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APPLE OBSERVATION6. Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting

careful investigations.As a basis for understanding this concept, and to address the content the other three strands, students should develop their own questions and perform investigations. Students will:a. classify objects (e.g., rocks, plant, leaves) based on appropriate criteria.

STANDARDS

1. Elements and their combinations account for all the varied types of matter in the world.

a. during chemical reactions, the atoms in the reactants rearrange to form products with different properties.

c. metals have properties in common, such as electrical and thermal conductivity. Some metals, such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), are pure elements while others, such as steel and brass, are composed of a combination of elemental metals.

e. scientists have developed instruments that can create images of atoms and molecules showing that they are discrete and often occur in well ordered arrays.

f. differences in chemical and physical properties of substances are used to separate mixtures and identify compounds.

g. properties of solid, liquid, and gaseous substances, such as sugar (C6H12O6), water (H2O) helium (He), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2),and carbon dioxide (CO2).

i. common properties of salts, such as sodium chloride (NaCl).

A- CHAPTER 1- MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

LESSON 1- HOW CAN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES BE USED TO IDENTIFY MATTER?

WHAT DO APPLES, PARROTS, CANDY, PEOPLE, COMPUTERS, AND THE AIR YOU BREATHE HAVE IN COMMON?

THEY ARE ALL MADE UP OF MATTER!!!!

WHAT IS MATTER?

MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE.

OBJECTS MADE OF MATTER CAN BE

VERY DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER.

IT JUST DEPENDS ON ITS PROPERTIES

One property is its color. Another is its taste.

COLOR, HARDNESS, AND TASTE ARE EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

AN OBJECT’S ABILITY TO CONDUCT HEAT, SOUND, OR ELECTRICITY OR TO BECOME A MAGNET ARE ALSO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.

COLOR IS EASY. YOU JUST HAVE TO LOOK

OTHER OBJECTS REQUIRE YOU TO MEASURE TO FIND LENGTH FOR EXAMPLE.

MASS AND WEIGHT

One physical property that can be measured is mass.

An 18 wheel truck has more mass than a small car.

We can measure this.

TO MEASURE MATTER, IT IS EASY WHEN LOOKING AT A BIG TRUCK AND A SMALL CAR, BUT OTHER TIMES IT IS DIFFICULT.

Foam is matter with little mass.

WEIGHT IS OFTEN CONFUSED WITH MASS.

WEIGHT IS THE MEASURE OF THE PULL OF GRAVITY ON AN OBJECT. Mass of an object is always

the same, but weight is not.

For example, look at the small car again.

On earth it may way about 2,698 lbs., but on the moon, it may only weigh 450 lbs.

This is because the force of gravity is 6 times greater on earth.

BECAUSE WEIGHT CAN VARY, MASS IS A BETTER MEASUREMENT OF THE AMOUNT OF MATTER IN AN OBJECT.

Scale- weight

Balance- Mass

VOLUME

MATTER ALSO TAKES UP SPACE.

THE AMOUNT OF SPACE IT TAKES UP IS CALLED VOLUME

GRADUATED CYLINDER IS ONE WAY TO MEASURE VOLUME

VOLUME CAN ALSO BE MEASURED THROUGH CALCULATIONS

ONE WAY TO MEASURE SOLIDS WITH IRREGULAR SHAPES IS TO MEASURE THE WATER WHEN THE SOLID IS PRESENT OR NOT PRESENT.

MASS AND VOLUME ARE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES THAT AN BE MEASURED. IF YOU HAVE MEASURED THE MASS AND THE VOLUME OF AN OBJECT, YOU CAN ALSO CALCULATE ITS DENSITY.

Density is the concentration of matter in a certain volume. It can be caluculated by Density= mass / volume

DENSITY IS ALWAYS THE SAME FOR A PURE SUBSTANCE

IT CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY

If you had both of these, you can use density to identify

MIXTURES- A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT KINDS OF MATTER, EACH OF WHICH KEEP ITS OWN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.

If they keep its physical properties, you will still see the parts.

NOW, IF SUGAR IS MIXED WITH WATER, IT’S NOT EASY TO TELL WHAT IS IN THE MIXTURE. THE SUGAR SEEMS TO DISAPPEAR. BUT IF YOU TASTE IT, IT WILL BE SWEET.

The sugar keeps its physical property.

In this mixture the sugar dissolves into the water and becomes a

solution

MIXTURES

Can be separated into the substances that make them up. The method used to separate depends on their physical properties.

SOLUTIONS

Sugar is soluble, because of its ability to be dissolved. Something like ground pepper is not soluble.

SEA WATER IS A MIXTURE OF SALTS AND WATER. THE SALTS IN SEA WATER CAN BE SEPARATED FROM THE WATER BY EVAPORATION

SAND IS A MIXTURE OF SOLIDS. YOU CAN STILL SEE THE DIFFERENT SOLIDS AFTER THEY ARE MIXED TOGETHER.

RUBBING ALCOHOL IS A MIXTURE OF WATER AND ALCOHOL, BUT SOLUTIONS DON’T ALWAYS HAVE TO INCLUDE LIQUIDS.

METALS COULD BE A SOLUTION OF SOLIDS

= +

Brass is a mixture of zinc and copper (melting)

AIR IS A MIXTURE OF SEVERAL GASES

NOW IT’S TIME TO READ CHAPTER 1 LESSON 1

PLEASE BE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND ALL THAT YOU READ.

ALL MATERIAL THAT TAKES UP SPACE IS CALLED MATTER

WEIGHT IS MEASURED ON A SCALE AND MASS IS MEASURED ON A BALANCE

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INCLUDE MASS, WEIGHT, VOLUME, DENSITY, AND SOLUBILITY

SUGAR IS SOLUBLE IN WATER

A SOLUTION IS A TYPE OF MIXTURE

NOTES

CHAPTER 1 LESSON 2

THREE STAGES OF MATTER

WATER EXISTS AS A SOLID, A LIQUID, AND A GAS

WHICH STATE IT IS IN DEPENDS ON OTHER CONDITIONS, SUCH AS TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

A solid has a definite shape and volume

A liquid has a definite volume but no definite shape

A gas does not have a definite shape or volume

PARTICLES IN A SOLID

PARTICLES IN A LIQUID

PARTICLES IN A GAS

HERE ARE THE THREE

YOU MAY ONLY BE USED TO SEEING MATTER IN ONE STATE

Nitrogen

Aluminum

But all substances can change matter

LIQUID NITROGEN IS USED TO COOL OTHER MATERIALS TO VERY LOW TEMPERATURES

Liquid aluminum can be poured into molds to make other objects

WHEN PUDDLES FREEZE WATER IS CHANGING FROM A LIQUID TO A SOLID

When the sun comes out, it melts ice from a solid to a liquid

BOILING CHANGES FROM A LIQUID TO A GAS. EVEN WHEN WATER IS NOT BOILING SOME PARTICLES NEAR THE TOP MAY BE MOVING FAST ENOUGH TO EVAPORATE

What is evaporation?

CONDENSATION CHANGES A SUBSTANCE FROM A GAS TO A LIQUID

Water vapor in the air is cooled on the surface of the glass. It condenses, forming water drops.

PARTICLES CAN ALSO ESCAPE FROM THE SURFACE OF A SOLID AND BECOME A GAS.

This is called sublimation.

Without ever melting, dry ice forms a cold gas that looks like smoke.

CHANGES IN A STATE, DO NOT CHANGE A SUBSTANCE

Water is still water.

CHANGES IN STATE OCCUR WHEN HEAT IS ADDED OR REMOVED.

WHEN HEAT IS ADDED TO A SUBSTANCE, THE PARTICLES GAIN ENERGY, MOVE FASTER AND FARTHER APART

FARMERS WHO GROW ORANGES AND GRAPEFRUITS WORRY ABOUT THE OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE

If the water inside the fruit is frozen and then thaws, it could damage the fruit.

WHEN WEATHER FORECASTERS SPEAK OF FREEZING TEMPERATURES, THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT A TEMPERATURE IN WHICH WATER FREEZES.

MELTING AND BOILING POINTS

Different substances melt and boil at different temperatures.

Often times, this is how they are identified.

CHAPTER 1 LESSON 2 NOTES

A LIQUID HAS A DEFINITE VOLUME BUT NO DEFINITE SHAPE

A GAS DOES NOT HAVE A DEFINITE VOLUME OR A DEFINITE SHAPE

A SOLID HAS BOTH DEFINITE VOLUME AND DEFINITE SHAPE

WHEN LIQUID TURNS TO A GAS THIS IS CONDENSATION

CHAPTER 1 LESSON 3

CHANGES IN MATTER

PHYSICAL CHANGES OCCUR WHEN NO NEW SUBSTANCES ARE FORMED.

MAKING POTTERY AND CUTTING PAPER ARE PHYSICAL CHANGES

HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN CAN BE COOLED TO LIQUIDS. THEY GO THROUGH CHANGES IN VOLUME, STATE AND DENSITY. THESE ARE ALSO PHYSICAL CHANGES.

IN THE SPACE SHUTTLE’S ENGINE, LIQUID OXYGEN AND LIQUID HYDROGEN ARE MIXED TO BURN AS FUEL. THIS IS A CHEMICAL CHANGE

CHANGES IN WHICH ONE OR MORE SUBSTANCES ARE FORMED ARE CALLED CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

Melting marshmallow is a physical change.

A burning marshmallow is a chemical change.

BURNING IS ONE KIND OF CHEMICAL REACTION

Carbon and oxygen are reactants, the starting substances in a chemical reaction. Carbon dioxide is the product of the reaction. It is a new substance.

Chlorine gas reacts chemically with many different substances, but neon gas does not.

THE ABILITY TO REACT CHEMICALLY IS CALLED REACTIVITY

CLUES THAT HELP YOU IDENTIFY A CHEMICAL CHANGE.

1.CHANGE IN COLOR

2.PRODUCTION OF LIGHT HEAT, OR GAS

WHEN BAKING SODA IS MIXED WITH VINEGAR, IT BUBBLES.

THIS SHOWS THAT CARBON DIOXIDE HAS BEEN PRODUCED.

IT IS SOMETIMES HARD TO TELL

LIGHT PINK TO DARK PINK- PHYSICAL

POWDER HAS ONLY DISSOLVED

The carbon dioxide is simply coming out of the can- This is not a chemical reaction.

IS RUST A NEW SUBSTANCE, OR IS IT STILL IRON?

1. IT IS NOT SHINY LIKE IRON2. RUST IS POWDERY3. IRON CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY. RUST DOES NOT4. RUST DOES NOT REACT WITH OXYGEN. IRON DOES

A NEW SUBSTANCE HAS BEEN FORMED IN RUST

SINCE CHARCOAL BURNS, IT HAS THE CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF COMBUSTIBILITY

Some substances can be identified by certain characteristics of their combustibilty.

Flame tests can be used to identify substances based on the color of the flame.

Barium produces green, sodium produces yellow, and potassium produces violet

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ARE ALSO IMPORTANT IN DECIDING HOW CERTAIN SUBSTANCES CAN BE USED. MANY SOLUTIONS ARE EITHER ACIDS OR BASES

STRONG ACIDS AND STRONG BASES ARE DANGEROUS. YOU NEED TO MEASURE THEIR STRENGTH.

YOU MEASURE THEIR STRENGTH WITH DYES CALLED INDICATORS (THEY TURN DIFFERENT COLORS)

MINING INDUSTRY USES CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TO SEPARATE METALS FROM ORES

SEVERAL METHODS CAN BE USED TO GET METALS FROM ORES.

Spinning at very high speed

A SOLUTION OF A SOLID AND A LIQUID CAN BE SEPARATED BY BOILING AWAY THE LIQUID LEAVING BEHIND THE SOLID

THE COLLECTION OF WATER VAPOR AND CONDENSING IT IS CALLED DISTILLATION

SOMETIMES BOTH A PHYSICAL AND A CHEMICAL REACTION ARE USED TO RECOVER A SUBSTANCE FROM A MIXTURE

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS CAUSE MATTER TO LOOK DIFFERENT. BUT NEITHER CAN CHANGE THE AMOUNT OF MATTER PRESENT. MATTER IS NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED DURING A PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL CHANGE.

IF YOU CUT A PIECE OF PAPER INTO TINY PIECES YOU HAVE MORE PIECES OF PAPER BUT YOU

HAVE NOT MADE MORE PAPER!

1700’S ANTOINE LAVOISIER – A FRENCH CHEMIST WAS AMONG THE FIRST SCIENTISTS TO CAREFULLY MEASURE CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

NOTES FOR CHAPTER 1 LESSON 3

THE ABILITY OF A SUBSTANCE TO BURN IS CALLED COMBUSTIBILITY

REACTIVITY IS NOT A PHYSICAL PROPERTY

WHEN IRON RUSTS, IT NO LONGER CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY. THIS IS BECAUSE IT CHANGED CHEMICALLY

THE DENSITY OF AN OBJECT IS A PHYSICAL PROPERTY

MAKING SKIM MILK IS AN EXAMPLE OF USING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TO SEPARATE A MIXTURE