
etr
aditi
onal
view
isno
tch
rono
logi
cally
inac
cura
te.
360
KE
IKL
ST
ON
EA
BR
AhA
MA
ND
THE
MEC
CAN
SAN
rIU
AR
Y36
1
and
othe
rFi
gure
sfi
ndin
gpa
ralle
lsin
bibl
ical
liLer
atur
e—
was
exta
ntin
pre-
Isla
mic
Ara
bia,
Isla
mic
trad
ition
itsel
fsu
ppor
tsth
isop
tion.
Soon
alte
rth
ede
ath
of
Muh
amm
ad.
piou
sM
uslim
sso
ught
out
info
rmat
ion
that
wou
ldfil
lin
the
man
yIa
cuna
eof
the
qur’
anic
reve
latio
ns.
The
seea
rly
trad
ition
ists
colle
cted
thou
sand
sof
nar
rati
ves
abou
tbi
blic
alan
dex
tra-
bibl
ical
per
sona
ges
thai
wer
ebe
ing
told
and
reto
ldam
ong
the
vari
ous
cultu
ral
grou
ping
sin
and
arou
ndA
rabi
aat
the
times
.M
any
ofth
ese
wer
e
even
tual
lyco
mpi
led
into
colle
ctio
nsor
gani
zed
arou
ndth
ela
yout
ofth
e
Qur
’an
and
whi
chca
me
tore
pres
ent
earl
yfo
nus
ofsc
ript
ural
exeg
esis
.
The
Qur
’an
has
beco
me
larg
ely
inse
para
ble
from
itsna
rrat
ive
exeg
esis
,
whe
ther
inw
ritte
nor
oral
form
,ev
ersi
nce.
Oth
erfo
rms
ofor
gani
zati
on
wer
eal
soem
ploy
edam
ong
the
colle
ctio
nsof
oral
lore
,in
clud
ing
thos
e
ofth
eun
iver
sal
hist
orie
sw
hich
orga
nize
dna
rrat
ive
mat
eria
lar
ound
the
hist
orio
grap
hers
’co
ncep
tsof
wor
ldhi
stor
y,or
the
colle
ctio
nsof
hagi
ogra
phic
lege
nds
refe
rrin
gto
the
care
ers
ofan
cien
tsa
ints
and
prop
hets
’.A
llre
lied
onth
cla
rge
rese
rvoi
rof
earl
yIs
lam
ican
dp
re
Isla
mic
oral
lore
.In
deed
,ea
rly
Isla
mre
cogn
ized
nocl
ear
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
pre-
Isla
mic
and
Isla
mic
oral
trad
ition
.T
hese
para
tion
betw
een
the
two
epoc
hes
soev
iden
tin
Med
ieva
lIs
lam
icli
tera
ture
evol
ved
out
of
ahi
stor
iogr
aphi
cap
proa
chth
atca
me
into
exis
tenc
eon
lyaf
ter
the
first
Isla
mic
cen
tury
8.A
tth
esa
me
peri
odin
whi
chIs
lam
ichi
stor
iogr
aphy
was
evol
ving
and
mat
urin
g.so
too
wer
eth
eva
riou
sap
proa
ches
toIs
lam
icla
wan
d
cust
om
(shu
rta)
com
ing
ofag
eun
der
the
earl
yA
bbas
idC
alip
hate
.T
he
raw
mat
eria
lpr
ovid
ing
the
auth
ori
tyfo
rIs
lam
icri
tual
and
soci
al
beh
avio
ral
soco
nsis
ted
of
oral
trad
itio
ns.
But
thes
etr
adit
ions,
know
n
atle
ast
amon
gth
epi
ous
ifno
tm
ore
gene
rall
yin
Isla
mic
soci
ety,
wer
e
larg
ely
cent
ered
arou
ndth
ere
mem
here
nces
ofth
ebe
havi
oran
d
com
men
tsof
the
Prop
het
Muh
amm
adan
dhi
spi
ous
com
pani
ons
(a!
saM
ba).
The
seor
altr
adit
ions
wer
eev
entu
ally
tran
scri
bed,
and
beca
use
the
auth
ori
tyfo
rco
mpet
ing
view
son
Isla
mic
law
and
cust
om
was
base
d
tFs
isIs
Topi
r.J,’
unw
;ur
inH
ots
’Lc
uuL.
:Th
eE
volu
tion
ofth
eA
hs’o
ham
-Jsh
mae
i
Lrtrr
’sth
Inis
iwnu
Eir
grsà
.A
lban
y.N
Y.
1990
.p.
3-20
(her
eaFt
er:
FIR
EST
ON
E,
Jn,n
wys
).
Oth
eror
gani
vng
pria
optn
wri
tem
ptoy
tsias
wei
l.w
ebas
the
coll
ttti
ons
of
radi
ii,’n
orga
nize
dat
urd
ing
10
thei
rau
rihu
ted
tour
ensu
chat
(he
Prop
het
Muh
amm
ad
orhi
sco
mpa
nion
s.T
his
may
1wpa
rtly
attr
ibut
able
topa
ralle
lsdr
awn
betw
een
Muh
amm
adan
dth
eru
t:
iii
she
Abb
asid
son
the
one
hand
,an
dth
epr
e-hs
tani
iepe
riod
of’I
gnola
nir
and
tim
ayya
d
•ole
sot
the
,,ihe
rSe
cj
LAsS
NIK.
btu
nsii
’R
evol
utio
nan
dH
islo
rgra
lM
rnto
rr:
An
inqu
ur
nit
.,rh
,.4
,1.1
‘Al’h
ioul
.4p0
h1’k
ifli.
IAni
rrir
anO
rtin
tul S
ocie
te.V
n’ir
s.66
),I9
Kb.
p.so
and
on
thes
ere
cord
s,m
any
wer
esa
idto
hav
ebe
enfo
rged
inor
der
tosu
pp
ort
par
ticu
lari
stpoin
tsof
view
.E
arly
Med
ieva
lM
usli
msc
hola
rs
them
selv
esno
ted
and
con
dem
ned
the
noto
riou
spr
acti
ceof
forg
ing
trad
itio
nsin
the
effo
rtto
auth
enti
cate
supp
ort
for
part
izan
view
san
dW
este
rnsc
hola
rship
has
repe
ated
lyco
nd
emn
edth
ere
liab
ilit
yof
the
Isla
mic
trad
itiom
lite
ratu
rein
gen
eral
9.In
cont
rast
toth
isre
alpr
oble
mco
ncer
ning
the
relia
bilit
yof
trad
ition
sus
edto
auth
oriz
eIs
lam
icla
wan
dcu
stom
(the
uhal
akhic
ntr
adil
ions
),th
eea
rly
colle
ctor
sof
narr
ativ
ele
gend
s(t
heci
agga
dic”
trad
itio
ns)
appe
arto
have
colle
cted
them
larg
ely
asth
eyfo
und
them
and
with
little
inte
ntio
nal
alte
rati
on.
Tra
diti
onis
tsw
orki
ngin
vari
ous
loca
tions
ortu
nepe
riod
str
ansc
ribe
dth
esl
ight
vari
atio
nsth
atna
tura
llyac
crue
das
narr
ativ
esw
ere
told
and
re-t
old
inor
alfo
rm.
The
act
ofre
cord
ing
them
effe
ctiv
ely
froz
eth
eev
olut
iona
rydy
nam
icof
thei
ror
aldi
scou
rse
byre
cord
ing
the
even
tal
mos
tas
aph
otog
raph
reco
rds
avi
sual
ev
en
t’0.
Man
yof
the
reco
rded
trad
itio
nsw
ere
then
re-r
ecor
ded
into
late
rco
llect
ions
bysu
bseq
uent
trad
itio
nist
s,w
ithth
em
ore
popu
lar
trad
itio
ns
appe
arin
gm
any
times
inth
elit
erat
ure.
The
man
yre
ndit
ions
ofea
chna
rrat
ive
avai
labl
ein
the
sour
ces
ther
efor
eex
hibi
tgr
eate
ror
less
er
degr
ees
of
var
ian
ce,
and
the
num
ber
and
nat
ure
of
the
var
iou
sre
ndi
tions
reve
alva
luab
lein
form
atio
nab
out
the
norm
san
dex
pect
atio
nsof
the
cult
ure
inw
hich
they
wer
ekn
own.
Mod
ern
liter
ary
anal
ysis
som
etim
esse
eks
tore
veal
subt
exts
inor
der
tobe
tter
unde
rsta
ndth
eta
rget
edte
xt.
Thi
sst
udy
seek
sto
esta
blis
hth
ekn
owle
dge
abo
ut
Abra
ham
inth
ege
nera
lcu
lture
of
the
late
sixt
h
Cen
tury
Hij
az,
the
geo
gra
ph
ical
regi
onw
hich
incl
ud
esth
eci
ties
of
Mec
caan
dM
edin
a.as
asu
btex
tof
the
qura
nic
reve
latio
nsab
out
Abr
aham
inM
ecca
.Id
eal
typi
cally
,th
ose
narr
ativ
esw
hich
are
repe
aled
ofte
nan
dco
nsis
tent
lyin
the
colle
ctio
nsof
Isla
mic
trad
itio
nli
tera
ture
,
whi
chex
hibi
tlit
tleva
riet
yin
plot
and
stru
ctur
e,an
dw
hich
are
attr
ibut
ed
toa
num
ber
oldi
lfer
ent
earl
yco
llect
ors
oftr
adit
ion
wou
ldbe
expe
cted
tohav
ebee
npopula
rnar
rati
ves
told
time
and
agai
nin
agi
ven
envi
ronm
ent.
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
dw
ithin
them
wou
ldbe
expe
cted
tobe
wel
l-kn
own
inth
ecu
lture
ofdi
scou
rse.
Whe
nan
oral
stor
ytel
ler,
for
exam
ple
,re
nd
ers
ast
ory
alre
ady
wel
lkn
own
byth
eau
dien
ce,
s/he
is
allo
wed
less
room
for
vari
atio
nin
the
repe
rtoi
reof
oral
disc
ours
eth
an
with
apr
evio
usly
unkn
own
stor
y.A
wel
l-kn
own
and
popu
lar
narr
ativ
e
Sec
t.G
ot.o
nrtr
x,M
aslin
iSt
udie
s,ed
ited
and
tran
slat
edby
S.M
.S
TIR
Nan
d
C’.K
.Usx
ara,
Lon
don.
1967
-lI.
Vol
.2;
J.Sc
-it&
rur.
Tht
Ori
gins
of
Alu
hanu
nedi
mJu
ru
prud
ence
.O
rlor
d,19
50.
p.3K
W.;
J.R
DR
SLJN
,Th
eIs
nad
inM
issl
hnT
radi
tion,
inTr
asss
netiw
ss
nIch
eG
lcng
.r.
Unn
wrs
,,rO
nesr
,ul L
iiic
ri’.
1311
953?
.p
1311
.A-
Lam
,..c
inge
’of
Tal
es.
Cam
brid
ge,
MA
,19
50,
p12
41.
3-i
t,
362
ItF
IRE
ST
ON
E
AB
RA
HA
MA
ND
THE
ME
CC
AN
SA
NC
tUA
RY
363
rem
aini
ngre
lativ
ely
cons
iste
ntan
dst
able
inits
form
and
mea
ning
wou
ldte
ndto
bere
cord
edfr
eque
ntly
and
cons
iste
ntly
byth
etr
aditi
onis
tsw
how
ould
have
hear
dit
ina
vari
ety
ofco
ntex
ts.
Popu
lar
lege
nds
refle
ctco
mm
oncu
ltura
lno
rms
and
can
beex
pect
edto
prov
ide
info
rm
atio
nab
out
valu
esan
dbe
liefs
ofth
eho
stcu
ltur
e’’.
Con
vers
ely,
(hos
ena
rrat
ives
whi
char
efo
und
less
ofte
nin
the
sour
ces,
whi
chex
hibi
ta
grea
tin
cons
iste
ncy
info
rman
dco
nten
t,or
whi
char
eat
trib
uted
toon
lyon
eso
urce
,ca
nnoL
bere
gard
edas
accu
rate
repr
esen
tatio
nsof
acu
lture
’sno
rms,
valu
es,
orbe
liefs
.T
hegr
eate
rth
eva
riat
ion
amon
gth
ere
ndit,
ons
ofan
yle
gend
,th
ele
ssit
can
beex
pect
edto
refle
cta
cons
ensu
sof
cult
ural
expe
ctat
ions
orm
eani
ng.
With
this
basi
cap
proa
chto
the
lite
ratu
re,
the
rese
arch
erca
nex
amin
ea
repr
esen
tativ
esa
mpl
eof
the
larg
eco
rpus
ofIs
lam
icna
rrat
ive
trad
ition
sab
out
Abr
aham
’sco
nnec
tion
toM
and
the
Pilg
rim
age
and
dete
rmin
eits
rela
tions
hip
toth
equ
r’an
icre
vela
tions
onth
esa
me
topi
c.T
his,
intu
rn,
rais
esim
port
ant
ques
tions
abou
tth
eim
age
ofA
brah
amin
the
Qu?
anan
din
the
gene
ral
cultu
reof
earl
yan
dpr
e-ls
lam
icA
rabi
a.T
hesa
mpl
eof
sour
ces
for
this
stud
yco
nsis
tsof
wel
l-kn
own
and
publ
ishe
dSu
nni
and
Shi’i
tew
orks
datin
gfr
omth
eni
nth
toth
efi
ftee
nth
cent
urie
s”.
SS
W. A
.LE
SSA.
‘Dis
rore
rer.
oJ-i
hr-i
un:
M,’
,hol
ogr
asa
Ref
lect
ion
ofC
ulin
ri’,
inM
.J*
rt,e
san
dJ
GIL
aNW
AY
(cdl
.),
The
Anc
hrop
olog
utL
ooks
atM
yth.
Aust
In.
1972
;A
.D
uN
l,rs
.Fo
lkId
ea,
asU
rnts
‘if
Wor
ldF
in-,
inA
.PA
REO
esan
dR
.D
AU
MA
N(ed
5).
T,,,
rarc
lN
ewP
ersp
ernr
e,in
Folk
lore
(Am
eric
a,,
Folk
lore
Soc
kry
Rib
tiogr
aphi
cal
and
-Spe
cial
Sen
t,,
23),
Aus
tin.
1972
,p.
93-1
03.
*2In
chro
nolo
gica
lor
der.
AbG
Abd
alIi
hM
uham
mad
ten
S.u
,K
iidl’
al-T
abaq
dtat
Kah
fr.
Bei
rut,
1380
/197
0:A
hnsa
dIa
nH
AN
SAL.
al-U
wnad
.B
eiru
t,13
89/t9
69;
Abu
al-W
and
Muh
amm
adb.
‘Abd
alIt
hb,
at-M
tshg
tca
At.-
AZ
KA
OI.
Akh
hdr
Mak
kalE
d.F.
WL
J5T
tNF
SL
I,as
Chr
onih
,’ndi
rS
tadi
Mec
ca.
Lei
pzig
.18
58:
rep,
.ed
..A
k/th
uM
akka
al
Alu
.sha
rr,/o
•B
eiru
t,nd.)
;A
bUA
Mal
Iih
b.ls
mif
l.t
.-B
OK
HA
RI.
al-J
dnit”
al-S
ahih
,I_
abat
e.19
79;
‘Abd
alhi
tstt.
Mus
limIa
nQ
O1A
ta..
at-D
inaw
ari,
Kitñ
t,al
-Ma’
ariJ
.C
airo
.n
d.:
Ahn
,ad
b.A
biY
iqub
b.W
ldih
AL
-Yilo
oei.
ToN
Ah
(ed.
Mt
Hou
Tsu
Aas
Ilic
iorw
r.I_
tide,
,,19
69);
Abu
Jala
rM
uham
mad
b.Ja
rir
AL-
TABA
RI.
Jdm
Pal
-Pap
an‘o
nT
ow11
4.ul
-Qur
’dn,
Bei
rut,
1405/t
94.
and
Tir
ikh
at-R
and
wol
.hfu
ldk
(ed.
M.
1D
wG
wir
a,A
nna/
esL
oden
964)
;A
bual
-Has
an“A
llb.
Ibrã
him
AL
-QuM
id,
Taf
sir
ol-Q
umn.
i.N
ajaf
,38
3/96
6:A
hUIs
htq
Ahm
adb.
Muh
amm
adA
L-T
HA
’LA
aI,
ilra
isal
Maj
dlñ
C.j
ro13
7411
954:
Rad
i.f
ljn
AbE
,M
al-F
ad)
fri.
al-
Hasa
nA
nsi
nal
-Din
AL
TA
sAIt
s,M
uim
o’at
-Bar
onfT
V/u
n,a/
.Qut
’dn,
Bei
rut.
nd.;
Muh
amm
adb.
‘Abd
aUih
LK
tsA
’l.
Q&
w.
cd-A
nh,r
ã’(E
d.I,
E,s
rnar
xoas
Vita
Prop
heta
ram
,L
aden
,19
22);in
al-D
inA
bE,
‘At,J
allã
hM
uham
mad
Ian
st.-
Am
Ia,
ot-A
anii
lfl
at-T
o’ri
kh(E
d.C
.).
To.n
erao
asIh
n.e
I.4,h
,ri
Ch.
nmlc
,n,
qww
ipe
rfec
ussu
iusm
insc
rthi
lla,
Hüt
oria
AnI
tIXtW
TIiC
U.
tAde
n,11
(61.
77.
repr
.B
eiru
t,13
15/1
963:
‘Im
idal
-Din
Abü
aI-F
idi
tsm
S’i)
tin
K*m
is.
Taf
sir
al.Q
so’n
nuI
..4:i
mca
iro.
isd.
.an
dQ
uas
al-A
nhiy
d,B
eiru
t.14
0211
982;
Muf
iral
-Din
Abd
-aI’
Rah
män
I,.M
uham
mad
tsbü
al-Y
aman
AL
-HA
NS
AL
I,al
-Un,
at-J
aWhi
Ta’
rikh
.d-Q
t.ds
Hil
t.kh0ff
l.A
mm
an.
1973
.
The
figu
reof
Abr
aham
isas
soci
ated
with
Mec
caan
dits
holy
plac
esre
peat
edly
inth
eQ
ur’a
n.H
eis
calle
dup
onto
esta
blis
hth
efo
unda
tion
sof
the
Ka’
ba,
topu
rify
itfo
rth
ose
who
wou
ldpr
ayat
it,an
dis
depi
cted
asse
ttlin
ghi
spr
ogen
y,w
ithin
itssa
cred
prec
inct
.H
isna
me
isev
engi
ven
toa
part
icul
arsi
teor
stru
ctur
ein
the
sanc
tuar
yar
eaca
lled
the
Sta
tion
ofA
brah
am(M
aqãm
Ibra
him
).S
ura
2:12
5-12
7pl
aces
Abr
aham
fully
into
the
Mec
cart
sanc
tuar
ytr
adit
ion
with
the
wor
ds,
Rem
embe
rW
em
ade
the
Hou
sea
plac
eof
San
ctua
ryan
dsa
fety
for
hum
anki
nd.
Mak
eth
eSt
atio
nof
Abr
aham
(Maq
ãmIb
rãhi
m)
apl
ace
ofpt
-ave
r.W
een
join
edup
onA
brah
aman
dIs
hmue
l:w
Purl
])’
tIdy
Hou
sefo
rlh
ose
nbc,
shal
lci
rcum
a,nb
ulol
eit.
for
Ihos
ede
vote
din
pros
lrot
ion
and
prov
ers’
.R
emem
ber
whe
nA
brah
amsa
id.
isO
my
Lor
d,m
ake
this
tow
nsa
fe. -
-A
ndre
mem
ber
whe
nA
brah
amra
ised
she
foun
dati
ons
ofth
eH
ouse
irish
lshm
ael-
Sura
3:96
-97
appe
ars
tocl
arif
yth
at((
the
Hou
sen
(al-
bays
)re
fers
toth
eM
ecca
nsh
rine
know
nel
sew
here
”as
the
Ka’
ba:
The
firs
tho
use
esta
blis
hed
for
hum
anki
ndw
asth
eon
eat
Bo.
kkah
.if
ull
of)
bles
sing
and
guid
ance
for
she
peop
les
ofth
ew
orld
,In
itar
ecl
ear
sign
s:th
eSt
atio
nof
Abr
aham
.W
hoev
eren
ters
into
itfi
nds
secu
rity
.Pi
lgri
mag
eto
the
Hou
seis
aG
odly
requ
irem
entf
or
thos
ew
hoar
eab
le-
--
Sura
14:3
5-36
conf
irm
sth
atth
eA
brah
amas
soci
ated
with
the
Mec
can
shri
nes
isth
efa
mou
sm
onot
heis
t.H
ese
ttles
som
eof
his
desc
enda
nts
inM
ecca
soth
atth
eym
ight
upho
ldth
eir
com
mitm
ent
toG
od:
Rem
embe
r,A
brah
amsa
id,
cr0
Lar
d,m
ake
this
land
secu
re,
and
pres
erve
me
and
my
prog
eny
from
wor
ship
ping
idols
!.,.,
0ou
rL
ord,
Iha
vese
ttle
dso
me
ofm
yof
fspr
ing
ina
barr
enva
lley
byY
our
Sacr
edho
use,
inor
der
our
Lor
d.th
atth
eyes
tabl
ish
pray
ers
--
-it
.Q
ur’a
n22
:26
reit
erat
esA
brah
am’s
conn
ectio
nw
ithth
eM
ecca
nsh
rine
:R
emem
ber.
We
esta
blis
hed
Abr
aham
atSi
tesi
teof
the
Hou
se.
SoD
ono
tas
soci
ate
aryt
hing
with
Me.
and
Puri
fyM
yH
ouse
for
thos
ew
hoci
rcum
ambu
late
it,st
and
Ibef
ore
itin
prav
erj.
and
hot,’
and
pros
trat
eth
emse
lves
.D
espi
teth
ese
uneq
uivo
cal
qur’
anic
asso
ciat
ions
ofA
brah
amw
ithM
ecca
and
itssa
cred
site
s”,
the
Qur
’an
neve
rex
plai
nsho
wA
brah
amfo
unde
dth
eK
a’ba
,ho
whe
and
his
prog
eny
arri
ved
inM
ecca
and
from
whe
nce
they
cam
e,no
rev
enw
hat
the
Stat
ion
ofA
brah
amw
as.
The
se
‘Q
ura
n3:
100.
With
the
poss
ible
eata
ptio
nof
14:3
3-36
,th
ese
vers
esar
eas
sum
edto
have
been
reve
aled
InM
edin
aar
idap
pear
tore
flec
ta
late
rM
edin
anin
tera
lin
the
relig
ious
shri
nes
ofM
ecca
,F
ora
gene
ral
disc
ussi
onof
the
anth
ropo
logy
and
folk
lore
ofsa
cred
site
s,se
e.1
.4.
Von
.A
ntiq
ui:r
In,a
gine
d:C
ultu
ral
Val
ues
inA
rrha
eotu
gica
lFo
lklo
re,
inFo
lklo
re.
98(1
987)
.p.
80-9
0.
364
II.FI
RE
STO
NE
A9RA
HAM
AN
DTH
EM
ECCA
NSA
NCTU
ARY
365
deta
ils
wer
esu
ppli
edea
rly
onfr
omth
eex
tant
narr
ativ
eli
tera
ture
avai
labl
ein
oral
form
inth
eH
ijaz
asw
ell
asel
sew
here
.T
hequ
r’an
icde
pict
ions
ther
efor
edo
not
repr
esen
ta
uniq
uean
dun
prec
eden
ted
view
inas
soci
atin
gA
brah
amw
ithth
eho
lysi
tes
ofM
ecca
,bu
Lra
ther
refl
ect
apr
e-Is
tam
icas
soci
atio
n.T
his
ispo
ssib
leto
bedi
scer
ned
from
the
larg
enu
mbe
rof
lege
nds
abou
tA
brah
amin
Mec
cath
atha
vebe
enpr
eser
ved
inth
efo
rmof
hadi
th-r
cpor
tsin
the
vari
ous
genr
esof
Isla
mic
trad
itio
nli
tera
ture
.T
hena
rrat
ives
focu
sing
onA
brah
am’s
asso
ciat
ion
with
Mec
cate
ndto
bera
ther
cons
iste
ntin
thei
rm
any
rend
itio
nsfo
und
inth
eso
urce
s.A
brah
amis
port
raye
din
the
coll
ecti
ons
ofea
rly
cxtr
a-qu
r’an
icna
rrat
ives
aspe
rson
ally
brin
ging
mem
bers
ofhi
sfa
mily
toM
ecca
whe
rehe
esta
blis
hed
them
byth
esi
teof
the
futu
relC
a%a,
asin
Qur
’an
14:3
5-36
:R
enie
mbe
r.A
brah
amsa
id,
a0
Lor
d,m
ake
this
land
secu
re,
and
pres
erve
me
and
my
prog
eny’
from
wor
ship
ping
idol
s!”
...
0ou
rL
ord,
Iha
vese
ttled
soni
cof
my
offs
prin
gin
aba
rren
valle
yby
You
rSa
cred
Hou
se.
inor
der
our
Lor
d,th
atth
eyes
tabl
ish
pray
ers...‘‘.
Inon
ese
ries
oftr
adit
ions
,A
brah
amac
tual
lyla
ysth
efo
unda
tion
ofth
eK
a’ba
onth
is,
his
firs
tjo
urne
yto
Mec
ca.
Alt
houg
hhe
retu
rns
toSy
ria
(al-
sha’
m)”
and
isne
ver
port
raye
das
mak
ing
his
hom
ein
Mec
ca,
his
asso
ciat
ion
wit
hth
esa
cred
site
cont
inue
sth
roug
hhi
sre
gula
rvi
sits
tohi
sso
nls
hmae
lw
hom
hees
tabl
ishe
dth
ere”
.A
larg
egr
oup
ofna
rrat
ives
then
depi
cthi
sre
turn
toM
ecca
whe
nIs
hmae
lis
agr
own
man
and
whe
reto
geth
erth
eyla
yth
eF
ound
atio
nsof
the
Ka’
baas
inQ
ur’a
n2:
127:
and
rem
embe
rw
hen
Abr
aham
rais
edth
efo
unda
tions
ofth
eho
use
with
Jshn
iael
’’,
15,4
S.’
ti:5
0:le
NH
Asw
.L1:
253.
347-
348,
360.
5:12
1:A
L-A
ZIA
QI
1:21
-23,
279-
80;
AL
-But
tHap
q4:
312-
114
379-
380:
IaN
Qu
TA
vS
A1:
34;
AL
-YA
’QO
td22
-23;
AL-T
ABAR
1,H
islo
ry,
275.
2143
.C
rmun
nlo,
y.1:
548-
551.
13:2
29-2
33;
AL
-TR
AL
AB
181
42;
a-T
aun,i
,14
70;
a,-K
ni’
i14
2:le
NAL
-Am
IR1:
103.
The
repo
rts
are
giv
en
onth
eau
tbor
sty
ofsu
chim
port
ant
earl
yhg
ures
aslb
nA
bbas
.M
ujah
id.
and
‘Ali
b.A
biT
atib
.‘
Thi
sii
the
com
mon
term
inA
rabi
cw
ur
For
wha
tm
ight
bete
nned
toda
y..G
reat
erSy
rtaa
.in
dudi
ngth
ela
ndre
ferr
edlo
inth
eW
asas
the
Hol
yL
and.
AL-
AuA
Q1
1:25
;A
L-B
UIC
IIA
II4:
375-
377.
381-
382;
AL
-To
Ast
.H
isto
ry.
l:211
-28S
;C
omnw
ntar
r,13
:230
-231
;.1
-TA
ssit
si1:
461-
462:
Inn
Ksm
i•.
Con
tnw
nuir
y.1:
176-
177;
Rot
ors-
,(:
225.
AL
-Az5
At2
11:
25-2
6;A
L.B
U,H
AIT
4:37
7.37
15.
381:
AL
-TalA
li,
His
tory
,1:
285-
286;
Con
inie
ngar
y.1:
550-
551.
13:2
31:
AL
-Toas
t1:
469:
Inn
Ksm
ta,
Com
men
tary
,1:
177-
178;
His
tory
.1:
226-
227.
AB
RA
HA
M’S
OR
IGIN
AL
JOU
RN
EY
TO
ME
CC
A
The
lege
ndof
Abr
aham
’sfi
rst
jour
ney
toM
ecca
isre
cord
edin
the
sour
ces
inth
ree
form
s,th
em
ost
popu
lar
ofw
hich
bein
gat
trib
ute
dto
Abd
alla
hlb
n’A
bbis
s‘.
The
sequ
ence
begi
nsw
hen
Sara
h’s
jeal
ousy
For
Hag
arfo
llow
ing
the
birt
hof
lshm
aei
caus
esH
agar
tofle
efr
omhe
rm
istr
ess
20.
Abr
aham
give
sH
agar
aw
ater
skin
and
then
pers
onal
lybr
ings
her
and
lshm
ael
toth
ede
sola
tean
dro
cky
spot
lhat
wou
ldbe
com
eth
efu
ture
site
ofth
eho
lyK
a’ba
.H
ele
aves
them
inth
esh
ade
ofa
larg
etr
eean
das
sure
sth
ew
orri
edH
agar
that
heis
entr
usti
ngth
emto
God
.H
agar
issa
tisfi
edw
ith
thes
ew
ords
,an
das
Abr
aham
isle
avin
gto
retu
rnto
Syr
ia.
here
cite
sQ
u?a
n14
:31:
0L
ord!
!ha
vem
ade
som
eof
my
offs
prin
gliv
ein
anun
culti
vate
dW
adi
byY
our
Sac
red
hous
e,in
orde
r.o
Lor
dth
atth
eyes
tabl
ish
regu
lar
pray
er.
Sofi
llth
ehe
arts
ofso
me
with
love
tow
ard
them
and
feed
them
with
frui
tsso
that
they
may
give
than
ks,
An
ange
lap
pear
san
das
sure
sH
agar
that
she
and
her
child
will
not
peri
sh,
for
the
boy
and
his
fath
erw
illso
med
aybu
ildth
eH
ouse
ofG
odon
the
very
spot
inw
hich
Abr
aham
left
them
”.T
heve
rsio
nat
trib
uted
to‘M
ib.
Abi
Tal
ib(d
.66
1C
E.)
has
litt
leco
nsci
ousn
ess
ol’
Hag
aran
dls
hmae
l.It
feat
ures
Abr
aham
jour
neyi
ngto
Mec
cain
resp
onse
toG
od’s
com
man
dto
esta
blis
hth
esa
cred
Ka’
bath
ere
’2.
Abr
aham
ispr
ovid
eda
guid
ein
the
form
ofa
supe
rnat
ural
“D
ied
in68
7C
LFu
llna
rrat
ives
ran
befo
und
is,at
-Aza
sni.
I.22
E.
and
1.21
940;
AL
.asJ
utA
aLlv
.372-n
s.sn
dtv
.379-3
8o;A
t.T
A.A
.I.
His
ivey
.t.
279-2
1l,
andl.
282.2
53;
AL
-TA
int,
Cw
ntnn
rro.
ry.
Xll
I,22
9.an
dX
IIl.2
3o-2
31;
law
K.n
dp.
Crm
inttn
rary
.1.
176,
and
till
.an
dQ
ua,
at’a
nb(p
a’.
1.22
3-22
4.an
d1,
227-
225.
Tw
oin
com
ple
ten
arr
ati
ves
are
loca
ted
inT
v.H
AN
IAL
,I.
253.
and
I,34
7.8,
and
&ve
frag
men
tsan
befo
und
inIa
nS
ilo,
1,30
;TI
N11
0.1S
t.1,
360.
and
V.1
21;
and
AL
-AZ
aAQ
t.1,
22.
and
t,279
.T
hen
inet
een
liNin
gsof
the
.lbn
‘Abb
ass.
vers
ion
cahi
bit
som
eva
ral
ion
cons
istin
gm
ostl
yof
the
incl
usio
nor
omiss
ion
orce
rtai
nm
olirs
. The
rend
itio
ngi
ven
here
repre
sents
aco
mpo
site
ofth
esa
mpl
eco
ntai
ning
the
com
mon
ra,u
raof
mos
tte
lling
’.“
The
.Ibn
Abb
ast.
vers
ion
ofth
ena
rrat
ive
inva
riab
lyin
clud
esa
sequ
ence
inw
hich
Hag
ar’s
wat
erru
nsou
tan
dsh
ean
nolo
nger
nurs
ehe
rsu
cklin
gso
n.W
hen
Ishm
aci
begi
nsw
rith
ing
from
thir
st,
Hag
arru
n,of
fto
ane
arby
hill
tose
arch
for
wat
er.
Find
ing
none
,sh
eth
enru
nsac
ross
toan
othe
rhi
llfo
rth
esa
me
purp
ose
and
ends
upru
nnin
gbe
twee
n‘h
anse
ven
tim
esin
her
urge
nise
arch
. ‘Th
ese
two
hius
are
the
hilts
ofal
-Sar
aan
dal
-Mar
sain
Mea
n.b
etw
nw
hich
Mus
limPi
lari
ms
run
toth
isda
yas
pan
ofth
ef01
-nt
ual
ofth
ePi
lgrim
age.
Whe
nth
esi
tuat
ion
isab
solu
tely
desp
crat
e,sh
ean
ange
l who
brin
gsfo
rth
wat
erfr
omIh
edr
yde
sert
Iloo
rne
arhe
rso
n.T
his
isth
ew
ell
know
na,
Zam
n,n,
anot
her
impo
rtan
tsa
cred
site
whi
chis
feat
ured
inth
eri
tual
ofth
ePi
lgri
mag
e.F
orbi
blic
al,
post
-bib
lical
Jew
ish,
and
pm-I
slam
icA
rabi
anpa
ralle
lsan
dth
eir
sign
ific
ance
,in
R.
FIr
eST
ON
E.
Abr
aham
’sJo
unse
ygo
Mec
cais,
blon
deE
xege
sis.
AFo
nss’
crili
cat S
tudy
ofa
Trad
ition
, in
Stud
iolil
wni
ca(f
orth
enm
ing)
.(h
erea
fter
:F
iaas
ior,
Abr
ohan
i,Jo
tin.r-
v).
°Se
vent
een
rend
itio
nsar
egi
ven
inA
L-A
zasu
t.1.
27-2
9:A
L.T
AIA
ai,
His
tory
.1,
275.
.27
6.27
7;st-
To
nI,
Con
irne
nlar
y.1.
548-
9.35
1;si-
Ttt
ilat
87-8
;la
nK
ATH
Ia.
1.10
6.17
8.
366
K.FI
RES
TON
EA
RR
AH
AM
AN
DTH
EM
ECC
AN
SAN
CTU
AR
Y36
7
bein
gre
ferr
edto
asth
eSa
kina
and
desc
ribe
dva
riou
sly
asa
dese
rtw
ind
spor
ting
two
head
sor
agi
gant
icfl
oatin
gsn
ake
with
the
head
ofa
cat”
.In
som
ere
nditi
ons,
ata
lkin
gcl
oud
spec
ifies
the
exac
tm
easu
rem
ents
for
the
Ka’
baby
cast
ing
ash
adow
over
itspe
rim
eter
,or
the
Saki
noin
stru
cts
him
tobu
ildth
eK
a’ba
prec
isel
yat
the
corr
ect
loca
tion.
Hag
ar•
and
Ishm
arl
are
men
tione
din
only
asm
all
num
ber
ofre
ndit
ions
24.
The
thir
dve
rsio
nof
the
lege
ndis
give
non
the
auth
orit
yof
Muj
ähid
•(l
bnJa
bral
-Mak
hzum
fl”.
God
orth
ean
gel
Gab
riel
show
sA
brah
amth
esi
teof
the
Kib
a,an
dls
hmae
lan
dH
agar
join
him
onhi
sjo
urne
yth
ere:
The
ytr
avel
toM
ecca
onth
esu
pern
atur
alst
eed,
al-B
ura
q”
with
Gab
riel
asth
eir
guid
e.U
pon
arri
val
inM
ecca
,th
eyfin
don
lyth
orny
tree
san
dro
cks.
Abr
aham
ther
eupo
nle
aves
Hag
aran
dls
hmae
lat
the
site
ofth
efu
ture
Ka’
baan
dre
cite
sQ
ur’a
n14
:372
1.
The
thre
eve
rsio
nssy
nojm
ised
here
repr
esen
tva
riat
ions
onth
ele
gend
ary
•th
eme
ofA
brah
amjo
urne
ying
toM
ecca
inor
der
toes
tabl
ish
the
site
ofth
eho
lyK
aTha
,an
din
mos
tre
nditi
ons,
also
toes
tabl
ish
his
prog
eny
inA
rabi
a.T
heba
sele
gend
prov
ides
anan
cien
tan
dsa
cred
orig
info
rth
eho
lines
sof
Mec
caan
dits
sacr
edsi
tes
thro
ugh
the
pers
onof
Abr
aham
and
his
dire
ctre
latio
nshi
pw
ithG
od.
Alth
ough
Abr
aham
may
not
have
been
know
nne
cess
arily
byal
lpr
e-Is
lam
icin
habi
tant
sof
the
Hija
zas
am
onot
heis
t,hi
sst
atur
eas
aho
lym
antr
avel
ing
from
afar
toM
ecca
for
the
expr
ess
purp
ose
offo
undi
ngits
sanc
tuar
yse
ems
toha
vebe
enw
idel
ykn
own.
Cer
tain
lyam
ong
Jew
san
dC
hris
tian
sas
wel
las
amon
gA
rabi
anha
nifs
,’A
brah
amw
askn
own
asa
zeal
ous
mon
othe
ist.
‘3T
hena
me
and
imag
em
ost
likel
yev
olve
dou
tor
the
rabb
inie
noti
onol
the
Shei
chin
aor
“Div
ine
Pres
ence
,,w
hich
isde
rive
dIr
ons
the
Heb
rew
root
sb-k
-nto
dwel
lor
abid
e(G
od’s
dwel
ling
pres
ence
).T
heH
ebre
wm
eani
ngm
erge
dw
ithth
epu
reA
rabi
cro
oi.r-
k-n
whi
chde
noir
squ
iet
rest
ortr
anqu
ility
(com
pare
Qu?
an2:
48w
ithQ.
9:26
,40
;Q.
48:4
.et
c.).
but
note
the
seco
ndar
yA
rabi
cm
eani
ngal
soof
s-k-
n:to
abid
ein
orin
habi
ta
ptac
e.A
ltho
ugh
the
rabb
inic
notio
nof
God
’sdi
vine
pres
ence
drop
ped
out
asth
eim
age
evol
ved
inits
Ara
bian
envi
ronm
ent
into
the
loon
oran
Ara
bian
Jim
..its
supe
rnat
ural
and
bene
fici
ent
qual
ity
was
reia
ined
.tn
alt
our
sour
ces,
the
Scki
noac
tsas
aki
ndot
divi
nely
com
mis
sion
edgu
ide
br
Abr
ahar
ts.
Ci
I.G
oloz
itir
a,L
ana
rion
deIa
Sokh
wek
esIt’
sm
ohom
itats
s.in
Ren
iedi
.I’
His
toir
ede
sR
elig
ions
,27
(189
3).
p.29
6-30
8.C
iA
.J.
WE
NS
INcE
.Th
eJd
ena
ofth
eW
este
n.Se
tnite
sC
once
rnin
gth
eN
ovel
ofth
eE
arth
,in
Stud
ies
ofA
LW
eiss
u-k,
New
Yor
k.ig
ig,
p.60
-65.
The
sele
wre
nditi
ons
inct
ude
the
Safa
-Mar
wa
sa4u
ence
outli
ned
inno
te2t
abov
e.‘‘
Die
din
772C
C.
Four
rend
ition
sar
egi
ven
onhi
sau
thor
ity:
AL-
AZK
AQ
t,1,
21,
*t.
TAun
t.M
inor,
1,27
8-27
9;C
anun
enic
wy.
1.54
8.an
dIa
nK
Am
is,
Con
unen
wry
,I.
179.
One
rnsd
ion
isgi
ven
onsh
eau
thor
ity
ofti
mla
baq
IALA
ZRA
OI.
1.2
)-fl
).an
don
eon
the
auth
ori
lyor
ai-S
adiq
(AL-
TASA
ISI.
1.47
0).
“F
oral
-Bur
ãq,t
K.P
Am
.ar
t.B
urdq
,in
El’
.I.
p.13
t0-t
31I.
“A
sin
ihe
lbn
‘Abb
a,ve
rsio
n.Se
eU
.K
oani
,‘K
anif
lyva
and
ko’ls
.iA
nIn
quir
yin
toth
eA
rabi
a,,
prr-
lslw
nir
liock
grow
uiof
Oh,
Thr&
wn’
inJe
naal
ent
Stud
ies
inA
rahw
and
Isla
m,
13(1
990)
.p.8
)-11
2.
Abr
aham
’sas
soci
atio
nw
ithm
onot
heis
mam
ong
asi
gnif
ican
tpa
rtof
the
pre-
Isla
mic
Ara
bian
popu
lati
onis
ofgr
eat
impo
rtan
ceto
Isla
mbe
caus
eof
itshi
stor
yof
viol
ent
oppo
sitio
nto
pre-
Isla
mic
paga
nre
ligio
uspr
actic
e.It
wou
ldbe
unse
emly
for
Isla
mto
adop
tth
eve
rypa
gan
shri
nes
that
serv
edas
the
ritu
alba
sefo
rth
epr
actic
esit
abho
rred
—un
less
thes
esh
rine
sw
ere
esta
blis
hed
asho
lysi
tes
for
wor
ship
ofth
eon
eG
odbu
tw
ere
subs
eque
ntly
corr
upte
dby
the
back
slid
ing
ofth
eA
rabs
prio
rto
Muh
amm
ad.
Muh
amm
adcl
aim
edm
erel
yto
puri
fyth
esa
cred
shri
nes
from
the
abho
rren
tst
ains
ofpa
gani
sman
dre
stor
eth
emto
thei
ror
igin
alst
atu
s’9.
Itis
inte
rest
ing
tono
teth
atth
ere
isno
reco
rdof
Ara
bian
oppo
sitio
nto
this
part
icul
arte
net
ofM
uham
mad
’ste
achi
ng.
desp
iteop
posi
tion
toa
num
ber
ofhi
sot
her
teac
hing
s’°.
The
lege
ndof
Abr
aham
foun
ding
the
Ka’
badi
dno
tap
pear
toin
voke
cult
ural
diss
onan
cew
ithin
the
earl
yIs
lam
icin
dige
nous
Ara
bian
com
mun
ity
beca
use
itw
asal
read
yfa
mili
arw
ithiL
The
qur’
anic
port
raya
lsof
Abr
aham
inM
ecca
,th
ela
rge
corp
usof
narr
ativ
esde
scri
bing
his
jour
ney
ther
egi
ven
onth
eau
thor
ity
ofth
ree
diff
eren
ttr
adit
ioni
sts.
and
the
gene
ral
acce
ptan
ceof
Muh
amm
ad’s
view
ofth
ehi
stor
yof
the
Mec
can
sanc
tuar
ysu
gges
tsth
atth
eas
soci
atio
nof
Abr
aham
with
Mec
caw
asa
cult
ural
give
nof
the
pre-
Isla
mic
Hija
z.A
llth
ree
vers
ions
ofth
ele
gend
inco
rpor
ate
mot
ifs
fam
iliar
toth
ebi
blic
alre
nditi
onof
the
Abr
aham
stor
yal
ong
with
mot
ifs
fam
iliar
topr
e-Is
lam
icA
rabi
a.T
helb
n‘A
bbas
vers
ion,
how
ever
,ex
hibi
tsa
grea
ter
bibl
ical
and
post
-bib
lical
Jew
ish
infl
uenc
ew
hile
the
‘All
and
Muj
ahid
vers
ions
refl
ect
mor
eof
the
norm
sof
pre-
Isla
mic
Ara
bia
”.T
helb
n‘A
bbas
vers
ion,
for
exam
ple,
clos
ely
para
llels
the
bibl
ical
rend
itio
nof
Gen
esis
21:9
-21.
Cer
tain
ofits
mot
ifs
also
find
dire
ctpa
rall
els
with
post
-bib
lical
Jew
ish
legen
ds’
1,w
hile
itco
ntai
nsno
supe
rnat
ural
inte
rve
ntio
nbe
yond
wha
tm
aybe
foun
din
the
bibl
ical
rend
itio
nof
the
lege
ndof
Hag
aran
dIs
hmae
l.T
he‘A
lian
dM
ujah
idve
rsio
ns,
how
ever
.ap
pear
tobe
unaw
are
ofth
ebi
blic
alst
ory
ofH
agar
and
lshm
acl
asid
efr
omth
eir
usc
ofth
ebi
blic
alna
mes
.T
hese
vers
ions
conn
ect
Abr
aham
“G
.K
.HA
w-m
lo.
Tht
Orig
ins
ofth
eM
ud
tni
Sw.c
na,r
ya’
Mec
cain
<li
lA.
JL
ivrf
lI..
Stud
ies
onth
eFi
rst
Cen
tury
ofIs
lam
icSo
ciet
y.C
arbo
ndal
e,lit
..19
82,
p.23
;M
.W
ATT
.M
uhat
nn.o
d.os
rord
,19
61,
p.20
3-20
6(h
erea
lter:
W.r
r,M
ithon
unod
);A
.G
uiu.
atna
,Th
eLi
feof
Mis
hwra
r.od:
Atr
ansl
atio
nof
1641
5L
i&q,
Siro
sR
and
Alla
h,O
ttlo
rd,
1955
.p.
363-
366,
615-
617
(her
eaft
er:
Guin
suia
z,L
ife)
;A
.i.W
oa
and
i.io
w,.
art.
Ka’
bo.
inE
l’.
p.31
9-32
0.“
See
Qsxr
’an5:
23;
21:3
4-36
;37
:13-
17;
30:1
-15;
.J.14
.W
an,
Muh
w,u
najs
Met
ro:
Hin
oey
inth
eQ
uran
.E
dinb
urgh
,19
8g.
p.94
-98.
and
Wan
,M
stha
nvno
d.p
lO-?
4.S
iF
Ixts
Ton
a,A
brah
oms
Josw
nty.
p.19
-22.
‘Ib
id..
p.16
.
368
It.FI
RE
STO
NE
AB
RA
HA
MA
ND
THE
MEC
CA
NSA
NC
TU
AR
Y36
9
dire
ctly
toih
epr
e-Is
lam
icK
a’ba
thro
ugh
the
use
ofke
ysu
pern
atur
alm
otif
sin
ding
para
llels
inin
dige
nous
Ara
bian
lore
”.A
brah
amis
know
nto
them
asa
piou
sle
ader
who
obey
shi
sG
od,
but
little
mor
eab
out
him
isap
pare
ntfr
omth
ese
vers
ions
ofth
efo
unda
tion
sLor
yof
the
Mec
curi
sanc
tuar
y.W
hate
ver
thei
rlik
ely
orig
ins
and
path
sof
evol
utio
n”,
(he
doze
nsof
rend
ition
sof
Abr
aham
’sjo
urne
yto
Mec
cafit
neat
lyin
toth
ree
cons
iste
nive
rsio
ns.
Eac
hve
rsio
nre
pres
ents
aco
here
ntre
nder
ing
ofa
popu
lar
lege
ndth
atw
asto
ldan
dre
told
time
and
Lim
eag
ain
inth
eA
rabi
aof
earl
yIs
lam
.T
hepo
pula
rity
,co
nsis
tenc
y,an
dco
here
nce
ofth
cA
brah
umic
foun
dati
onle
gend
ofM
ecca
stro
ngly
sugg
ests
that
itre
flec
tspa
tter
nsof
thin
king
and
myt
hic
asso
ciat
ions
that
wer
epr
eval
ent
inth
ere
gion
duri
ngth
epr
e-Is
lam
icpe
riod
asw
ell.
AB
RA
HA
MV
ISIT
SIS
HM
AEL
INM
EC
CA
The
sequ
ence
ofA
brah
am’s
visi
tsto
lshm
ael
inM
ecca
are
attr
ibut
edto
Abd
alla
hlb
n‘A
bbas
inth
eIs
lam
icso
urce
s”.
Thi
sse
gmen
tde
pict
sA
brah
amco
min
gto
Mec
cato
visi
tIs
hmae
lin
orde
rto
insp
ect
his
Ara
bian
lega
cy.
Ishm
ael
isno
tat
hom
ew
hen
Abr
aham
arri
ves,
but
hefi
nds
Ishm
ael’
sw
ifew
hois
rude
and
inho
spita
ble.
He
asks
her
toco
nvey
the
obsc
ure
mes
sage
tohe
rhu
sban
dth
athe
mus
t“c
hang
eth
eth
resh
old
ofhi
sho
usep
.ls
hmae
lre
turn
san
dse
nses
that
his
fath
erw
asth
ere.
Whe
nhe
hear
shi
sfa
ther
’sco
ded
mes
sage
,he
unde
rsta
nds
itsht
dden
mea
ning
and
dutif
ully
divo
rces
his
wife
,su
bseq
uent
lym
arry
ing
agai
n.A
brah
amre
turn
saf
ter
ape
riod
oftim
ean
dag
ain,
lshm
ael
isno
tho
me.
His
new
wife
,ho
wev
er,
isFr
iend
lyan
dho
spita
ble
toA
brah
am:
Abr
aham
calls
God
’sbl
essi
ngon
thei
rho
me
and
asks
that
she
conv
eyto
her
husb
and
that
c’th
eth
resh
old
isso
undu
.ls
hmae
lre
turn
san
dag
ain
sens
eshs
fath
er’s
pres
ence
.W
hen
his
new
wife
conv
eys
Abr
aham
’sne
wco
ded
mes
sage
,ls
hmae
lag
ain
unde
rsta
nds
and
repl
ies
that
she
isth
eth
resh
old.
The
seve
ntee
nre
nditi
ons
ofth
isse
quen
ceex
hibi
ta
high
degr
eeof
narr
ativ
eco
nsis
tenc
y.T
heir
attr
ibut
ion
toa
sing
leso
urce
inth
epe
rson
ofIb
nA
bbas
,ho
wev
er,
sugg
ests
that
this
narr
ativ
ew
asno
tas
wid
ely
‘‘ib
id..
pt2
22f.
“F
ora
deta
iled
stud
yol
the
evol
unon
oflis
tA
brah
amle
gend
sin
toth
efo
nni
foun
din
the
Isla
mic
laure
n,‘a
FInS
TU
Pa..
Jup4
rn,tr
At-
Aza
nu
j25
;A
L.B
u.nA
nt4:
375.
377,
4:38
1-38
2;A
L.TA
BARI
.H
isto
ry,
281-
262.
283.
285,
Cw
nrnrnia
ry
t3:2
30,
13:2
31;
•L.T
Afl
ksi
1:46
1;la
NK
ATH
tR.
Cpm
nwnh
sry,
1:17
6,i:
t17;
flis
torj
c22
3.
know
nas
trad
itio
nsde
rivi
ngfr
omse
vera
lso
urce
s.M
oreo
ver,
the
attr
ibut
edau
thor
ity
for
the
narr
ativ
e,lb
n’A
bbas
,w
asa
high
lyre
spec
ted
earl
yau
thor
ity
and
com
men
tato
ron
the
Qur
’an
but
isaL
sokn
own
toha
veco
llect
edm
any
trad
itio
nsfr
omA
rabi
anJe
ws
and
Ch
rist
ian
s’6.
Inde
ed,
ofal
lse
gmen
tsof
the
lege
ndof
Abr
aham
inSy
ria
and
Ara
bia,
his
visi
tsto
lshm
ael
draw
the
clos
est
para
llel
with
Jew
ish
sour
ces”
.T
his
fact
has
been
obse
rved
prev
ious
lyby
scho
lars
ofJu
dais
man
dIs
lam
and
has
spar
ked
ongo
ing
disc
ussi
onre
gard
ing
itsor
igin
and
inil
uenc
e”.
Ifth
isna
rrat
ive
sequ
ence
ente
red
Isla
mfr
omJe
wis
hso
urce
sth
roug
hlb
nA
bbas
oran
othe
rea
rly
Mus
limau
thor
ity
asha
sbe
ensu
gges
ted,
then
itspr
e’ls
lam
icen
viro
nmen
tw
ould
havc
been
limite
dto
the
Jew
ish
popu
lati
onan
dw
ould
not
have
been
aco
mm
ontr
ait
ofpre
Isla
mic
Ara
bian
cultu
re.
Its
form
,co
nten
t,an
dat
trib
utio
n,th
ena
ture
and
accu
racy
ofits
para
llels
with
Jew
ish
rend
itio
ns,
and
the
part
icul
arex
eget
ical
role
ofth
ere
nditi
ons
loca
ted
inJe
wis
hso
urc
es’
9su
gges
tth
atth
isse
gmen
ten
tere
din
toth
epo
olof
oral
and
subs
eque
ntly
wri
tten
trad
itio
naf
ter
the
bcgi
nnin
gof
Isla
m.
BU
ILD
ING
ThE
KA
’BA
Lik
eth
ese
quen
ceof
Abr
aham
’sfi
rst
jour
ney
toM
ecca
,th
ele
gend
ofhi
sbu
ildin
gth
eK
a’ba
isFo
und
repe
ated
lyin
the
sour
ces
and
each
ofits
thre
eba
sic
form
sis
attr
ibut
edto
ase
para
teea
rly
auth
orit
y.T
heIb
n‘A
bbas
vers
ion
serv
esas
aco
ntin
uati
onof
the
tale
ofA
brah
am’s
orig
inal
jour
ney
toM
ecca
and
his
subs
eque
ntvi
sits
tols
hm
ael°
.O
nA
brah
am’s
thir
dvi
sit
toIs
hmae
l,he
find
shi
sso
ntr
imm
ing
arro
ws
near
the
wel
lof
Zam
zam
.A
fter
gree
ting
each
othe
r,A
brah
amin
form
sls
hmae
lth
atG
odha
sgi
ven
the
com
man
dto
build
God
’sH
ouse
.A
brah
ampo
ints
toits
prop
erlo
cati
onon
asm
all
rise
near
by.
and
they
both
begi
nto
build
.ls
hmae
lha
nds
Abr
aham
the
ston
esan
d
‘N
.A
.aon
,Ss
uthe
,in
Ara
bic
Lit
erar
yPa
pyri
II:
Qur
’ani
rC
onsn
wrn
ary
ptd
grad
,iion
,C
hica
go,
1967
.p.
8-9
(het
taft
ei:
An
on
.S
n4ks)
.“
Puke
ytR
abb
iS
kin
,3
0(6
8.-
b);
SeI
nH
aY
asha
,.V
ayen
,33
-57;
YaI
qwSh
im’o
ni,
Gen
esis
93(V
ayen
)1:
424-
423;
Pak
,sis
uw,
To,
gaan,
Gen
esis
2t:2
1.“S
aB.
Haa
g.,
M.th
anvn
edw
,uch
esun
dA
nti.m
dian
wie
dani
srkn
is,de
nP
uke
Rab
biFi
ji-sn
.in
Mon
atnc
hnft
use
die
Ges
chw
bie
iss,d
Wis
sens
ebaf
ide
sJu
deni
w,u
,25
(192
51.
p.47
.54;
J.H
rsN
nw
iN,
Aqq
aikr
..Toi
dote
yhen
,Je
nik
m,
1974
.p
t89f
f.;
A.S
cmsz
u.,
..A
brak
&,,s
I’en
nso
Ishi
riae
l-
the
Jew
ish
O,ig
than
dO
rien
tatio
n,(H
tbit
w)
inT
a,bi.
49(1
910)
.p.
323-
345.
Sn
uss
saw
.p34
0-3
45
(see
abov
eii
.38
).“
Siat
cen
tcnd
itio
nsof
this
vers
ion
an
toca
led
inA
L.A
ZZ
nqt
23-2
6.A
L’Bt
JICH
ARI
4:37
7-37
t36
1:A
L-TA
EARi
,H
isto
ry,
263-
286;
Co.
nnw
n,ar
v.1:
530-
351.
l3:2
3t;
AL.
TAIA
IISI
t;469
;Ia
NK
wnj
tn,
Com
men
tary
,I:
177-
t78;
His
tory
.22
6-22
7;A
L-IIA
NSA
LI38
-39.
370
RFI
RE
STO
NE
AG
RA
HA
MA
ND
TIlE
ME
CC
AN
SANC
TUAR
Y37
1A
brah
ampu
tsth
emin
plac
e.A
sth
esi
dcs
ofth
ebu
ildin
ggr
owto
ohi
ghto
reac
h,Is
hmac
lbr
ings
Abr
aham
ala
rge
rock
upon
whi
chhe
stan
ds.
Tha
tis
the
Stat
ion
ofA
brah
am(M
aqam
Ihro
him
)’1.
As
they
cont
inue
.th
eyre
cite
Qur
’an
2:12
7:O
urlo
rd,
acce
pt[t
his)
from
us,f
oryo
uar
eth
eal
l-he
arin
g.th
eal
l-kn
owin
g.T
heve
rsio
nat
trib
uted
to’A
Iib.
Abi
Tal
ibis
likew
ise
conn
ecte
dto
the
earl
ier
sequ
ence
ofA
brah
am’s
orig
inal
jour
ney
toM
ecca’
2,T
he‘A
live
rsio
nis
orga
nize
din
the
sour
ces
inon
eof
two
diff
eren
tlo
ci:
arou
ndA
brah
am’s
orig
inal
jour
ney
toM
ecca
orar
ound
his
build
ing
the
lCa’
ba,
both
aspe
cts
ofw
hich
are
incl
uded
inth
ena
rrat
ive.
Unl
ike
the
lbn
‘Abb
asve
rsio
n.th
e‘A
llve
rsio
npo
rtra
ysA
brah
amjo
urne
ying
toM
ecca
one
time
only
for
the
expl
icit
purp
ose
ofbu
ildin
gth
eK
a’ba
.H
ebr
ings
[lag
aran
dls
hmae
lw
ithhi
min
only
afe
wre
nditi
ons
ofth
ena
rrat
ive
and
lshm
ael
neve
ras
sist
shi
sfa
ther
inth
eb
uil
din
g’
1.A
supe
rnat
ural
guid
eal
way
ssh
ows
him
the
prop
erlo
catio
n.T
his
guid
eis
eith
erth
eS
aUna
ora
talk
ing
clou
dw
hich
mar
ksoi
l’th
eco
rrec
tsi
teof
the
Ka’
baby
cast
ing
ash
adow
over
itsex
act
dim
ensi
ons.
The
‘Ali
vers
ion
exhi
bits
agr
eate
rva
riet
yof
telli
ngs
ofbu
ildin
gth
eK
&ba
than
the
lbn
‘Abb
asve
rsio
n.In
one
seri
es,
the
narr
ator
(‘A
lt)be
gins
the
narr
ativ
ein
resp
onse
toa
ques
tion
whe
ther
the
Ka’
baw
asth
efir
stdw
ellin
gpl
ace
oneart
h’
4.H
ean
swer
sth
atit
was
not
the
firs
tho
use,
but
was
the
first
with
the
bles
sing
ofth
eM
aqãm
lbni
him
,‘A
uco
ntin
ues
byre
latin
gth
ena
rrat
ive:
God
com
man
ded
Abr
aham
tobu
ildH
ima
Hou
se,
but
Abr
aham
was
anxi
ous
beca
use
hedi
dno
tkn
oww
here
tobu
ildit.
To
rem
edy
this
,G
odse
nthi
mth
eSa
Una
,a
gale
win
dw
ithtw
ohe
ads,
whi
chle
ads
him
toM
ecca
.T
heSa
kina
mar
ked
oil’
the
exac
tsi
te,
and
Abr
aham
isto
ldby
God
tobu
ildit
ther
e,A
sA
brah
amis
com
plet
ing
the
stru
ctuT
ean
don
est
one
rem
ains
,he
asks
Ishm
ael
who
ispl
ayin
gne
arby
tofin
da
ston
e-W
hen
lshm
ael
retu
rns,
hefi
nds
On
the
Maq
dmlh
rahi
n,,
see
Mi.
Knit
s.M
uqdn
iIb
rahi
m:
ASt
one
with
us,
fn’r
rtpi
um.
InL
iM
asiu
n.84
(197
1),
p.47
7.49
1,an
dci
0.
Hsw
nno.
The
Ori
gins
ofth
eM
uslin
iS
u.w
rvar
ror
Mec
ca,
inC
.H
A.
iuvneo
u.
led.
),S
liid
ws
anth
eFi
rs,
Cen
tury
ofl,l
ontt,
Snr
,rjs
,C
arbo
ndal
e.Il
l..39
*2.
p.40
.41.
Siat
een
rend
ition
sof
Ihis
vers
ion
are
loca
ted
inA
t..A
ZRA
Q1
27.2
9;A
L-TA
BA
RI.
llo,o
rr,
273.
277;
Cnn
,mrn
rart-
,1:
348-
549.
351.
533;
*L-T
Its’
L.a
t87
-88;
tsn
KA
THIR
.Cn
,mrn
gur.,
(:17
8.li
xtar
uNi.
Jour
neis
.p.
111-
87.
The
ques
tion
deri
ves
from
Qur
’an
3961
:Th
efi
rst
hous
eap
poin
ted
(or
hU
WW
tIC
IIId
ito.
thur
a,lia
L&u.
lull
ofbl
essi
ngan
dgu
,riun
sefo
rd!.
The
rear
ccl
ear
uRn.
!In
ii,
fann
ing
Ihr.
I/rh
,A
luqd
niTh
rdhi
nl
Abr
aham
mou
nlin
gth
eB
lack
Sto
ne”
.G
abri
elha
dbr
ough
tit
toA
brah
amfr
omh
eav
en’
6.In
ase
cond
seri
es.
Abr
aham
isco
mm
ande
dto
build
the
Ka’
ba,
and
com
esto
Mec
caw
ithH
agar
and
lshm
ael.
Whe
nth
eyre
ach
Mec
ca,
Abr
aham
sees
acl
oud
whi
chsp
eaks
tohi
man
dte
llshi
mto
build
the
Ka’
baon
the
limits
ofits
shad
ow.
Aft
erco
mpl
etin
gth
ebu
ildin
g,A
brah
amle
aves
Hag
aran
dls
hmae
lin
Mec
ca.
inth
eth
ird
seri
es,
Abr
aham
com
esto
Mec
cafr
omA
rmen
iaw
ithth
eS
aUna
ashi
sgu
ide
and
inth
eco
mpa
nyof
Gab
riel
and
asm
all
bir
d”.
Whe
nth
eyar
rive
inM
ecca
,th
eSu
kinu
mar
ksof
fth
edi
men
sion
slik
ea
spid
ersp
inni
nga
web
.In
the
cour
seof
build
ing,
the
foun
dati
ons
ofan
earl
ier
stru
ctur
ear
cex
pose
d”.
All
thre
eco
-var
iant
sof
the
‘Ali
vers
ion
exhi
bit
the
com
mon
elem
ents
ofa
supe
rnat
ural
guid
e,of
Abr
aham
build
ing
the
K&
baon
his
firs
t jou
rney
10M
ecca
whi
chw
asun
dert
aken
expr
essl
yfo
rth
atpu
rpos
e,an
dof
Abr
aham
build
ing
the
Ka’
baal
one.
Inth
eve
rsio
nat
trib
ulcd
toal
-Su
dd
i’9,
God
com
man
dsA
brah
aman
dls
hmae
lto
eith
erbu
ildor
puri
fyth
eK
a’ba
’°.
Abr
aham
goes
toM
ecca
,an
dhe
and
lshm
ael
take
pick
axes
but
dono
tkn
oww
here
todi
gth
efo
unda
tion
s.G
odse
nds
anun
nam
edga
lew
ind
with
two
win
gsan
da
snak
e’s
head
,w
hich
swee
psar
ound
the
Ka’
bafo
rth
eman
dla
ysba
reth
efo
unda
tion
sof
the
first
Hou
se.
Abr
aham
and
lshm
ael
then
dig
with
thei
rto
ols
until
they
esta
blis
hth
efo
unda
tion
s,as
inQ
tar’
an22
:26
“A
l-lw
jar
ol-o
swat
Thi
sis
ast
one
orpr
obab
lem
eteo
ric
orig
inw
hich
ison
eor
the
roca
lpo
ints
ofth
ePi
lgri
mag
ein
Mes
iaits
elf
and
isre
jard
edas
extr
emel
ysa
cred
(Gau
derr
oy.D
emom
byne
s.41
(1.;
Gut
Ls.
.ust
E.
Lif
e.p.
84-8
7:A
.J.
Wr,
.stn
c,.
art.
Ka’
ba,
inE
l’.
t’.’.
p.)
t7.
321
(I’.).
For
anE
nglis
htr
ansl
atio
n0r
this
and
the
rollo
wia
g.se
eF
tanT
oNs,
.Joa
rnet
ts.p.
83.
‘Su
rad.
Thi
sis
smal
tbi
rdof
prey
whi
chis
nati
ve10
the
Ara
bian
Nej
dre
gion
and
has
been
seen
asha
ving
supe
rnat
ural
prop
ertie
s(I
bid.
.p.
214
note
29;.
Anum
trr
orle
gend
sde
scri
beth
eor
igin
atK
a’ba
onea
rth
whi
chw
asea
tabl
isis
edby
Ada
mun
der
(he
ease
llo
catio
nof
God
’sel
erna
lth
rone
.Ju
stas
God
’sIh
rooe
was
rirc
umam
bula
teti
daily
byth
ousa
nds
oran
gels
,th
eea
rthl
yK
aba
was
tobe
circ
umam
bula
ted
onea
rth.
But
whe
nth
eN
oahi
deno
odde
stro
yed
the
wor
ld,
this
Ka’
baw
asra
ised
upto
heav
enan
dth
eB
lack
ston
epr
otec
ted
inth
ehe
art
or(h
ene
arby
Mec
ean
mou
ntai
nkn
own
asA
buQ
ubay
,(A
L-A
zatA
ult-
20;
len
Ss’
o33
W:
AL
-TA
flal
.H
isto
ry.
1301
1.;
n-’f
l,s’t
.&aI
*311
.,dci.
Thi
sIq
end
seem
sto
bein
conT
hct
with
the
lege
ndas
sum
ing
Abr
aham
toha
vebu
iltth
eK
a’ba
.So
me
orth
eA
brah
ansi
cve
nion
sth
eref
ore
equi
voca
teby
assu
min
gth
aiA
brah
amm
erel
yre
built
the
Ka’
baon
the
ongi
nal
Ada
mic
foun
dati
ons.
lstn
iil
b.‘A
Mai
-Rah
mIn
b.A
biK
arim
aat
.Hi,
him
iat
-Sod
di(d
.74
4)w
asa
nativ
eof
the
Hij
aran
da
wel
l-kn
own
Qur
’an
com
men
tato
r.H
eis
cred
ited
with
aco
mm
enta
ryth
atin
clud
edte
gend
ary
mat
eria
lsu
chas
repr
oduc
edhe
re,
but
whi
chis
nolo
nger
eata
nt(A
L-D
Aw
uot
1:110
:A
no
n.
Stud
ies.
p.93
.99
3.‘
See
Qur’
an
1:1
23:
...
We
rnfrs
ãmed
upon
Ahr
oitw
nan
dIs
i-uno
elto
punf
ym
’ho
use
Ssa
refe
renc
e,of
the
Sud
div
en
ion
are
found
inA
L-T
AB
AR
I,C
anm
nwnr
ary,
1:55
0,17
:143
;ll
isia
rt.
276;
AL-
TAsa
ItsI
4S7:
tan
KA
TtI
t.,fl
msm
enia
er.
1:17
8-17
9;H
isto
ry.
245-
246.
372
KFI
RES
TON
EA
BR
AH
AM
AN
DTH
EM
ECC
AN
SAN
CT
UA
RY
373
Beh
old!
We
gaie
the
site
ofth
eho
use
toA
brah
am.
Whe
nth
eyre
ach
Lhe
corn
erin
whi
ch(h
eB
lack
Ston
eis
tobe
set,
lshm
ael
sear
ches
for
ago
odst
one
but
Abr
aham
isno
tsa
tisfi
edw
ithhi
sch
oice
and
send
shi
mba
ckto
sear
chag
ain.
Whi
leIs
hmac
iis
abse
nt,
Gab
riel
brin
gsth
eB
lack
Ston
efr
omIn
dia.
Itw
asor
igin
ally
pure
Jyw
hite
but
was
blac
kene
dfr
omth
esi
nsof
hum
anit
yor
the
touc
hof
men
stru
atin
gw
omen
.ls
hmae
lre
turn
san
dth
eybo
thco
mpl
ete
the
build
ing
asth
eyre
cite
Qur
’an
2:12
70
Lor
d,ac
cept
fehi
s)fr
omus
.for
you
are
the
all-
hear
ing,
the
all-k
now
ing.
The
basi
cle
gend
ofA
brah
ambu
ildin
gth
eK
a’ba
occu
rsqu
iteof
ten
inth
eso
urce
san
dis
attr
ibut
edco
nsis
tent
lyto
thre
ew
ell-
know
nau
thor
ities
inth
ree
sepa
rate
vers
ions
.D
espi
teth
ela
ckof
agre
emen
tab
out
anu
mbe
rof
min
orde
tails
,ho
wev
er,
virt
ually
all
rend
ition
sof
the
lege
ndco
ntai
nth
esa
me
basi
cm
otif
s.A
brah
amis
com
man
ded
byG
odto
build
God
’sH
ouse
.H
eis
brou
ght
toM
ecca
inor
der
todo
that
.H
eis
give
ndi
vine
guid
ance
abou
tth
eex
act
loca
tion
and
dim
ensi
ons
ofth
esh
rine
.H
esu
ccee
dsin
build
ing
the
holy
Ka’
ba.
Eac
hof
the
thre
eve
rsio
nsof
the
lege
ndha
sits
own
appr
oach
and
agen
dath
atm
aybe
part
ially
reve
aled
thro
ugh
anal
ysis
.T
helb
n‘A
bbas
vers
ion,
for
exam
ple,
isca
refu
lto
port
ray
Abr
aham
build
ing
the
Ka’
baon
lyaf
ter
lshm
ael
isa
grow
nm
anan
dis
able
toas
sist
him
,as
inQ
ur’a
nZ
:1
2?a.
Ital
sopr
ovid
esan
etio
logy
for
the
ston
esh
rine
next
toth
eK
a’ba
know
nas
the
Maq
dni
Ibra
him
,an
dit
links
the
entir
ena
rrat
ive
toth
eQ
ur’a
nth
roug
hth
equ
otat
ion
ofQ
ur’a
n2:
12Th
.T
he‘A
live
rsio
n,on
the
othe
rha
nd,
seem
sto
hear
ken
back
toa
high
lyin
dige
nous
pre-
Isla
mic
asso
ciat
ion
inits
emph
asis
onbe
nefi
cien
tde
mon
sgu
idin
gth
eho
lym
anA
brah
amth
roug
hth
ede
sert
toth
esa
cred
site
.It
sfa
ilure
tom
entio
nls
hmae
lin
som
ere
nditi
ons
and
his
stri
king
lype
riph
eral
role
inal
lot
hers
supp
orts
the
sugg
estio
nth
atp
reIs
lam
icA
rabi
aha
dno
know
ledg
eof
lshm
ael”
.I-f
eis
neve
rpo
rtra
yed
asac
tual
lyen
gage
din
the
build
ing
ofth
eK
aba.
Inad
diti
onto
this
cont
radi
ctio
nto
Qur
’an
2127
,it
mus
tbe
note
dth
atth
eQ
ur’a
nis
neve
rqu
oted
inan
yof
the
Ali
ren
dit
ion
s’1.
The
‘Ali
vers
ion’
sas
soci
atio
n
“A
siud
yor
the
onom
assi
csof
Ara
bia
sugg
ests
that
(he
figur
eof
Ishm
ati
beta
me
acu
ltura
lgi
ven
inth
epe
nins
ula
only
alte
rth
epr
opag
aLio
nof
Isla
mun
der
Muh
amm
adtR
DA
G4I
RN,
I_u
(in,,
d’tm
iuei
dap
ri.i
l’(5i
4,m
.LiU
qisf
cito
trud
ilio.
,ar
abn.
Pari
s.19
81.
chap
ter
I.th
roug
hout
.aiJ
esp.
p.31
7).
Tb’
sis
furt
her
stre
ngth
ened
byst
udie
sof
the
qur’
-ant
cpo
rtra
yals
ofts
hina
el.
whi
chsu
ppor
tth
evi
ewth
atls
hzna
el’s
gene
alog
ical
rtia
tion
shtp
wtf
rsA
brah
amw
asun
know
nun
tilth
eM
edin
anpe
ewd
(It.
ParT
.ac
t.Iz
n,ui
tin
LI’
,iv
,p.
I84-
i 85)
.‘‘
One
seri
esis
inde
edpr
efac
edw
ithan
allu
sion
Ina
Qur
’an
vene
.bu
tth
isis
ciea
,Iy
aned
itori
alad
diti
onth
atw
asno
tpa
rtot
the
orig
inal
narr
ativ
e.F
orth
efu
llte
xt,
see
i-ia
rsT
iiN
i,Jftu
’flr
l-a
p.83
with
the
Bla
ckSt
one
(whi
chits
elf
hear
kens
back
topa
gan
ritu
alan
dis
neve
rm
entio
ned
inth
eQ
ur’a
n),
itsre
lianc
eon
the
guid
ance
ofsu
per
natu
ral
crea
ture
s,an
dits
inno
cent
disr
egar
dfo
rth
ere
leva
ntve
rses
ofth
eQ
ur’a
nal
lpo
int
toa
pre-
Isla
mic
asso
ciat
ion
ofA
brah
amw
ithth
efo
undi
ngof
the
holy
Ka’
bain
Mec
ca.
To
sum
mar
ize
thus
far,
the
lege
ndof
Abr
aham
esta
blis
hing
the
site
ofG
od’s
Hou
sean
dhi
ssu
bseq
uent
(or
sim
ulta
neou
s)bu
ildin
gof
the
holy
Ka’
bare
pres
ents
myt
hic
asso
ciat
ions
refl
ectin
gcu
ltur
alas
pect
sof
the
pre-
Isla
mic
Hija
z.T
heba
sele
gend
cont
inue
dto
evol
vein
oral
form
unde
rth
ein
flue
nce
ofIs
lam
;so
me
vers
ions
exhi
bit
infl
uenc
efr
omth
ere
vela
tion
ofth
eQ
ur’a
nits
elf.
Thr
ough
out
all
this
,it
reta
ined
anea
rly
mea
ning
that
was
inag
reem
ent
with
the
Isla
mic
view
ofM
ecca
’sor
igin
sfo
und
inth
eQ
ur’a
nan
dth
etr
aditi
onlit
erat
ure.
The
popu
lari
tyof
the
narr
ativ
es,
the
cons
iste
ncy
and
cohe
renc
eof
the
Abr
aham
icfo
unda
tion
lege
nd,
and
vari
ous
part
icul
ars
ofth
ere
nditi
ons
sugg
est
that
they
refle
ctpa
tter
nsof
thin
king
that
wer
epr
eval
ent
inth
ere
gion
duri
ngth
epr
e-ls
lam
icpe
riod
.
aa
a
Abr
aham
’sas
soci
atio
nw
ithth
eho
lysi
tes
inM
ecca
can
now
beco
mpa
red
with
his
asso
ciat
ion
with
the
Pilg
rim
age,
one
ofth
efiv
em
ost
basi
cre
quir
emen
tsof
Isla
mkn
own
asth
eFi
vePi
llars
(al-
arka
nal
kham
so).
The
Qur
’an
conn
ects
Abr
aham
intim
atel
yto
the
Pilg
rim
age
in22
:26-
27,
tran
slat
edby
Yus
ufA
li”
asfo
llow
s:B
ehol
d!W
ega
veth
esi
te.
toA
brah
am,
ofth
e(S
acre
d)H
ouse
.(s
ayin
g):
urA
ssoc
iate
not
anyt
hing
(in
wor
ship
)w
ish
Me;
and
sanc
tify
My
Hou
sefo
rth
ose
who
com
pass
itro
und.
Or
stan
dup
.O
rbo
w,
orpr
ostr
ate
them
selv
es(t
here
inin
pray
er).
wA
ndpr
ocla
imth
ePi
lgri
mag
eam
ong
men
:th
eyw
illco
me
toth
eeon
foot
and
(mou
nted
)on
ever
yki
ndof
cam
el,
lean
onac
coun
tof
jour
neys
thro
ugh
deep
and
dist
ant
mou
ntai
nhi
ghw
ays”
.
The
Qur
’an
refe
rsto
the
Pilg
rim
age
ina
num
ber
ofot
her
loci
whi
chw
illbe
exam
ined
belo
w,
but
asid
efr
omth
isci
tati
onan
dth
efa
ctth
ata
ston
em
onum
ent
with
inth
eSa
cred
Prec
inct
isre
ferr
edto
asth
eSt
atio
nof
Abr
aham
.th
eQ
ur’a
ndo
esno
tco
nnec
tA
brah
amdi
rect
lyw
ithth
eP
ilgri
mag
e54.
Thi
sin
itsel
fis
not
part
icul
arly
sign
ific
ant
“Th
eM
ew,in
gof
the
Gto
ru.u
sQ
..ra
n.
Cai
ro.
1934
.ta
857.
Cl.
Qur
’an
2:15
8,18
9,19
6-20
3;3:
95-9
9;5:
2-3;
5:98
.100
;9:
3,I9
22:2
6.33
.Q
ur’a
n3:
95.9
9m
entio
nsas
one
ofG
od’s
sign
slu
tiSt
Atte
St)
anob
ject
orto
catio
nte
fent
dto
asth
eS
tati
onof
Abr
aham
(Meg
an,
Thra
hirn
).T
his
isun
ders
tood
inea
eget
ieal
com
men
tsto
beon
eof
the
stat
ions
ofpi
lgri
mag
e,an
dto
day
two
pros
trat
ions
are
mad
eat
ast
one
know
nas
the
Sta
tion
ofA
brah
amaf
ter
perf
orm
ing
the
circ
umam
bula
tion
sof
the
Ka’
ba.
374
K.FI
REST
ONE
AB
RA
HA
MA
ND
tilE
MEC
CAN
sA
Nauhgy
375
beca
use
qur’
anic
refe
renc
esto
pilg
rim
age
are
few
,ar
esc
aLte
red
ina
varie
Lyof
cont
exts
,an
dw
ere
neve
rin
tend
edto
prov
ide
agr
ound
ing
insa
cred
hist
ory
orse
rve
asa
pres
crip
tion
for
itspr
oper
ritu
al.
Qur
’an
22:2
6-27
and
the
refe
renc
esto
the
Stat
ion
ofA
brah
amw
ould
ther
efor
eap
pear
tosu
ppor
tA
brah
am’s
asso
ciat
ion
with
the
Pilg
rim
age.
Pilg
rim
age
10th
esa
cred
site
sin
ihe
vici
nity
ofM
ecca
was
afa
ctof
life
inpr
e-Is
lam
icA
rabia
”.It
was
intim
atel
yco
nnec
ted
toth
epo
litic
alst
abili
ty,
soci
alst
ruct
ure,
and
econ
omy
ofth
ere
gion
asw
ell
asits
relig
ious
expr
essi
on,
and
itca
nbe
safe
lyas
sum
edth
atvi
rtua
llyev
eryo
new
asin
som
ew
ayco
nnec
ted
toit.
Pie-
Isla
mic
pilg
rim
age,
how
ever
,ap
pear
sno
tto
have
been
stan
dard
ized
amon
gth
eA
rabs
ofth
eFl
ijaz.
Var
ious
trib
algr
oups
and
conl
eder
alio
nsob
serv
eddi
ffer
ent
ritu
alac
tsan
dvi
site
ddi
ffer
ent
shri
nes
inth
ear
eas,
even
toth
eex
tent
that
they
disp
uted
with
one
anot
her
occa
sion
ally
over
the
prop
erri
tual
”.It
ispo
ssib
leth
atev
enJe
ws
and
Chr
isti
ans
asso
ciat
edth
emse
lves
with
Ihe
pilg
rim
ages
Loso
me
exte
nt”
.Q
ur’a
nic
refe
renc
eto
pilg
rim
age
assu
mes
itsau
dien
ceto
have
been
fam
ilia
rw
ithth
eva
riou
spr
actic
esin
corp
orat
edw
ithin
it.A
ltho
ugh
the
Qur
’an
slat
esun
equi
voca
lly
ina
num
ber
ofpl
aces
that
pilg
rim
age
isre
quir
ed(e
g.2:
196,
3:97
,22
:27)
.iL
neve
rpr
escr
ibes
iLs
rite
sin
any
syst
emat
icfa
shio
n,de
spite
even
the
nam
e(h
atca
me
tobe
appl
ied
toS
ura
22:
Sur
alal
-Ira
/i.So
me
of(h
equ
r’an
icre
fere
nces
appe
arto
have
been
reve
aled
inre
spon
seto
ques
tion
sre
gard
ing
cert
ain
ritu
alac
tsof
the
Pilg
rim
age
prac
tice
ddu
ring
the
latt
erpe
riod
ofM
uham
mad
’slif
e.T
hese
ques
tion
s,in
turn
,re
flec
tth
eva
riet
yof
ritu
alpr
acti
ced
duri
ngC
erta
inly
inth
ere
gion
ofth
eH
ijaz
and
bord
erin
gar
eas.
irno
tin
area
,ex
tend
ing
furt
her
away
from
ihe
cent
ral
wes
tern
regi
onor
the
peni
nsul
aar
ound
Mec
ca.
See
AL
’BA
TA
NO
NIi
.M
uham
mad
Lab
ib.
Al-
rihi
aai
-hU
dzl’
a,C
airo
.13
2911
911,
p.10
1It
;(;
.t,ot
sjtt
w’D
rMoN
bvN
Ls,
LaP
tirr
inag
ea
IaM
ee:
Etu
dedh
islo
ire
rellg
ieta
e.Pa
ris.
1923
;an
d1’
FMIO
,La
’Pw
stis
ion
JrIA
rab,
rce
arra
ledin
ndie
del’
tleg
irt,
Paris
,19
61.
p.10
3.24
7“
UR
ostr
a,Th
eG
reat
Pilg
rimag
eof
Muh
ansn
iad,
toJo
orna
lf
Sem
itic
S,ta
die,
.27
1191
12).
p.25
51(h
erea
fter
:R
ostr
a,Th
eG
reat
Pilg
rim
age)
.Se
eal
soIb
ist,
lsaq
sSi
ra,
whi
chm
entio
nsa
vari
ciy
ofpr
acli
ce,
(GuiL
lAuN
cLt
n-.
p.49
ff..
117.
sior.
,et
c.);
AI.
BO
Lt4
AR
I.2:
453.
459.
etc.
“R
t’st
.a.
The
Gre
atPd
gram
age.
p.2
43.2
41.
Whe
nSa
mur
ab.
Jund
abis
attr
ibut
edw
ithth
ere
port
that
Jew
san
dC
hnst
ians
mad
eth
ehu
jiat
the
sain
ttim
e.he
was
prob
ably
refe
rrin
g‘0
the
Ara
biza
tion
orth
eN
orth
wes
tSe
nsili
cw
ord
hag,
aco
gnat
ew
ilhth
eA
rabi
chu
gw
hich
refe
rsin
Heb
rew
toth
eJe
wis
hfe
stiv
als
ofSu
kkot
,Pa
ssov
er,
and
Shav
&ot
whi
chw
ere.
inod
enta
tly.
pilg
rim
age
resti
vais
whe
nth
eT
empl
ein
Jeru
sale
mw
asst
andi
ng.
The
pre.
tsta
mic
pilg
rim
age
peri
odm
ayha
veta
ken
plac
ein
the
fall
corr
espo
ndin
gto
Sukk
utor
.m
ore
likel
y,tn
the
spri
ngco
rres
pond
ing
toPa
ssov
eran
dE
aste
r(i
bid.
.p.
244’
2461
Oth
erev
iden
cesu
ppor
ting
Jew
ish
orC
hris
tian
conn
ectio
nto
the
holy
site
,ti
nts
inth
ere
peat
edtr
aditi
onth
atpi
ctur
esor
Abr
ahan
san
d(or
Jesu
san
dM
ary
hung
inth
eK
aba
(AI
wir
aSttK
and
3.lo
sing
,ar
t.K
uisa
.in
El’
.p.
320)
.
that
peri
od.
Qur
’an
2:15
g.fo
rex
ampl
e,al
low
s[o
rm
ovin
gba
ckan
dfo
rLh
betw
een
the
two
Mec
can
hills
ofal
-Saf
aan
dal
-Mar
wa
duri
ng
Ihe
Pilg
rim
age
ritu
alas
ifan
swer
ing
aqu
estio
nam
ong
thos
ew
hoqu
esti
oned
Ihe
prop
riet
yof
the
ritu
al’
8.Q
ur’a
n2:
189
rela
tes
toIh
epr
oper
time
for
mak
ing
the
Pilg
rim
age
and
agai
n,pr
esum
esa
diff
eren
ceof
opin
ion
rega
rdin
gpr
e-Is
lam
iccu
stom
and
the
Isla
mic
pilg
rim
age
ritu
alas
itw
asev
olvi
ngdu
ring
the
lifet
ime
ofM
uham
mad
”.B
yta
king
Lhe
plai
nm
eani
ngof
the
Qur
’an
vers
esre
ferr
ing
dire
ctly
toP
ilgr
imag
e,w
ew
ould
lear
nth
efo
llow
ing
basi
cin
form
atio
n’
0.2:
158
Al-
Saks
and
al-M
arw
aar
eto
bein
clud
edam
ong
the
isym
bols
ofG
od,’
(sli
atfl
rA
llah)
.Th
eym
aybe
circ
uman
ibul
ated
byw
hom
ever
perf
orm
sth
eFt
ajj
orth
e‘l
lmra
pil
gri
mages.
2:18
9T
hetim
efo
rth
eP
ilgr
imag
eis
dete
rmin
edby
the
moo
n.O
nesh
ould
ente
ron
e’s
dwel
lings
byth
edo
or(w
hen
ina
stat
eof
ritu
alco
nsec
ratio
nfo
rth
ePi
lgri
mag
e)ra
ther
than
byot
her
mea
ns.
2:19
6O
nesh
ould
com
plet
eth
eH
ajj
and
‘Um
ra,
but
if(h
atis
not
poss
ible
,on
esh
ould
send
asa
crif
ice
and
rem
ain
ina
stat
eof
ritu
alcO
nSec
rati
on0’
until
itis
rece
ived
.W
hoev
erle
aves
the
stat
eof
ritu
alco
nsec
ratio
nof
the
‘tim
rapa
rtof
the
pilg
rim
age
befo
reen
teri
ngit
agai
nfo
rth
eH
ajj
mus
tpr
ovid
ea
sacr
ific
eor
fast
unle
ssth
eyILV
Cin
the
Sacr
edPr
ecin
ctof
Mec
ca”.
2:19
7W
hoev
eren
gage
sin
the
Pilg
rim
age
mus
tre
frai
nfr
omqu
arnl
ing
and
sexu
alac
tivity
ofan
yki
nd.
Prov
isio
nsfo
rth
ejo
urne
y[t
oth
esa
cred
site
s)sh
ould
beta
ken
alon
g.2:
198
The
Thd
afr
om‘A
rafa
”is
part
ofth
eH
ajj
ritu
al,
but
whe
npo
urin
gfo
rth
from
‘Ara
fa”.
God
’sna
me
shou
ldbe
invo
ked
atth
eSa
cred
Mon
umen
t(a
l-M
ash’
aral
-Isa
ram
).E
arly
exeg
esis
assu
med
thai
the
reve
latio
nor
this
ven
tw
a,in
,poiu
cto
thos
ew
how
ould
not
perf
orm
this
act
beca
use
ofits
asso
ciat
ion
with
pre.
lsla
mic
poly
thei
sm(M
.A
voua
.Th
eQi
ar’o
.r,an
dits
Inte
rpre
ters
.A
lban
y.19
84.
p.17
61Ih
erea
fter
:A
vous
,Q
ur’t
otl)
.“
Moos,
Qar
’ws,
p.19
9-20
0.“
Agr
eat
deai
orin
terp
reta
tion
ofsh
em
eani
ngof
all
orth
ese
vers
esca
nbe
roun
din
the
exeg
etic
alli
tera
ture
.bu
tth
elis
tw
hich
follo
ws
here
atte
mpt
ssp
ecif
ical
lyto
deri
veon
)yth
epl
aine
stm
eani
ngor
Lhe
qu?a
nic
tear
.to
som
eea
ses,
thr
plai
nm
eani
ngof
the
text
isso
obsc
ure
with
out
assu
min
gso
me
know
ledg
eof
curr
ent
orpe
e-Is
lam
icpr
actic
eth
atge
nera
llyapte
das
sum
ptio
nsha
vebe
enap
plie
din
the
sum
mar
ygi
ven
here
.“
Pilg
rim
sen
ter
into
asl
ate
ofri
tual
cons
ecra
tion
(4sn
InT
)be
fore
ente
ring
into
the
sacr
edar
eas
tope
rfor
mth
eH
ajj
ritu
al.
•‘T
hose
livin
gw
ithin
she
Sacr
edPr
ec.n
ctw
ould
pres
umab
lyen
dure
unre
ason
able
hard
ship
ifth
eyw
ere
boun
dby
this
requ
irem
ent.
°If
ada
isa
tech
nica
lte
rmde
scri
bing
the
man
ner
inw
htch
pilg
rim
sm
ove
rrom
cert
ain
loca
tions
wilh
inth
eri
tual
cycl
eor
Pilg
rim
age.
Itis
som
etim
estr
ansl
ated
as“p
ouri
ngfo
rthu
.an
dre
fers
toth
ebr
uit
wal
kor
ala
rge
grou
por
peop
lem
ovin
gin
unis
on.
•‘A
rotk
.tym
olo
isof
ten
give
nin
the
exeg
etic
alli
tera
ture
asso
ciat
ing
Abr
aham
wis
hva
riou
slo
cati
on,
inth
ePi
lgri
mag
ecy
cle.
‘Ara
lata
expl
aine
dth
roug
ha
hom
ilyon
the
L..
376
K.
FIR
ES
TO
NE
AB
RA
HA
MA
ND
TH
EM
EC
CA
NS
AN
(W
AR
Y37
?
2:19
9T
heya
dash
ould
lake
plac
ew
here
itw
asdo
netr
aditi
onaB
y.2:
200
God
’sna
me
shou
ldbe
invo
ked
upon
com
plet
ion
ofth
eri
tual
stat
ion
s.
2:20
3G
od’s
nam
esh
ould
bein
voke
dat
the
prop
ertim
e.3:
97on
eof
the
clea
rsi
gns
(ayas
bayy
indi
)in
Mec
cais
the
Stat
ion
orA
brah
am,
Pilg
rim
age
toLh
eK
a’ba
isa
requ
irem
ent
for
thos
ew
hoar
eab
le.
3:98
The
Peop
leof
the
Soa
kdo
not
agre
ew
ithus
abou
tG
od’s
osig
nsn
(a)’
ä,A
llah)
.5:
2H
unte
dan
imal
sar
efo
rbid
den
asfo
od,w
hile
one
isin
ast
ate
ofri
tual
cons
ecra
tion.
5:3
God
’ssy
mbo
ls(s
ha’a
’ir
Alla
h)an
dth
esa
cred
mon
ths
shou
ldnu
tbe
prof
aned
,no
rsh
ould
the
sacr
ific
ial
offe
ring
(al-
hady
a)no
rth
epr
actic
eof
plac
ing
garl
ands
onth
ean
imal
sde
stin
edto
beri
tual
sacr
ific
es(a
l-qa
la’i
d),
nor
the
Faith
ful
ofth
eSa
cred
Hou
se(a
min
al-b
ays
al.h
urãm
).H
unti
ngis
allo
wed
whe
non
eis
not
ina
slat
eof
ritu
alcO
nsec
ratio
n.5:
98O
new
hois
ina
stat
eof
ritu
alco
nsec
ratio
nm
ayno
tki
llhu
nted
food
,O
nem
ay,
how
ever
,be
abso
lved
from
sin
for
doin
gso
bybr
ingi
ngan
acce
ptab
leof
feri
ngto
the
Ka’
ba,
givi
ngfo
odto
the
poor
,or
fast
ing.
5:99
Hun
ted
food
from
the
sea
ispe
rmitt
edw
hile
ina
stat
eof
ritu
alco
nsec
rati
onbu
tno
thu
nted
food
from
land
.5:
100
God
has
mad
eth
eK
a’ba
,th
eSa
cred
Hou
se,
asy
mbo
licpi
llar
(qiy
dm)
For
hum
anity
,an
dal
soth
esa
cred
mon
ths
and
the
sacr
ific
e(a
!
hody
a).
9:3-
4F
rom
the
day
ofth
eG
reat
Pilg
rim
age
(al-
haj
al-a
kbar
),G
odan
dH
isap
ostl
ear
efr
eefr
oman
yob
ligat
ions
tono
n-M
uslim
sex
cept
thos
ew
ithw
hich
they
have
apr
ior
pact
.9:
19T
rue
relig
ious
conv
ictio
nis
mor
eim
port
ant
than
givi
ngw
ater
topi
lgri
ms
and
mai
ntai
ning
the
Sacr
edM
osqu
e.22
:26
God
’sH
ouse
shou
ldbe
puri
fied
for
thos
een
gage
din
its
circ
umam
buja
tion
orpr
ostr
atin
gor
stan
ding
befo
reit
unri
tual
obse
rva
nce)
.22
:27
The
Pilg
rim
age
ispr
ocla
imed
for
all
hum
anity
,w
hich
will
com
efr
omal
lov
erth
ew
orld
toen
gage
init
.
Ara
hic
rool
t,.f
mean
ing
toatn
ow
,.tS
ceA
L-A
za.u
i1:
33:
AL-
YA
QU
ET25
;A
L-T
AS
Am
.
C,—
n’rn
-n,a
r.’,
1:35
4;A
i.’TA
P&ai
i2:
ltO
;Ib
MK
AT
IIIR
.C
.inun
enva
ry.
1:15
4.d
c).
The
pra
clia
ofpr
ovid
ing
etym
olog
ies
For
pbcc
nam
esan
dpe
rson
alna
mes
isan
edito
rial
pncl
itt
whi
chat
lan
pls
Inder
ive
man
ing
From
ana
me
the
orig
inal
sign
iftc
ancr
orw
hich
has
been
lost
,
22:2
8G
od’s
nam
esh
ould
bein
voke
dov
erm
eal
perm
itted
tobe
eate
ndu
ring
the
pres
crib
edda
ys.
One
may
eat
ofit.
but
mus
tal
soIc
edth
epo
orw
ithit.
22:2
9T
hepr
oper
rite
s(r
afaz
haia
wn)
shou
ldbe
perf
orm
ed,
vow
spe
rfon
ned,
and
the
anci
ent
Hou
seci
rcum
ambu
late
d.22
:30
Who
ever
hono
rsG
od’s
sacr
ed[P
ilgri
mag
e?]
cere
mon
ies
(hur
umaz
Alla
h)w
illpr
ospe
r.Pe
rmitt
edm
eat
isal
low
ed,
exce
ptfo
rw
hal
issp
ecif
ical
lyfo
rbid
den,
22:3
2-33
Tru
lyho
nori
ngG
od’s
sym
bols
(sha
’a’ir
Alla
h)is
pers
onal
lybe
nefi
cial
.T
hese
are
inre
fere
nce
to(h
ean
cien
tH
ouse
(Thw
nnia
mah
illuh
aila
al-b
ays
al-a
tiq).
The
setw
odo
wn
refe
renc
esin
five
chap
ters
trea
tth
eci
rcua
nam
bula
tion
ofth
eK
a’ba
,th
em
ovem
ent
betw
een
the
hills
ofal
-SaF
aan
dal
-Mar
wa,
ente
ring
and
exiti
ngth
est
ate
ofri
tual
cons
ecra
tion
For
the
rite
s,so
me
ofth
ere
quir
emen
tsfo
rbe
ing
inth
atst
ate,
the
pour
ing
out
(j/ñ
da)
from
‘Ara
fa,
the
mak
ing
ofan
imal
sacr
ific
e,an
da
Few
othe
rde
tails
.T
hequ
r’an
icre
fere
nces
toPi
lgri
mag
ene
verth
eLes
sla
ckm
any
ofth
eba
sics
and
mos
tof
the
deta
ilsof
both
curr
ent
prac
tice
and
wha
tw
ekn
owof
pre-
Isla
mic
prac
tice.
The
Qur
’an
omits
such
basi
cco
mpo
nent
sas
the
Hal
ting
Ritu
al(w
uquJ
)at
‘Ara
faor
even
the
men
tion
ofM
ina
and
itsri
tual
stat
ions
.T
heQ
ur’a
ncl
earl
ydo
esno
tin
tend
togi
vede
fini
tive
inst
ruct
ions
rega
rdin
gth
eri
tual
requ
irem
ents
and
exce
ptio
ns,
but
wha
tin
form
atio
nis
prov
ided
isbr
ough
tfo
rth
wit
hout
men
tion
ofA
brah
amor
any
othe
rhi
stor
ical
orle
gend
ary
char
acte
rs.
As
wou
ldbe
expe
cted
,ho
wev
er,
the
exeg
etic
alli
tera
ture
tend
sto
fill
inth
em
any
gaps
inth
equ
r’an
icre
fere
nces
.So
me
repo
rts
attr
ibut
edto
earl
yau
thor
itie
spr
ovid
eoc
casi
ons
for
the
vari
ous
qur’
anic
reve
latio
nsto
Muh
amm
ad,
man
yof
whi
char
eco
nnec
ted
tois
sues
ofPi
lgri
mag
epr
actic
e.O
ther
sex
plai
nth
em
eani
ngof
tech
nica
lte
rms
orri
tual
refe
renc
esin
aw
ayth
atgi
ves
prac
tical
deta
ilsfo
rm
akin
gw
hat
cam
eto
beco
nsid
ered
anac
cept
able
Pilg
rim
age.
Man
yal
sore
veal
the
inte
nt
amon
gth
eex
eget
esto
anch
orw
hat
had
evol
ved
into
curr
ent
tren
dsof
ritu
alpr
actic
eto
the
text
ofsc
ript
ure.
As
with
the
exeg
etic
alli
tera
ture
trea
ting
Abr
aham
’sas
soci
atio
nw
ith
Mec
ca,
vari
ous
genr
esof
exeg
esis
supp
lya
pool
oftr
adit
iona
lre
port
s
desc
ribi
ngbo
thA
brah
am’s
call
toth
ePi
lgri
mag
e(a
sin
Qur
’an
22:2
6-27
)
and
his
own
quin
tess
entia
lPi
lgri
mag
ew
hich
,in
man
yna
rrat
ives
,
imm
edia
tely
follo
wed
.T
hese
repo
rts
are
foun
din
Form
alQ
ur’a
n
exeg
esis
(Taf
rir)
.th
eun
iver
sal
hist
orie
s(T
arrn
h),
and
the
hagi
ogra
phic
colle
ctio
ns(Q
4a
4al
-wrh
ii’d’
).T
hesa
me
sour
ces
whi
chpr
ovid
ena
rrat
ives
378
R.
FIRE
SToN
eA
BR
AH
AM
AN
t)Th
EM
ECCA
NSA
NCTU
ARY
379
abou
LA
brah
am’s
jour
neys
toM
ecca
and
his
conn
ectio
ntO
itsre
ligio
ussh
rine
sof
ten
incl
ude
repo
rLs
desc
ribi
ngA
brah
am’s
asso
ciat
ion
with
the
Pilg
rim
age.
All
repo
rts
inth
esa
mpl
ere
latin
gto
the
topi
cw
ere
reco
rded
,an
alyz
ed,
and
com
pare
dw
ithon
ean
othe
ran
dw
ithth
ere
port
sre
latin
gto
Abr
dhai
n’s
tran
sler
toM
ecca
and
build
ing
itsre
ligio
ussh
rine
s.A
tota
lof
thirt
y-si
xre
ports
wer
eid
entif
ied
and
reco
rded
3.O
fth
isto
tal,
twen
ty-t
wo
trea
ton
lyA
brah
am’s
orig
inal
proc
lam
atio
nof
the
Pilg
rim
age,
eigh
ttr
eat
only
Abr
aham
’sfir
stan
dqu
inte
ssen
tial
Pilg
rim
age,
and
six
trea
tbo
th.
Elev
enre
port
sar
eat
trib
uted
toIb
nA
bbas
,si
xto
Muj
ahid
,an
dth
erc
mat
nder
toa
vari
ety
ofau
thor
itie
sor
appe
arw
ithou
tat
trib
utio
n,
ASRA
HAM
CALL
SHU
MAN
ITY
mTH
EPI
LG
RIM
AG
E
Of
the
repo
rts
attr
ibut
edto
lbn
Abb
as,
all
but
one
are
brie
f(t
hree
orfo
urlin
es)
and
rela
teon
lyto
Abr
aham
’sca
llfo
rth
eP
ilgr
imag
e°.
Inth
ese
trad
ition
s.A
brah
amis
com
man
ded
toca
llhu
man
ityto
the
Pilg
rim
age
afte
rhe
had
laid
the
foun
dati
ons
ofth
eK
a’ba
°’.
Abr
aham
begi
nshi
sca
llor
stan
dsup
onth
est
one
(at-
lia,
fr),
upon
the
Stat
ion
(a!
Muq
ani)
.or
clim
bsup
near
byM
t.A
buQ
ubay
s.T
heco
nten
tof
his
call
vari
esfr
om“D
idyo
urL
ord
not
take
aH
ouse
and
com
man
dyo
uto
mak
eth
ePi
lgri
mag
eto
it?’
toaO
peop
le,
the
Pilg
rim
age
ispr
escr
ibed
for
you!
”or
“0pe
ople
,re
turn
toyo
urL
ord!
,,In
resp
onse
,hu
man
ityan
swer
edw
ithth
elit
urgi
cal
stat
emen
tre
cite
dth
roug
hout
the
sequ
ence
ofth
ePi
lgri
mag
eri
tual
and
know
nas
the
iath
iya°’
.in
som
ere
nditi
ons,
“T
his
num
ber
caci
udes
com
mcn
isby
the
cieg
etes
them
selv
esor
repo
rts
who
sein
tent
ions
wer
eto
cian
rysp
ecifi
cpo
ints
ofgn
mm
ar,
mea
ning
sof
wor
ds,
etc.
Thi
snum
be,
corr
espo
nds
roug
hly
with
the
rort
yre
nditi
ons
ofA
brah
am’s
iran
sler
10M
eets
and
fort
y-iw
ore
nditi
ons
ofhi
sbu
ildin
gth
eK
aba.
“A
L-T
An
,!,
His
tory
.28
6-28
7;C
orna
wni
ary,
l7:t
44-1
45;
AL-
TAnR
S!4:
97.
The
only
repo
rtpr
ovid
ing
anae
coun
tof
Ins
own
Pil
gnnu
gcii
From
uN
K.m
l..
Com
men
tary
.1:
184
[iv.
Q.2:
1281
).“
Thus
ism
entio
ned
spec
ihca
llyin
four
repo
rts
prnv
ided
byat
.Tab
ati
(His
tory
,2R
6-28
7.an
dC
omm
enta
ry,
17:1
44).
‘T
heta
lbiy
ois
ari
tual
stat
emen
tor
inte
ntin
voke
dth
roug
hout
the
Pilg
rim
age
from
the
mom
ent
ofas
sum
ing
the
stai
rof
ritu
alco
nsec
ratio
n(i
brdm
).V
ario
usve
rsio
nsof
the
stat
emen
tbe
ginn
ing
with
labb
aj-k
aA
llahu
mm
akb
boyk
aw
ere
wed
inbo
thth
epe
e-Is
lam
ican
dIs
lam
icp.
ignm
agt
(A.5
.T
iltr
aN.
Now
,,
Rrli
gtsn
iin
Ear
lyA
rabi
a,in
UM
usêo
n.72
1195
91.p
.19
3-19
3:N
A.
Faa.
The
Boo
kof
idol
s.&
ing
aT
’wis
laiio
nfro
mli
wA
rabi
cof
siwLa
o?,
al-A
snan
,by
His
Jwn,
lbs,
-A(.K
oJbi
Pri
nett
on,
1952
.p.
San
dno
te16
:A
l.J.
KL
STIR
.Ls
sbba
yka.
Alla
lmm
mo
Lab
baha
...:
On
aM
osw
thei
rgw
AcI
ofa
Jahi
liyya
Proc
ure.
inJe
naa?
en,
SEw
S,,
inA
rabi
can
dIs
lam
,2
l198
0i.
p.33
-37;
4.i
.W
Ens
,NC
L,
all.
Talb
,ya,
inFi
rst
Ençj
’rlo
p,di
aof
isiw
n,IV
.p.
640)
.
even
inan
imat
eob
ject
ssu
chas
ston
es,
tree
san
dth
edu
stof
the
eart
hjo
ined
inw
ithth
elit
urgi
cal
resp
onse
.In
afe
wre
ndit
ions
.A
brah
amvo
ices
his
conc
ern
that
his
call
will
not
reac
hal
lof
hum
anit
y,but
God
assu
res
Abr
aham
that
He
will
ensu
reth
atth
em
essa
geis
hear
dby
all.
And
inde
ed,
even
thos
eno
tye
tbo
rnhe
ard
the
call,
assu
min
gal
lof
hum
anity
thro
ugho
utal
ltim
eto
befo
rmal
lyap
pris
edof
the
obli
gati
onto
perf
orm
the
Pilg
rim
age.
Five
ofth
esi
xre
port
sat
trib
uted
toM
ujah
idal
sode
scri
beA
brah
am’s
call
for
the
Pil
grim
age”
.E
ven
shor
ter
than
the
lbn
Abb
asre
ndit
ions
(tw
oor
thre
elin
es),
two
plac
ehi
mup
onth
eSt
atio
n(a
!-M
aqãn
i)an
dtw
ogi
veth
eac
tual
wor
dsof
his
call
asth
eta
tbiy
a.T
heot
her
refe
renc
esto
Abr
aham
’sca
llin
the
sour
ces
are
also
usua
lly
quite
bri
ef’
0.In
som
ere
ndit
ions
,A
brah
amca
llsto
the
four
dire
ctio
nsof
the
com
pass
.In
the
Shi’
itew
orks
ofal
-Ya’
qQbi
and
al-Q
umm
i,A
brah
amst
ands
onth
eM
aqam
whi
chis
mir
acul
ousl
yra
ised
uphi
gher
than
the
mou
ntai
nsso
that
his
voic
eco
uld
reac
hal
lof
hum
anit
y.A
brah
amis
also
port
raye
das
stan
ding
ona!
-ruk
nof
the
Ka’
baor
upon
Mt.
Tha
bir,
afe
wm
iles
toth
eno
rthe
ast
ofM
ecca
and
adja
cent
toth
epl
ain
ofM
ina;
Des
pite
the
note
wor
thy
brev
ity
ofvi
rtua
lly
all
rend
itio
nsof
this
them
e,th
eva
riou
sre
ndit
ions
ofA
brah
am’s
call
tohu
man
ity
disp
lay
agr
eat
deal
ofdi
vers
ity
inw
here
Abr
aham
stan
ds,
inth
esp
ecifi
cm
essa
geof
his
call,
and
inth
esp
ecif
ics
rega
rdin
gth
ere
spon
seto
his
call.
The
only
cons
iste
ntm
otif
inth
isse
ries
ofre
port
sis
the
tath
iva,
usua
llya
resp
onse
toA
brah
am’s
orig
inal
proc
lam
atio
n,w
hich
isfo
und
inei
ghte
enof
the
twen
ty-e
ight
repo
rts
desc
ribi
ngA
brah
am’s
call
toth
eP
ilgr
imag
e.T
hete
xtua
lin
cons
iste
ncy
inth
ese
repo
rts
isst
riki
ng.
No
two
are
alik
e,ev
enth
ough
man
yar
eas
crib
edto
the
sam
eau
thor
itat
ive
sour
ce.
The
grea
tva
riet
ysu
gges
tsth
atth
eydo
not
repr
esen
ta
cohe
rent
trad
itio
n,bu
tra
ther
evol
ved
asex
eget
ical
resp
onse
sto
the
read
ing
of
Qur
’an
22:2
7in
whi
chA
brah
amis
inst
ruct
edto
call
all
hum
anit
yto
the
Pil
grim
age.
Eac
hre
port
fills
out
the
qur’
anic
refe
renc
eby
desc
ribi
ngho
wA
brah
amfu
lfill
edG
od’s
com
man
dto
him
,T
heon
lyco
nsis
tent
mot
ifin
the
enti
refi
eld
ofre
port
sis
the
tatb
iya,
the
litu
rgic
alre
spon
sere
cite
din
the
pre-
Isla
mic
pilg
rim
age
toth
eho
lysi
tes
inth
eV
icin
ityof
Mec
ca,
The
inco
rpor
atio
nof
the
ialb
iya
inth
ese
repo
rts
ensu
red
this
AL
.TA
a.ai
,H
isto
ry,
287;
Com
men
tary
.17
:144
-143
tCr.
AL
-Am
QI
1:34
).O
nly
tiN
KA
Tht
..C
omm
enta
ry,
1:18
3-4
(iv.
Q,2:
128)
desc
ribe
sA
brah
ams
Pilg
rim
age.
With
thee
xecp
tion
of.s
.-A
zaxq
(1:
33-3
4.C
I.IS
NS
.0I:
39-4
0;A
L.T
Aan
LH
uror
r.28
7;C
omm
enta
ry,
1:33
4.17
:144
-143
;A
L-Q
uIn
t!2:
83;
AL
-TH
A’L
.at
88-8
9;A
t-K
tSA
l14
3;ti
N41
.-A
rull
to?;
Ian
K.n
d.,
Con
tnw
rnar
y,t:3
83,
380
ItF
IRE
ST
ON
EA
BR
AH
AM
AN
DT
HE
ME
CC
AN
SA
NC
TU
AR
Y38
1
impo
rtan
tliL
tirgi
cal
proc
lam
atio
na
plac
ein
the
Isla
mic
Pilg
rim
age
bypr
ovid
ing
anac
cept
able
orig
inin
the
wor
thof
the
prop
het
Abr
aham
orin
the
resp
onse
tohi
spr
imor
dial
call.
The
deci
ded
lack
ofco
nsis
tenc
yam
ong
the
repo
rts,
even
amon
gth
ose
attr
ibut
edto
the
sam
eso
urce
s,su
gges
tsth
atth
eydo
not
refl
ect
aco
here
ntea
rly
orpi
e-Is
lam
ictr
aditi
onas
soci
atin
gA
brah
amw
ithth
eca
llto
Pilg
rim
age.
AB
RA
HA
M’S
QU
INT
ES
SE
NT
IAL
PILG
RIM
AG
E
The
four
teen
repo
rts
desc
ribi
ngA
brah
am’s
orig
inal
Pil
grim
age”
also
exhi
bit
aw
ide
vari
ance
inth
eir
char
acte
riza
tion
ofhi
sad
s,T
heth
rust
ofth
epo
rtra
yals
,ho
wev
er,
isco
nsis
tent
with
wha
tha
sco
me
tore
pres
ent
acce
ptab
leop
tion
sfo
rM
usli
ms
perf
orm
ing
the
Pilg
rim
age.
Mos
tre
ndit
ions
begi
nw
ithth
eH
ajj
prop
er,
begi
nnin
gw
ithth
eD
ayof
Wat
erin
g”.
Som
e,ho
wev
er,
have
Abr
aham
com
men
cew
ithci
rcum
ambu
lati
ngth
eH
ouse
,co
rres
pond
ing
toth
eta
wof
al-q
udum
,an
dhi
sdo
ing
the
urun
ning
ori
tual
(sa’
y)be
twee
nal
-Sa[
aan
dal
-Mar
wa.
Tho
ugh
not
requ
ired
,th
epe
rfor
man
ceof
the
circ
umam
bula
tion
san
dth
eSo
faan
dM
arw
ase
quen
cere
pres
ents
the
prop
erpr
oced
ure
toda
y[o
rth
ose
who
sein
tent
ions
are
tope
rfor
mth
eri
tual
ofbo
thth
eH
ajj
and
the
‘lJm
ra,
aty
peof
Pilg
rim
age
sequ
ence
know
nas
aafi
qith
nA
maj
ority
ofre
port
sin
the
sam
ple
port
ray
Abr
aham
leav
ing
Mec
cafo
rM
ina
onth
eD
ayof
Wat
erin
g(y
awm
at-w
swiy
a).
whe
rehe
pray
sth
efo
urre
quir
edpr
ayer
s:ai
-diiu
hr,
aI-’
04r.
al-m
aghr
than
dal
-’is
ha’.
Alte
rsp
endi
ngth
eni
ght
inM
ina,
hepr
ays
the
mor
ning
pray
er(a
I-fa
jror
al-s
uM).
He
then
leav
esfo
r‘A
rafa
,w
here
hest
ays
until
suns
et.
Inso
me
rend
ition
she
com
bine
sth
etw
opr
ayer
s,al
-dhu
hran
da!
-‘o,
sr.
and
enga
ges
inth
ere
quir
edha
lting
rite
(al-
wuq
uf)
at‘A
rafa
.A
fter
suns
ethe
mov
eson
war
dto
al-M
uada
lifa.
Inso
me
rend
ition
she
com
bine
sth
etw
opr
ayer
s.ul
-mag
hrih
and
al-’
isha
’at
al-M
uzda
lifa
asis
expe
cted
toda
y,an
din
som
ehe
enga
ges
ina
seco
ndha
lting
(wuq
uf)
also
expe
cted
toda
yon
the
mor
ning
ofth
e10
thof
the
mon
th.
AL
-Azn
ui
33
.3k
AL
YK
OU
B1
23-2
6;A
L-T
Ain
t,H
Isuw
y.:2
17-2
89;
Cas
nnse
niar
y.1.
533.
334
AL
QU
I4M
11:
62;
AL
.TH
ilL
AS
I88
AL
.TA
I.A
RSi
1:47
1472
,47
4;A
L’K
ISA
i14
3;lie
.A
t-ATH
IR10
7;le
NK
AT
HtK
1:18
3.11
14.
Yaw
n.al
.tcir
wiy
o.Si
nce
earl
yin
the
Isla
mic
peri
od.
this
day
corr
espo
nds
with
the
eigh
thda
yor
the
I,ta
mic
n,un
th.
dhü
aI.h
yja.
For
anE
nglis
hsu
mm
ary
ofth
ecu
rren
tPi
lgnm
age
sequ
ence
.se
eA
.K
AM
AL
.Th
eS
arre
dJna
,nej
’.N
ewY
ork.
1961
.or
G.E
.V
ON
(iIt
ttN
LaA
,,u.
Muh
an.n
uida
nFe
,sir
aIs.
New
Yor
k.19
31.
Ut
then
relu
rns
toM
ina
from
al-M
uzda
ti[a
and
perf
orm
sth
ela
pida
tion
orst
one
thro
win
gri
tual
.In
som
ere
nditi
ons,
heth
enoi
lers
asa
crif
ice
and
shav
es.
Som
ere
nditi
ons
then
depi
cthi
sre
turn
toM
ecca
whe
rehe
perf
orm
san
othe
rse
tof
circ
umam
bula
tion
s,co
rres
pond
ing
tow
hat
has
com
eto
bekn
own
asth
e:a
waf
al-i
fada
orça
wflf
al-z
iya’
.A
few
repo
rts
then
port
ray
his
retu
rnto
Min
aa
thir
dtim
e,w
here
henc
ompl
eted
his
Pilg
rim
age.
..T
his
basi
cri
tual
sequ
ence
isfu
llyin
keep
ing
with
the
acce
ptab
lePi
lgri
mag
eri
tual
toda
y.It
rais
esno
ques
tions
rega
rdin
gth
epr
oper
expe
ctat
ions
for
anac
cept
able
Pilg
rim
age
acco
rdin
gto
the
four
surv
ivin
gsc
hool
sof
Isla
mic
law
and
cust
om.
Whe
nex
amin
ing
indi
vidu
alre
nder
ings
ofA
brah
am’s
Pilg
rim
age,
how
ever
,an
dco
mpa
ring
them
toon
ean
othe
ras
wel
las
toth
eri
tual
requ
irem
ents
give
nby
the
maj
orsc
hool
sof
Isla
mic
law
,on
eis
stru
ckby
the
fact
that
Abr
aham
’sac
tions
inth
eva
riou
spo
rtra
yals
are
far
from
cons
iste
nt.
The
sum
ofal
lth
ere
ndit
ions
isco
nsis
tent
with
wha
tha
sbe
com
eno
rmat
ive
Isla
mic
prac
tice,
but
the
indi
vidu
alpo
rtra
yals
exhi
bit
asu
rpri
sing
vari
ety.
Eig
htre
port
sbe
gin
Abr
aham
’sPi
lgri
mag
ese
quen
ceon
the
Day
ofW
ater
ing,
whe
rehe
goes
toM
ina
and
spen
dsth
eni
ght
befo
repr
ocee
ding
to‘A
rafa
the
follo
win
gda
y.Si
xre
port
s,ho
wev
er,
omit
the
over
nigh
tst
opat
Min
aen
tirel
y.T
hree
begi
nth
eP
ilgr
imag
ew
ithth
eea
rly
circ
umam
bula
tion
ofth
eK
a’ba
,an
dtw
oof
thes
epr
ocee
ddi
rect
lyfr
omth
ere
toth
eru
nnin
gri
tual
(al-
so)’
)an
dth
ento
Ara
fa.
Tw
oot
hers
begi
nw
ithth
eru
nnin
gri
tual
wit
hout
his
circ
umam
bula
ting
the
Ka’
ba,
and
cont
inue
with
avi
sit
toM
ina
whe
reA
brah
amis
conf
ront
edby
Sat
anan
dth
row
sst
ones
athi
mbe
fore
proc
eedi
ngto
‘Ara
fa.
All
but
two
frag
men
tary
rend
ition
sin
clud
em
entio
nof
‘Ara
fa,
whe
reth
eha
ltin
gri
tual
(a!-
wuq
uj),
the
cent
ral
ritu
alof
the
Isla
mic
Pil
grim
age
take
spl
ace.
Six
ofth
ese
repo
rts,
how
ever
,do
not
refe
rin
any
way
to
the
halti
ngri
lual
.F
our
ofth
ese
six
are
mor
ein
tere
sted
inpr
ovid
ing
anet
ymol
ogic
alex
plan
atio
nfo
rth
ena
me,
‘Ara
faba
sed
onth
eve
rbto
know
,.(-
r-fl
”.
Six
rend
ition
sre
port
that
Abr
aham
com
bine
dth
edJ
.ur
and
anpr
ayer
sat
Ara
fa(a
sis
done
toda
y).
One
narr
ativ
em
entio
nsth
atA
brah
ambu
ilta
plac
eof
pray
er(s
nasf
ad)
in‘A
rafa
upon
his
arri
val
ther
e,w
here
hepe
rfor
med
his
pra
yes,
“A
L-A
zaA
tjt
(Ibn
liha
q)A
L-Y
dQtJ
at;
uN
Kx
mt.
1:18
3-3
(Muj
ahid
),1:
184
(tbn
‘Abb
aaI.
“A
i.Y*’
tUat
23.
This
aspe
ct,
like
muc
hof
aI-V
aqub
ram
ateñ
alon
Abr
aham
.re
flec
tsan
asso
ciat
ion
with
bibl
ical
mot
ifs,
whe
reA
brah
amis
depi
cted
asa
foun
der
ofre
ligio
ussh
rine
,(C
I.G
enes
is12
:7;
13:4
,13
:18;
21:3
3).
382
WFI
REST
ON
EA
BRA
HA
MA
ND
THE
MEC
CAN
SAN
CTU
ARY
383
The
stat
ion
alal
-Muzd
alif
ais
also
po
rtra
yed
quit
edi
ffer
entl
yin
the
nine
acco
unts
incl
udin
git
inA
brah
arW
spr
eced
entia
lPi
lgri
mag
e.P
art
of
the
ambig
uit
yhe
reha
s10
do
wit
hIh
efa
ctth
atth
isst
atio
nis
refe
rred
toal
soas
iam
and
asal
-Mas
h’ar
(aI-
mas
h’ar
al-h
aram
)”.
Tw
ore
ndit
ions
rep
ort
that
Abra
ham
wen
tto
al-M
ash’a
raI
-l-l
aram
afte
rha
ving
arri
ved
inal
-Muzd
alif
a.re
ferr
ing
ther
efore
toa
spec
ific
loca
tion
wit
hin
al
Mu
zdal
ifa’
.A
bra
ham
com
bine
sth
em
aghr
iban
dis
ha’
pray
ers
info
ur
rend
ition
s,sp
ends
the
nigh
tin
four
,an
dth
enpr
ays
the
mor
ning
pray
er
refe
rred
toas
ghad
Uin
thre
ere
nditi
ons.
He
perf
orm
sth
eha
lting
ritu
al
in-a
I-M
uzda
lifa
info
urre
port
s,th
ree
ofth
emta
king
plac
eat
Quz
ah
and
one
atJa
m’
Seve
nre
nditi
ons
then
brin
ghi
mba
ckto
Min
aw
here
hepe
rfor
ms
the
tapi
datio
n,an
dliv
ein
clud
ehi
mgi
ving
asa
crif
ice
and
shav
ing.
Anu
mbe
rof
repo
rts
brea
kof
taf
ter
the
stat
ion
inal
-Muz
ilalif
aor
Min
a.Fo
urbr
ing
Abr
aham
back
toth
eK
a’ba
whe
rehe
perf
orm
sth
e
circ
umam
bula
tions
corr
espo
ndin
gto
toda
y’s
taw
aful
-ifa
daor
taw
afa
i
zit’d
r.In
thre
erc
port
s.he
per
form
sth
etla
dato
the
Ka’
ba.
Tw
obr
ing
him
back
toM
ina
ath
ird
time
for
the
last
lapi
datio
nat
the
pilla
rs,
endi
ngw
ithth
eno
teth
athe
then
com
plet
edhi
sPi
lgri
mag
e.
The
four
teen
acco
unts
ofA
brah
am’s
prec
cden
tial
Pilg
rim
age
exhi
bit
aw
ide
vari
ety
ofde
pict
ions
ofth
ePi
lgri
mag
eri
tual
and
sequ
ence
.
Thi
sfa
ctsu
ppor
tsno
ton
lyth
evi
ewth
atpr
e-Is
lam
icpr
actic
eva
ried
wid
ely,
but
also
thai
the
earl
iest
Isla
mic
Pilg
rim
age
ritu
alw
asha
rdly
stan
dard
ized
.A
llth
eri
tual
sequ
ence
sar
elin
ked
toth
epe
rson
of
Abr
aham
for
auth
orit
y;th
egr
eat
vari
ety
ofde
pict
ions
sugg
ests
that
they
repr
esen
tat
tem
pts
topr
ovid
ean
auth
orit
ativ
egr
ound
ing
for
part
icul
arPi
lgri
mag
epr
actic
es.
Ifth
eac
coun
tsex
hibi
ted
aco
nsis
tenc
y
inco
nten
t,st
yle,
lang
uage
,or
use
oflit
erar
yor
ritu
alm
otif
ssu
chas
wer
efo
und
amon
gth
ere
port
sco
nnec
ting
Abr
aham
toth
eK
a’ba
in
Mec
ca,
they
wou
ldre
flect
the
real
ityof
aco
here
nttr
adit
ion
bein
g
pass
eddo
wn
larg
ely
inta
ctan
dre
pres
entin
ga
unif
ied
cultu
ral
norm
.
The
po
ot
ofre
port
she
reex
amin
eddo
not
exhi
bit
this
kind
ofco
nsis
tenc
y.T
hey
appe
ar,
rath
er,
asif
they
asso
ciat
eA
brah
amw
ithth
e
Pilg
rim
age
only
inor
der
tova
lidat
ea
part
icul
arpi
lgri
mag
epr
actic
e,
ther
eby
addi
ngfu
rthe
rsu
ppor
tto
the
view
that
Abr
aham
’sas
soci
atio
n
with
the
rite
sof
pilg
rim
age
was
not
com
mon
know
ledg
ein
pre-
Isla
mic
orpe
rhap
sev
enea
rly
Isla
mic
Ara
bia.
Perh
aps
the
mos
tva
ried
aspe
ctof
Abr
aham
’sPi
lgri
mag
eac
tiviti
esis
inre
latio
nto
the
lapi
datio
n,w
here
Abr
aham
’sac
tof
thro
win
gsi
ones
iscl
osel
yas
soci
ated
with
conf
ront
ing
and
defe
atin
gS
atan
”.C
urre
ntan
d
trad
itio
nal
Isla
mic
prac
tice
calls
for
ala
pida
tion
ritu
alin
Min
aat
two
sepa
rate
occa
sion
s.T
hefi
rst
ison
the
10th
ofth
em
onth
(or
dhu
at
lWa)
.w
hen
pilg
rim
sth
row
seve
nst
ones
ata
ston
epi
llar
know
nas
al
iam
raal
’-’A
qaba
inM
ina
afte
rre
turn
ing
ther
efr
omsp
endi
ngth
eni
ght
atal
-Muz
dalif
a.Pi
lgri
ms
are
expe
cted
tore
turn
toM
ina
duri
ngth
e
IIth
-l3t
hof
the
mon
th.
The
seda
ysar
ekn
own
asay
dni
aI-w
.shf
lk,
and
one
ofth
eri
tual
expe
ctat
ions
duri
ngth
ispe
riod
isto
perf
orm
anot
her
lapi
datio
nby
thro
win
gse
ven
pebb
les
each
day
atea
chof
thre
est
one
pilla
rs.
Fully
elev
enof
the
four
teen
repo
rts
desc
ribe
Abr
aham
thro
win
g
ston
esin
am
anne
rw
hich
prov
ides
apr
eced
ent
for
the
lapi
dati
onri
tual
.
Tw
oof
the
thre
ere
port
som
itti
ngth
isac
tar
cfr
agm
enta
ry”.
Onl
yal
Ya’
qUbi
offe
rsa
lull
narr
ativ
ere
nder
ing
ofA
brah
am’s
Pil
grim
age
wit
hout
men
tioni
ngth
ela
pida
tion
,bu
tth
ein
tent
ofth
isre
port
is
larg
ely
devo
ted
toes
tabl
ishi
ngth
eas
soci
atio
nbe
twee
nA
brah
am’s
atte
mpt
edsa
crif
ice
ofhi
sso
nan
dth
eP
ilgr
imag
e”.
Am
ong
the
elev
enre
port
sin
clud
ing
Abr
aham
’sla
pida
tion
can
be
foun
da
wid
eva
riet
yof
depi
ctio
nsof
whe
nit
took
plac
e.O
nly
two
follo
ww
hat
has
beco
me
curr
ent
prac
tice
asou
tline
dab
ov
e’
0.T
hree
repo
rts
port
ray
the
lapi
dati
onon
the
first
visi
tto
Min
a,bu
tit
take
s
plac
eon
the
way
to‘A
rafa
and
one
day
prio
rto
the
Hal
ting
Rit
ual
ther
e”.
Alt
houg
hag
reei
ngw
ithon
ean
othe
rab
out
the
occu
rren
ceof
the
lapi
dati
onbe
fore
‘Ara
fa,
each
ofth
ese
repo
rts
port
rays
the
act
quit
e
diff
eren
tlyan
dus
esdi
ffer
ent
term
inol
ogy”
.T
hree
othe
rre
port
sre
fer
to
AI-
iAoy
dn.
orth
ede
vil
tibl
ft).
The
two
tain
tar
cus
edin
terc
hang
eabl
y.T
he
lapi
dati
onat
al-’
Aqs
bain
Min
ais
som
etim
esre
ferr
edto
asos
toni
ngth
ede
vil.
.
AL
-QuM
.iIl;6
2.A
L-TA
flRSI
t:47
tC.
“S
ee
K.
Flpr
ssTn
NE,
Abr
aham
’,So
nas
the
Inte
nded
Sar
rØce
(AI-
Dha
bih.
Qur
’an
37:9
9-Il
)):
Isn,
esin
Qw
-’si
cL
uges
is,
in.1
55,3
4(19
89).
p.tO
O-tb
(ban
ner
:F
aasm
wz.
Ah,
oham
sSo
n),
whe
rem
oti
fg6
shou
ldm
ad:
.Abr
aham
take
sth
ekn
ife
and
lays
his
son
dow
non
sop
ofa
donk
eysa
ddle
atJa
mra
tat
-’A
qaba
a.
‘A
t-’f
lom
l28
1.88
tatt
ribu
led
to‘A
bdat
tah
5.at
-Zub
ayr)
and
t,N
AL
AT
hI.
(no
atir
ibut
ion)
.tn
curr
ent
Isla
mic
pra
ctia
,it
occu
nin
Mitt
sth
eda
yal
ter
the
Hal
ting
Ritu
alin
‘Ara
ra.
“T
heta
pida
tion
inth
ese
repo
rts
wou
ldla
kepl
ace
onth
e8t
hø
fth
em
onth
.A
L
T.BA
RT1:
554
(al.S
uddi
)ha
sA
brah
amst
onin
gSa
tan
at‘h
eIr
eeat
aI.A
qaba
,at
al-j
ames
al-T
hani
ya.
and
iial
-J.m
nal
’Tba
lilha
befo
rear
rivi
ngal
‘Ara
fa.
He
repe
als
the
act
upon
hi,
retu
rnso
Min
afr
omal
.Muz
dati
ra.
law
lC*m
fa1:
1834
(Muj
ahid
)ha
.A
btah
an,
conf
ront
edby
the
devi
lat
the
Iree
at
aWA
qaba
and
then
agai
nal
al-J
amra
•t’W
usta
,
whe
reG
abri
elin
stru
cts
Abr
aham
tosa
yth
et,.
kbfr
ashe
thro
ws
the
none
s-A
brah
am’s
act
prev
ente
dth
ede
vil
from
ente
ring
into
the
Pilg
,imag
e.ta
NK
Am
II1:
184
(the
‘Abb
ss)
has
Sata
nli
ntap
pear
ing
toA
brah
amat
aI’M
as’a
even
befo
rele
avin
gM
ecca
,bu
tA
brah
amCT
.Q
ur’a
n2:
t91
Ai-
Y.’
gUat
,ai
.Kis
.i.
384
it.F
IRE
ST
ON
EA
UR
AH
AM
AN
DT
IlE
ME
CC
AN
SAN
CT
UA
RY
385
the
first
lapi
datio
nin
Min
aaf
ter
al-M
uzda
lifa,
but
end
thei
rna
rrat
ive
with
out
refe
renc
eto
ase
cond
lapi
dati
on”.
Tw
ore
port
sco
nsis
tof
abr
ief
and
near
lyid
entic
allis
tof
Abr
aham
’sri
tual
stat
ions
,th
ela
stof
whi
chis
the
c4th
row
ing
atth
eJa
mra
sn(r
wna
aI—
jimar
)aft
er
the
fiid
afr
omJa
m’”
.A
ndal
-Azr
aqi
prov
ides
are
port
inw
hich
the
devi
lap
pear
s10
Abr
aham
atal
-Jam
raal
-Aqa
ba,
al-J
amra
al-W
usta
,an
dal
iam
raal
-Suf
lain
Min
a”.
Gab
riel
inst
ruct
shi
mto
thro
wse
ven
ston
esat
the
devi
l,af
ter
whi
chth
ede
vil
disa
ppea
rs.
Itis
uncl
ear
from
this
narr
ativ
ew
heth
erit
take
spl
ace
befo
reor
afte
rth
eH
altin
gR
itual
at‘A
rafa
.-
All
thes
ere
nditi
ons
agre
eab
out
the
ston
ing
ofth
epi
llars
inM
ina,
aco
mm
onpr
actic
eof
the
pre-
lsla
mic
pilg
rim
age
ritu
als.
The
yex
hibi
tve
rylit
tleag
reem
ent,
how
ever
,ab
out
how
orw
hen
Abr
aham
was
invo
lved
inth
eac
tof
ston
ing
the
pilla
rs.
Add
ing
toth
eco
nfus
ion
isth
eFa
ctth
atot
her
larg
ely
unre
late
dtr
adit
ions
evol
ved
toco
nnec
tA
brah
amto
the
lapi
datio
nri
tual
asw
ell.
Tw
ogr
oups
ofth
ese
trad
itio
nsar
ece
nter
edar
ound
Abr
aham
’sat
tem
pted
sacr
ific
eof
hisson’
6.O
negr
oup
depi
cts
Sat
antr
ying
tohi
nder
Abr
aham
from
carr
ying
out
the
sacr
ific
eat
the
very
ston
epi
llars
inM
ina
whe
reSa
tan
trie
sin
our
sam
ple
tode
ter
Abr
aham
from
perf
orm
ing
the
Pil
grim
age”
.A
noth
ergr
oup
omits
Sat
anfr
omth
est
ory
entir
ely
and
isor
gani
zed
arou
ndA
brah
aman
dhi
sso
n’s
atte
mpt
sto
brin
gth
ere
dem
ptiv
era
mpr
ovid
edby
God
inpl
ace
oFth
eso
nto
the
alta
rfo
rsa
crif
ice.
The
ram
,w
hich
isno
tca
ught
ina
thic
ket
inth
eIs
lam
icre
nditi
ons
ofth
ele
gend
,ru
nsaw
ayfr
omhi
sw
ould
-be
capt
ors.
Inor
der
toca
ptur
eit,
Abr
aham
orhi
sso
nth
row
sse
ven
ston
esat
itth
ree
times
:at
the
loca
tion
ofaI
-Jam
raaP
Ula
,al
iam
raal
-Wus
ta,
and
al-i
amra
al-K
ub
ra”.
All
thre
egr
oups
ofle
gend
sco
nnec
tA
brah
amto
the
lapi
dati
onin
Min
a.T
his,
how
ever
,is
virt
ually
the
only
aspe
ctth
eyho
ldin
com
mon
.
betT
ered
him
(.tab
nquh
sq.
Sata
nth
enap
pear
edto
Abr
aham
agai
nat
Mm
,w
here
Gab
riel
had
brou
ght
bun
tosp
end
she
nigh
tbe
fore
pinc
redi
ngto
‘Ara
l,.A
b,ah
amth
rew
seve
nho
nes
alht
nial
at-J
am,,
al-A
qaba
.at
ai-J
amra
al-w
tsst
a,an
dal
al-J
,mra
al-Q
tisw
a.A
t.-T
,n,i
.fu
ror;
,28
9nb
cPr
ophe
t)ha
sA
brah
amsi
mpl
y‘I
hiow
ing
at
the
lant
ga..
t,un
,äaI
-jum
ru)
aner
mak
ing
the
i$da
from
Jam
.A
L-T
IfII
AII
88lik
ewis
ere
fers
inpa
ssin
gto
..lhr
owsn
gat
the
Jarn
eas’
.at
Mis
tsan
erth
e%
Thtk
from
Qua
shin
ii
Mti
zdai
ira
(aI-
Mtiz
datif
aan
dja
m’
refe
rto
the
sam
ear
ea).
Ai.-
Kis
Al
depi
cts
boih
Abr
aham
and
lsht
nari
thro
win
gse
ven
ston
esat
LIst
devi
lin
Mm
,.b
tuc
the
devi
lw
illdt
sapp
ear
whe
neve
ra
alone
isth
row
nal
hint
Ai-
Tn
,i1:
3S1
(Qat
ada)
.an
dA
t-T
AbA
RS
I1:
474
(Qat
ada)
.“
Ai-
An.c
$33
-34
(att
ribt
ited
totb
nIs
baqt
.Q
ura
n37
:99.
113.
See
hsi
sTtn
.t.
Abr
ubon
.’,
Sun.
p.10
4-10
6.A
ltar
egi
ven
onTh
ean
ihor
ity
ofIh
n‘A
bhas
and
are
clos
ely
rela
led
toth
ere
pori
sin
our
sam
ple.
“Se
eF
iRI.
5Tfl
T*.
Jrw
rnr,
x.p.
244.
The
sere
porl
sam
also
attr
ibut
edto
lbn
Abb
as.
Eac
hgr
oup
isba
sed
upon
adi
ffer
ent
narr
ativ
e,an
dth
eus
eof
term
ino
logy
and
narr
ativ
est
yle
vari
esqu
itedr
amat
ical
lybe
twee
nth
eman
dev
enbe
twee
nm
ost
ofth
ein
divi
dual
repo
rts
inou
rsa
mpl
eof
Abr
aham
’sPi
lgri
mag
eri
tual
.T
heco
nclu
sion
that
mus
tbe
draw
nfr
omth
isis
that
the
mot
ifof
Abr
aham
ston
ing
Sata
nat
the
Jam
ras
inM
ina
does
not
repr
esen
ta
wel
l-kn
own
pie-
Isla
mic
trad
ition
that
had
been
take
nov
eran
din
corp
orat
edin
toIs
lam
iclo
re.
Wer
eit
aco
here
ntpr
e-Is
lam
icle
gend
.it
wou
ldlik
ely
have
com
ein
toIs
lam
ina
far
mor
eco
nsis
tent
man
ner,
The
fact
that
Abr
aham
isas
soci
ated
with
the
lapi
dati
onin
thre
edi
ffer
ent
cate
gori
esof
lege
ndat
test
sto
his
impo
rtan
cein
-the
min
dset
ofth
epr
e-Is
lam
ican
dea
rly
Isla
mic
peri
ods.
As
sugg
este
dhy
the
cons
iste
ncy
and
popu
lari
tyof
the
lege
nds
conn
ectin
gA
brah
amto
Mec
caan
dth
ebu
ildin
gof
the
ICa’
ba,
heis
clos
ely
inas
soci
atio
nw
ithth
eM
ecca
nsa
nctu
ary.
The
earl
yM
uslim
sre
cogn
ized
this
know
nco
nnec
tion
and
took
ita
step
furt
her
byas
soci
atin
ghi
mw
ithla
pida
tion
inor
der
tofi
ndan
acce
ptab
leju
stif
icat
ion
for
cont
inui
ngth
ispo
pula
rpi
lgri
mag
ecu
stom
,re
-def
inin
gth
eor
igin
ofth
eac
tin
term
sth
atw
ould
beac
cept
able
toth
eev
olvi
ngse
nsib
ilitie
sof
earl
yIs
lam
.T
hegr
eat
vari
ety
ofri
tual
beha
vior
attr
ibut
edto
Abr
aham
can
beat
trib
uted
part
ially
toth
efa
ctth
atth
ego
alof
thes
ena
rrat
ives
isno
tto
prov
ide
the
exac
tre
quir
emen
tsfo
ran
acce
ptab
lePi
lgri
mag
e.T
hena
rrat
ives
neve
rthe
less
reve
alth
eri
tual
expe
ctat
ions
ofth
ose
telli
ngth
est
orie
s.So
me
ofth
eva
riat
ions
may
also
beex
plai
ned
byLh
efa
ctth
atth
ena
rrat
ives
dono
tre
gula
rly
prov
ide
Abr
aham
’sac
tions
toth
eve
ryen
dof
his
Pilg
rim
age.
Som
een
dab
rupt
lyaf
ter
prov
idin
gan
etym
olog
ical
expl
anat
ion
for
ana
me
orte
rmsu
chas
Ara
faor
gar
wiy
a’9.
Oth
ers
appe
arto
beco
ncer
ned
with
only
one
part
icul
arite
min
the
ritu
alse
quen
cean
dth
enen
dw
itho
utde
taili
ngth
ere
stof
Abr
aham
’sP
ilg
rim
age
90.
The
goal
ofth
ese
narr
ativ
esis
topr
ovid
eac
cept
able
auth
orit
yfo
rth
eir
poin
tsof
view
byas
soci
atin
gth
emw
ithth
epr
eced
enta
lPi
lgri
mag
eof
Abr
aham
.A
brah
am’s
asso
ciat
ion
with
the
halt
ing
ritu
alin
‘Ara
fa.
the
lapi
dati
on.
orth
eri
tual
sacr
ific
ein
Min
a,al
lof
whi
char
eno
tm
entio
ned
inth
eQ
ur’a
n,re
nder
sth
ese
acts
fully
with
inth
epa
ram
eter
sof
Abr
aham
icm
onot
heis
man
dth
eref
ore
acce
ptab
leto
Isla
mt.
Itre
mov
esth
eol
dpa
gan
asso
ciat
ions
know
nfr
omth
epr
e-ls
lam
icpe
riod
that
wou
ldre
nder
such
acts
unac
cept
able
.B
ecau
seof
Abr
aham
’sst
atur
ein
pre-
Isla
mic
Ara
bia
asa
hoLy
man
,th
efo
unde
rof
the
Ka’
ba,
AL
-AZ
AA
QI,
AL
’QU
MII
i,la
NK
ATI
IIR18
3-4.
“A
i-T
AB
RT
.fa
wn
-,28
7-8;
Com
nien
tart
’,1:
554;
AL-
KIS
A’T
.la
wA
L-A
TM
..‘
cr.Q
ura
n3:
67ta
lso
2:13
0.3:
95.4
:123
,6:1
61.
eTc.
).
386
R.FI
RES
TON
EA
BR
AH
AM
AN
DTH
EM
ECC
AN
SAN
CTU
AR
Y38
7
and
even
lrwiiJ
im
onoth
eist
91,
itm
ade
perf
ect
sens
eto
the
earl
yM
uslim
sto
asso
ciat
ehi
mal
sow
ithth
eri
tes
ofth
ePi
lgri
mag
e,th
ereb
yre
nder
ing
wha
tor
igin
ated
aspa
gan
rite
sfu
llyac
cept
able
toan
Isla
mic
wor
ldvi
ew.
.C
The
seco
nclu
sion
sar
edr
awn
from
anal
ysis
ofth
eex
eget
ical
liLer
alur
e.W
ear
est
illle
ftw
ithth
epr
oble
mof
Qur
’an
22:2
6-27
,w
hich
appe
ars
tode
pict
God
inst
ruct
ing
Abr
aham
toca
llhu
man
ity
tom
ake
the
Pilg
rim
age.
Acl
ear
qur’
anic
asso
ciat
ion
betw
een
Abr
aham
and
the
Pilg
rim
age
wou
ldca
llin
toqu
estio
nth
epr
eced
ing
anal
ysis
ofth
eex
eget
ical
liter
atur
e.A
care
ful
read
ing
ofth
equ
r’an
icte
xt,
how
ever
.w
illqu
ickl
yde
mon
stra
teth
athi
sas
soci
atio
nw
ithth
ePi
lgri
mag
eis
not
atal
lcl
ear.
The
Ara
bic
vers
esre
ad:
wa’
idh
bow
wo
‘nã
li’ib
rãhi
m,n
akãn
al-b
ayt
anlà
tush
rik
bish
ay‘a
nw
atah
hir
bayt
iya
hljd
iJin
wal
-qa’
imfn
wal
-rzt
kka’
al-s
ujud
wa’
odh
dhin
flaI
-nas
bil-
haji
yat
ük
arj
jãla
nw
a’al
àku
llida
mir
ya’t
ina
mmku
llif
ajji
nam
iq
My
tran
slat
ion
Follo
ws:
Rem
embe
r.W
ees
tabl
ishe
dA
brah
amat
the
site
ofth
eH
ouse
.S
oD
ono
tas
soci
ate
anyt
hing
with
Me.
and
Puri
fyM
yH
ouse
for
thos
ew
hoci
rcum
ambu
late
it.st
and
(bef
ore
itin
pray
er),
and
bow
and
pros
trat
eth
emse
lves
.Pr
ocla
imth
ePi
lgri
mag
eam
ong
hum
anki
nd!
The
yw
illco
me
toyo
uon
foot
and
onal
l kin
dsof
stee
dsfr
omev
ery
corn
er(o
fth
ew
orld
)(Q
.22:
26-2
7).
Mos
tex
eget
esco
nsid
erth
ese
cond
part
of22
:26
begi
nnin
gw
ithSo
dono
tas
soac
iate
anyt
hing
with
me
(an
Iatu
shri
khi
shay
’an)
and
cont
inui
ngth
roug
hve
rse
27to
bedi
rect
edto
Abr
aham
°’.
The
synt
axof
22:2
6,ho
wev
er,
coup
led
with
the
use
ofth
eth
ird
pers
onre
fere
nce
toA
brah
aman
dth
eus
eof
the
part
icle
‘an
with
the
impe
rativ
e(in
the
seco
ndpe
rson
—
anlà
tush
rik)
sugg
ests
that
both
vers
esw
ere
dire
cted
entir
ely
toM
uham
mad
.T
heim
pera
tive
form
ofth
eve
rboc
curs
here
ina
verb
chai
nin
whi
chal
lar
ead
dres
sed
toth
esa
me
pers
on:
làtu
shri
kw
arah
hir
...
wa’
ad.h
dhin
.In
fact
,th
een
tire
peri
cope
was
dire
cted
to“
U.
RUCI
N.
‘tfa
ivqi
jt’o
Old
Ku
ha(a
ceab
ove
is.
25).
At-
T.u
ni.
Con
,men
ta,,’
.11
:141
-145
;A
L-Q
0MM
I2:
13;
AL-
TAB
AR
SI497;
len
Kin
d..
(‘rn
n.ne
nrur
r.3:
215-
216.
tic.
And
inde
ed,
moa
tE
nglis
hre
nditi
ons
olth
eQ
or’a
nre
ptes
ent
the
vers
edi
lici
ntly
than
inm
yre
ndai
ngin
orde
r10
mak
eth
isde
ar.
Yos
sif
Ali
has
alre
ady
been
quot
ed.
1st
M.
Pick
lhal
lre
nder
sit:
.And
tree
neni
ber)
whe
nW
epr
epar
edfo
rA
brah
amth
epl
ace
ofth
e(h
oly)
Hou
se,
sayi
ng:
‘Asc
ribe
thou
noth
ing
aspi
nner
unit
)M
c...
And
proc
bim
unto
man
kind
the
Pil
grim
age’
..A
S.
Arb
crry
:.A
ndw
hen
We
settl
edfo
rA
brah
amih
epl
ace
ofth
eH
ouse
:T
hou
shal
lno
tas
soci
ate
with
Me
anyt
hing
.A
nddo
lhou
port
lyM
Ilo
ute
..
and
proc
laim
am
ong
men
the
Pil
grim
age.
..’..
Muh
amm
adw
how
aspr
ivy
toth
eor
igin
alre
vela
tion,
and
with
Abr
aham
refe
rred
toin
the
thir
dpe
rson
.T
hequ
r’an
icco
nven
tion
ofin
trod
ucin
ga
vers
ew
ithth
ein
decl
inab
leno
un,
(wa)
’idh
isin
vari
ably
unde
rsto
odas
udlik
urnr
akñ
na,
mea
ning
teke
mem
ber
wha
to
ccu
rred
,th
eref
ore
addr
essi
ngth
ese
clio
nto
Muham
mad
’.A
brah
am’s
foun
ding
ofth
eK
a’ba
byG
od’s
will
was
cite
dto
Muh
amm
adin
orde
rto
emph
asiz
eth
eim
port
ance
ofLh
efo
llow
ing
phra
se:
sodo
not
asso
ciat
ean
ythi
ngw
ithm
e.A
brah
am’s
asso
ciat
ion
with
the
foun
ding
ofth
eK
a’ba
was
reca
lled
here
beca
use
itw
asco
mm
onkn
owle
dge
inpr
e-Is
lam
icM
ecca
.A
brah
amis
refe
rred
toin
orde
rto
emph
asiz
eto
Muh
amm
adth
eK
iba’
sor
igin
ally
pure
stat
eas
ash
rine
toth
eon
eG
od,
and
itis
follo
wed
with
the
com
man
dto
Muh
amm
adto
refr
ain
from
asso
ciat
ing
any
othe
rdi
vini
tyw
ithG
odan
dto
puri
fyth
eor
igin
ally
mon
othe
isti
csh
rine
from
the
corr
upti
onof
the
man
yid
ols
plac
edth
ere,
Iiis
Muh
amm
adw
how
asth
eon
ein
tend
edto
proc
laim
the
resp
onsi
bilit
yof
pilg
rim
age
toth
eK
a’ba
.T
hat
Muh
amm
adan
dno
tA
brah
amw
asin
tend
edin
the
com
man
dto
proc
laim
the
Pilg
rim
age
ispr
esum
edby
al-B
asan
and
al’i
abri
thou
ghth
eir
inte
rpre
tati
onis
unco
mm
on”.
The
likel
ihoo
dof
this
min
ority
opin
ion
may
besu
ppor
ted
byth
efa
ctth
atas
ide
from
this
vers
e,th
eQ
ur’a
nne
ver
asso
ciat
esA
brah
amw
ithth
ePi
lgri
mag
eor
itsri
tes’
6.T
his
obse
rvat
ion
has
been
supp
orte
dfr
omth
epr
eced
ing
anal
ysis
ofth
eex
eget
ical
liter
atur
e.In
conc
lusi
on,
both
the
qur’
anic
and
exeg
etic
allit
erat
ure’
sas
soci
atio
nof
Abr
aham
with
the
sacr
edsi
tes
ofM
ecca
hear
ken
back
topr
e-ls
lam
icas
soci
atio
ns.
His
asso
ciat
ion
with
the
Pilg
rim
age,
how
ever
isan
Isla
mic
inno
vati
onth
atw
asun
know
nin
pre.
Isla
mic
times
.
Bos
ton
Uni
vers
ityC
olle
geof
Lib
eral
Art
sJI
BC
omm
onw
ealth
Ave
nue
Bos
ton.
MA
SS.
0221
5U
.S.A
.
Reu
ven
FIR
EST
ON
E
J.P
umic
ED
icai
a.w
ryan
dG
loss
w-r
ofth
eK
oran
,C
ambn
dge.
1970
.p
.4.
At.
.Ti.
s.si
4:97
s,v.
Q.22
:21,
Muh
amm
adA
sad
follo
ws
this
view
inhi
sE
nglis
hre
nditi
onof
Q.21
27(T
heM
exis
ige
ofih
eQ
ar’o
n,G
ibra
ltar
,19
80,
p.
509)
.Q
ur’a
n2;t
Isis
som
etim
esun
ders
tood
byIs
lam
ices
eges
isto
refe
rto
the
sial
iona
ofth
ePi
lgri
mag
e.In
the
conte
xt
oll
be
Qu?
an,
how
ever
,th
even
tport
ray.
Abr
aham
suin
gG
od
tom
ate
him
and
his
pro
gen
ypi
ous
and
teac
hth
emth
epr
oper
way
tow
orsh
ip(i
n
gene
ral
irnu
s-
no
tsp
etif
ical
lyin
rega
rdto
the
Pilg
rim
age)
.T
heco
tnm
ent.
tofl
read
the
wor
d.rn
jnd,
iAas
eith
ertis
atre
dri
tes.
or
.4pt
aces
ofw
ors
hip
..O
urLo
rd.
cain
eta
tnid
ow
pqgr
nr‘p
,sth
mit
toY
oar
till.
Show
usow
plac
esof
ritu
al(w
a’a
rin
im
anas
tkan
i)an
dli
ar,
sow
urd
us.!
.’.
Ytn,
are
ft’.
giri
ng
.co
nip
assio
nale
.