c. kalavrytinos - the use of natural fibre reinforced polymers for the bcu formula student vehicle
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
1/57
@epgedabog Cexu [de|kpsexu
Scbjji jl Kdaedkkpeda Hksead , God{locx{peda Susxkgs
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
XBK [SK JL DOX[POI LE@PK PKEDLJPCKH
GOXKPEOIS LJP XBK LJPG[IO SX[HKDX \KBECIK
S{~kp|esjp= Io{po Ikuiodh
Ocohkgec ukop 0>??'0>?0
Sk~xkg`kp 0>?0
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
2/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y e
O@SXPOCX
Xbes hesskpxoxejd bos ed|ksxeaoxkh xbk ~jsse`eiexu jl s{`sxex{xeda sudxbkxec'le`pk
pkedljpckh ~jiugkps exb dox{poi'le`kp pkedljpckh jdks$ Xbk oeg os xj hk|kij~ odh
ossks dk goxkpeois s{exo`ik ljp o~~iecoxejd ed xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik$ Xbk
eg~jpxodck jl xbes ~pjmkcx ieks ed exs krxkdsejd xj xbk lekih jl xbk o{xjgjxe|k odh
xpods~jpx edh{sxpu$
Ed jphkp xj osskss xbk s{exo`eiexu jl dox{poi le`pks os pkedljpckgkdx goxkpeoi) le|k
hellkpkdx sog~ik s~kcegkds kpk ~pjh{ckh odh xksxkh$ Xbk goed ledhedas jl xbk
sx{hu edhecoxkh xbox xbk gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks ocbek|kh `u xbk cjg~jsexks opk
hkledexkiu ohkq{oxk ljp {sk ed djd'sxp{cx{poi o~~iecoxejds$
O cjg~jdkdx ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik os oisj ~pjh{ckh ed jphkp xj ~pj|k
xbox s{cb od o~~iecoxejd es ~jsse`ik$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
3/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ee
OCFDJQIKHAKGKDXS
E coddjx xbodf gu s{~kp|esjp) Io{po Ikuiodh) kdj{ab) ljp bkp cjdsxodx s{~~jpx odh
a{ehodck h{peda xbk hk|kij~gkdx jl xbes ~pjmkcx$ Gjpkj|kp) E j{ih iefk xj kr~pkss
gu apoxex{hk xj Ho|eh Mjdks) bjsk ed|ji|kgkdx odh fdjikhak ed xbk Ljpg{io
Sx{hkdx cjg~kxexejd ed ~ioukh o gomjp pjik ed xbes oxxkg~x$ Xbodfs) oisj) xj jpfsbj~
sxoll odh xkcbdeceods Gopxed Pkk|ks) Ho|eh ^beiie~s odh Esb|kp ^oxki ljp xbkep bki~
exb god{locx{peda odh xksxeda xbk goxkpeois$
Ledoiiu) E j{ih iefk xj xbodf gu ~opkdxs odh apodh~opkdxs) gu lpekdh odh cjiikoa{k
Akjpak Hk|j{pjs odh) iosx `{x djx ikosx) Gohoikdo ljp xbkep {dcjdhexejdoi s{~~jpx$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
4/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y eee
CJDXKDXS
O@SXPOCX $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ EOCFDJQIKHAKGKDXS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ EEAIJSSOPU $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ \IESX JL LEA[PKS ODH XO@IKS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ \?$> EDXPJH[CXEJD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?
?$?^PJ@IKG J\KP\EKQ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ??$0OEG $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0?$3J@MKCXE\KS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0?$8A[EHKIEDK GKXBJHJIJAU $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0
0$> IEXKPOX[PK PK\EKQ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 30$?EDXPJH[CXEJD XJ ^JIUGKP CJG^JSEXKS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3
0$?$? Sxp{cx{poi @kbo|ej{p $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 80$?$0 Ciosselecoxejd jl Cjg~jsexks $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;0$?$3 Cbopocxkpesxecs odh God{locx{peda ^pjckssks $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0$0$? Xbk Dkkh ljp S{sxoedo`eiexu $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?>0$0$0 S{sxoedo`ik Goxkpeois odh xbkep O~~iecoxejds $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?0
0$3DOX[POI LE@PKS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?30$3$? Oh|odxoaks jl Dox{poi Le`pks $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?;0$3$0 Hesoh|odxoaks jl Dox{poi Le`pks $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
5/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y e|
3$8^PJH[CXEJD JL L[II SCOIK CJG^JDKDX GJ[IH $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0 PKS[IXS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 05
8$?XKDSEIK XKSX$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 058$0ODOIUSES JL PKS[IXS$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3;8$3^PJH[CXEJD JL L[II SCOIK CJG^JDKDX$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 31
;$> HESC[SSEJD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 32;$?CJG^OPESJD QEXB SEGEIOP ^PK\EJ[S QJPF $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 32;$0AKDKPOI J@SKP\OXEJDS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 35
;$0$? Xbk Kllkcx jl Pksed'xj'Le`pk Poxej $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 35;$0$0 Xbk Edxkplock `kxkkd Pksed odh Le`pk $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8>
;$3SKIKCXEDA XBK GJSX S[EXO@IK GOXKPEOI $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8>;$3$? Cjep cjg~jsexks Cioss 3 , 8% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8>;$3$0 M{xk cijxb odh xedk Cioss ;% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8?;$3$3 Qj|kd m{xk cijxb Cioss ? , 0% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 80;$3$8 Skikcxejd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 88;$3$; ^pjh{ckh ~opx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 88
CJDCI[SEJDS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8;
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
6/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y |
Aijssopu
CSO Cpjss Skcxejdoi Opko
Cjep Cjcjd{x le`pk
K Uj{da!s Gjh{i{s jl Kiosxecexu
LS Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx
AM Aeao'Mj{iks
A^o Aeao'^oscoi
AP^ Aioss Pkedljpckh ^iosxec
G^o Gkao'^oscoi
^^ ^jiu~pj~uikdk
^\O ^jiu|edui Oicjbji "Pkikosk Oakdx%
PXG Pksed Xpodslkp Gj{iheda
[XS [ixegoxk Xkdseik Sxpkdaxb
Iesx jl Lea{pks odh Xo`iks
Lea{pk ?) A{ehkiedk gkxbjhjijau $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3Lea{pk 0) Qjjh apoed "Qefe~kheo% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8Lea{pk 3) Xu~ecoi pkedljpckgkdxs "Cog~`kii) 0>?>% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;Lea{pk 8) Edli{kdck jl pkedljpckgkdx xu~k odh q{odxexu jd ~kpljpgodck "Cog~`kii)
0>?>% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?0% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?>Lea{pk 1) Hk~kdhkdck jd djdpkdko`ik goxkpeois "Osb`u) 0>?0% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ??Lea{pk 2) Gkpckhks O'0>> Dox{poi Le`pk Xbkpgj~iosxecs "$loj$jpa% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?3Lea{pk 5) Kdkpau ljp ~pjh{cxejd jl |opej{s le`pks "Cpesxoihe kx oi$0>?0% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?) Gkxbjhjijau $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0>Lea{pk ??) C{xxeda xbk pkedljpckgkdx$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 00Lea{pk ?0) Qkeabxeda xbk pkedljpckgkdx$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 00Lea{pk ?3) ^pk~opeda xbk s{plock$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 03Lea{pk ?8) Gereda pkedljpckgkdx odh pksed$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 03Lea{pk ?;) Edsxoiioxejd odh xksxeda jl sxpoed ao{aks$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 08Lea{pk ?
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
7/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y |e
Lea{pk 0>) Iou{~ jl le`pkaioss odh pksed$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 02Lea{pk 0?) ^pk~opoxejd jl gj{ih ljp lepsx pkikosk$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 02Lea{pk 00) Krog~ik jl ocq{epkh hoxo "?$?%$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3>Lea{pk 03) Pks{ixs ljp s~kcegkd ?$0$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3>Lea{pk 08) Pks{ixs ljp s~kcegkd ?$3$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3?Lea{pk 0;) Pks{ixs ljp s~kcegkd ?$8$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3?Lea{pk 0) Pks{ixs ljp s~kcegkd 3$0$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 38Lea{pk 3?) Pks{ixs ljp s~kcegkd 8$?$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 38Lea{pk 30) Pks{ixs ljp s~kcegkd ;$?$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3;Lea{pk 33) ^pjh{cxejd jl hpe|kp!s skox$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 31Lea{pk 38) Ledesbkh cjg~jdkdx "lpjdx%$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 32Lea{pk 3;) Ledesbkh cjg~jdkdx "`ocf%$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 32Lea{pk 3) Oep co|exeks ed goxkpeoi$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 83
Xo`ik ?) Le`pk ~pj~kpxeks "$loj$cjg% $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?8Xo`ik 0) Iogedoxk xksx ~ioxks$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0?Xo`ik 3) Xkdseik xksx s~kcegkds$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0?Xo`ik 8) Xkdseik xksx s~kcegkds$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 05Xo`ik ;) Xkdseik sxpkss pks{ixs$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
8/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ?
?$> Edxpjh{cxejd
?$? ^pj`ikg J|kp|ek
Ljp xbk ~osx hkcohk xbkpk bos `kkd od edcpkosk ed xbk {sk jl sj~besxecoxkh
cjg~jsexk goxkpeois xbox bos krxkdhkh `kujdh krxpkgk odh edh{sxpeoi o~~iecoxejds
s{cb os xbk s~ock ~pjapogs odh bos pkocbkh xbk k|kpuhou {skp$ Ks~kceoiiu ed xbk
o{xjgjxe|k odh gjxjps~jpx lekihs) xbkpk es o sxp{aaik ljp gofeda ieabxkp odh gjpk
h{po`ik cjg~jdkdxs ed jphkp xj edcpkosk ~kpljpgodck$
Jdk jl xbk goed hpe|kps jl xbes p{sb opk xbk xkcbdjijaecoi hk|kij~gkdxs ed xbk
Ljpg{io ? Apodh ^per bkpk dj|ki o~~iecoxejds opk xksxkh ljp ~kpljpgodck odhpkieo`eiexu$ Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois krxkdhs lpjg seg~ik okpjhudogec
cjg~jdkdxs xj s{s~kdsejd odh lpogk ijoh `kopeda cjg~jdkdxs$ Xbes bos ikh xj
cjg~jsexks `keda {skh ed cjds{gkp |kbeciks ljp xbk sofk jl keabx pkh{cxejd odh
eg~pj|kh bodhieda cbopocxkpesxecs$
@epgedabog Cexu [de|kpsexu ~opxece~oxks ed xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx "LS% cjg~kxexejd exb
o poceda cop `keda `{eix k|kpu ukop$ Xbk goxkpeois {skh ox xbk gjgkdx opk gkxoi ljp
xbk lpogk) oi{gede{g ljp sjgk ~pkcesejd cjg~jdkdxs "e$k$ sxkkpeda fd{cfik% odh xj
sjgk krxkdx le`pkaioss jp Aioss Pkedljpckh ^iosxec ljp xbk djsk cjdk odh sehk ~jhs$
Oii xbksk goxkpeois c{ppkdxiu ed {sk ljp xbk |kbecik opk goediu cbjskd `kco{sk jl xbkep
o|oeio`eiexu) ij cjsx odh kosk jl {sk ed xbk jpfsbj~$ Odjxbkp locxjp j{ih `k xbox o
seg{ioxejd |oiehoxejd `kljpk ~pjh{cxejd jl o cjg~jdkdx j{ih `k kosekp exb gjpk
cjggjd goxkpeois sedck ~kpljpgeda seg{ioxejds exb cjg~jsexk goxkpeois cod `k
cboiikdaeda$
Bjk|kp) xbes ~pjmkcx oxxkg~xs xj ijjf edxj xbk ~jsse`eiexu jl pk~ioceda o d{g`kp jl
cjg~jdkdxs exb dk jdks gohk jl gjpk s{sxoedo`ik goxkpeois$ O iegex xj box
goxkpeois cod `k {skh ed xbk sx{hkdx jpfsbj~ ed jphkp xj gofk xbk ~opxs kresxs)
iegexeda locxjps `keda gjsxiu ess{ks exb kq{e~gkdx) fdj'bj) s~ock) xegk odh) jl
cj{psk) {hakx cjdsxpoedxs$
Xbes ikohs xj xbk cjdsehkpoxejd jl gjpk s{sxoedo`ik odh kd|epjdgkdxoiiu lpekdhiu
cjg~jsexk goxkpeois xbox cj{ih `k {skh xj god{locx{pk |kbecik cjg~jdkdxs ed xbk
{de|kpsexu jpfsbj~$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
9/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 0
?$0 Oeg
Xj ed|ksxeaoxk bkxbkp dox{poi le`pks cod `k od oixkpdoxe|k xj god'gohk le`pks ed
pkedljpckh ~jiugkps `u kr~kpegkdxeda exb Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx cjg~jdkdxs odho~~iecoxejds$
?$3 J`mkcxe|ks
Ed jphkp xj s{cckssl{iiu cjg~ikxk xbes ~pjmkcx xbk ljiijeda j`mkcxe|ks g{sx ljpg xbk
`ocf`jdk jl xbk xosfs ed|ji|kh=
Pkskopcb ljp ~jsse`ik o~~iecoxejds jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois6
Skikcx o |kbecik cjg~jdkdx odh iesx xbk hksead pkq{epkgkdxs
Osskss odh skikcx o d{g`kp jl dox{poi le`pks
^pjh{ck odh xksx goxkpeoi s~kcegkds occjpheda xj sxodhophs
^pjh{ck odh xksx l{ii scoik cjg~jdkdx
K|oi{oxk pks{ixs
^pj|ehk pkcjggkdhoxejds ljp l{pxbkp jpf
?$8 A{ehkiedk Gkxbjhjijau
Xbk ljiijeda gkxbjhjijau es ohj~xkh os o akdkpoi a{ehkiedk ed jphkp xj coppu j{x xbes
~pjmkcx$ Xbes o~~pjocb es cbjskd h{k xj iocf jl scekdxelec odh ocohkgec hoxo jd
goxkpeois segeiop xj xbk jdks cjdsehkpkh bkpked$ Ex es s{`mkcx xj cbodaks hk~kdheda jd
xbk lij jl xbk ~pjmkcx$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
10/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 3
Lea{pk ?) A{ehkiedk gkxbjhjijau
0$> Iexkpox{pk Pk|ek
0$? Edxpjh{cxejd xj ~jiugkp cjg~jsexks
@kxkkd ?58> odh ?5) xbkpk os po~eh hk|kij~gkdx jl dk ~jiugkps ~{sbkh `u
dkkh jl cbko~ odh kosu xj ljpg goxkpeois$ Bjk|kp) xbk xu~ecoi sxpkdaxb odh sxelldkss
jl ~jiugkps coddjx koseiu soxeslu xbk sxp{cx{poi pkq{epkgkdxs jl ~kpljpgodck
cjg~jdkdxs$ Xbes cpkoxkh o dkkh ljp sjgk fedh jl pkedljpckgkdx jl xbk ~{pk
~jiugkp$ Krog~iks jl pkedljpckgkdx {skh xjhou edci{hk aioss) cop`jd odh dox{poi
le`pks$ Xb{s) goxkpeois iefk aioss'le`pk pkedljpckh ~iosxec "e$k$ AP^ jp le`pkaioss% opk
dogkh cjg~jsexks$
Xbk ehko jl cpkoxeda cjg~jsexk goxkpeois hoxks `ocf xbj{sodhs jl ukops bkd god
sxopxkh `{eiheda bj{sks lpjg sxpo pkedljpckh g{h odh xbkd ed|kdxkh iogedoxkh odh
cjg~jsexk `js$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
11/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 8
Ed ?53;) Jkds Cjpdeda ed|kdxkh le`pkaioss `u ohheda aioss le`pks xj ~jiugkps) xb{s)
gopfs xbk `kaeddeda jl xbk Le`pk Pkedljpckh ^jiugkps edh{sxpu$
"$jkdscjpdeda$cjg%
Lpjg xbox ~jedx jd) xbk skcjdh Qjpih Qop odh xbk edh{sxpeoi oh|odckgkdxs) os kii
os) xbk cpkoxejd jl dk ~jiugkps odh pkseds ~{sbkh xbk hk|kij~gkdx jl dk
god{locx{peda ~pjckssks$ Xbes oisj pks{ixkh ed cjg~jsexks `keda {skh ed gjpk
cjggjd o~~iecoxejds o~opx lpjg geiexopu jdks$ Cop`jd le`pk os oisj edxpjh{ckh ed
?5;2 u Pjakp @ocjd$ "ocsk`cjdxkdx$ocs$jpa%
0$?$? Sxp{cx{poi @kbo|ej{p
Ed jphkp xj {dhkpsxodh bj cjg~jsexks `kbo|k od kr~iodoxejd jl xbkep sxp{cx{pk cod
`k bki~l{i$ Goxkpeois s{cb os gkxois) ~jiugkps odh ckpogecs {s{oiiu bo|k o
bjgjakdj{s gecpjsxp{cx{pk odh xbkpkljpk bo|k xbk sogk gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks
becbk|kp ou xbku opk sxpksskh$ Xbku opk coiikh esjxpj~ec h{k xj xbkep esjxpj~ec
`kbo|ej{p$ Qexb ~jiugkp cjg~jsexks) xbk hepkcxejd odh ~iockgkdx jl xbk
pkedljpckgkdx bos od kllkcx jd xbk `kbo|ej{p jl xbk goxkpeoi$ "Fjcfs) 0>>>%
Ljp krog~ik) jjh es o dox{poi cjg~jsexk becb krbe`exs odesjxpj~ec `kbo|ej{p h{k
xj xbk hepkcxejd jl xbk apoed$ Xbkpkljpk) xbk gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks jl odesjxpj~ec
goxkpeois hk~kdh jd xbk hepkcxejd jl ijoh odh opk hellkpkdx ed oii hepkcxejds$
Lea{pk 0) Qjjh apoed "Qefe~kheo%
Ex es eg~jpxodx xj xofk xbox edxj cjdsehkpoxejd bkd hkseadeda exb cjg~jsexks odh xj
kds{pk xbox xbk ijohs xbk cjg~jdkdx es s{`mkcxkh xj opk ~jsexejdkh ed xbk `ksx
~jsse`ik ou$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
12/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ;
[dhkp ijoh) xbk edxkplock `kxkkd xbk le`pk odh goxper es s{`mkcxkh {dhkp sbkop
ijoheda os s{aaksxkh `u Cog~`kii "0>?>%$ Xb{s) ex ~ious o gomjp pjik ed xbk
gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks jl xbk goxkpeoi$
0$?$0 Ciosselecoxejd jl Cjg~jsexks
Hk~kdheda jd xbk xu~k jl pkedljpckgkdx odh ~iockgkdx jl xbk le`pks) cjg~jsexks cod
`k ciosselekh edxj apj{~s$ Xbk xu~ks jl le`pks opk {s{oiiu cjdxed{j{s "exb ~pklkppkh
jpekdxoxejd% jp hescjdxed{j{s) exb xbk ioxxkp bo|eda o pkioxe|kiu ij ikdaxb'xj'heogkxkp
poxej$ Xu~ecoi cjdxed{j{s le`pks) os eii{sxpoxkh ed Lea$ 3) opk {dehepkcxejdoi) j|kd
cijxb odh j{dh le`pks odh hescjdxed{j{s le`pks opk he|ehkh xj cbj~~kh odh podhjg
gox$
Occjpheda xj Cog~`kii "0>?>%) ~pjh{ceda o cjg~jdkdx `u iogedoxeda cijxbs jl
cjdxed{j{s le`pk pkedljpckgkdx oiijs xbk le`pk |ji{gk xj `k os beab os 1>+ h{k xj
xbk sgoii heogkxkp jl xbk le`pks$ Bk cjdxed{ks xj sxpkss xbox le`pks ~pjh{ck beab
sxpkss cjg~jsexks h{k xj xbkep iocf jl s{plock hklkcxs cjg~opkh xj o goxkpeoi
~pjh{ckh ed `{if$ Xbk edli{kdck jl xbk q{odxexu odh xu~k jl pkedljpckgkdx {skh es
sbjd ed Lea$ 8$
Lea{pk 3) Xu~ecoi pkedljpckgkdxs Cog~`kii) 0>?>%
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
13/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ?>%
Xbkpk es o ~pocxecoi iegex xj xbk ogj{dx jl pksed xbox cod `k {skh sedck o pksed |ji{gk
ikss xbod 3>+ j{ih bo|k od kllkcx xj xbk q{oiexu jl `jdheda odh xbk edxkplock jl xbk
pkedljpckgkdx odh xbk goxper$ Ex es cikop lpjg xbk apo~b) xbox ljp o beab ~kpljpgodck
o~~iecoxejd xbk j|kd cijxb es jdk jl xbk `ksx cbjecks sedck ex cod exbsxodh ijohs ox
hellkpkdx hepkcxejds odh xbkpkljpk bos o ehkp {sk$
Bjk|kp) xbkpk opk o~~iecoxejds bkpk o cjdxed{j{s oieadkh cjg~jsexk j{ih
~kpljpg `kxxkp) s{cb os ed xkdsejd jp `kdheda ed jdk ores$ Xbes cod `k oxxpe`{xkh xj
xbk ogj{dx jl le`pks xbox opk p{ddeda oijda xbk ores jl ijoh$ Xbkjpkxecoiiu exb o
>*5> j|kd cijxb) xbk ogj{dx jl le`pks j{ih `k boil bkd cjg~opkh xj o
{dehepkcxejdoi cijxb$
Ed o~~iecoxejds bkpk o cjg~jdkdx es djx o beab ijoh `kopeda gkg`kp "k$a$ cop
`jddkx%) xbk cjsx cod `k fk~x ij `u {seda o hescjdxed{j{s xu~k jl pkedljpckgkdx$
0$?$3 Cbopocxkpesxecs odh God{locx{peda pjckssks
^jiugkp cjg~jsexks opk gohk `u cjg`ededa o goxper exb o pkedljpckgkdx goxkpeoi$
Xu~ecoi goxpecks edci{hk xbkpgjskxs) xbkpgj~iosxecs) pkseds odh jxbkp goxkpeois s{cb
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
14/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 1
os xbk g{h {skh ed xbk ohj`k `pecfs gkdxejdkh kopiekp$ Le`pks opk gjsxiu {skh os
pkedljpckgkdx exb le`pk aioss odh cop`jd le`pk `keda xbk gjsx cjggjd$ Xbk goxper)
oisj coiikh xbk cjdxed{j{s ~bosk) bki~s ed goedxoededa xbk cjppkcx jpekdxoxejd odh
s~oceda odh ~pjxkcxs xbkg lpjg xbk kikgkdxs "Cog~`kii) 0>?>%$ Xbk hellkpkdx
god{locx{peda ~pjckssks opk iesxkh `kij=
J~kd Gj{ih ' Bodh Iou{~
Od j~kd gj{ih exb o pkosjdo`iu sgjjxb s{plock es {skh os o `osk sbo~k$ Sk|kpoi
sxk~s jl ~pk~opeda xbk gj{ih ed jphkp xj kds{pk o ~pj~kp hkxocbgkdx jl xbk ~pjh{ckh
~opx opk xofkd "e$k$ oreda) pkikosk oakdxs) kxc$%$ Xbkd ~jiuksxkp jp k~jru pksed opk
gjsx cjggjdiu {skh odh pkedljpckgkdx le`pks opk copkl{iiu ~iockh) {s{oiiu ed ioukps
coiikh iogedos) beik o pjiikp es {skh xj cjdsjiehoxk xbk xj odh oisj pkgj|k xbk
krckss pksed odh odu oep `{``iks xbox geabx bo|k ljpgkh$ Xbk ~opx es xbkd iklx xj c{pk
odh es ioxkp pkgj|kh lpjg xbk gj{ih odh odu krckss khaks opk xpeggkh jl$
Xbes es o |kpu seg~ik ~pjckss odh hjks djx pkq{epk odu s~kceoi kq{e~gkdx odh es oisj
{skh xj gofk le`pkaioss gj{ihs lpjg o cjg~jdkdx$
Xbk gkpexs jl {seda xbes ~pjckss es exs seg~iecexu) ij cjsx ed goxkpeois odh kq{e~gkdx)
odh xbk ehk o|oeio`eiexu jl xbk edapkhekdxs$ Gjpkj|kp) hellkpkdx goxpecks jp
pkedljpckgkdxs cod `k {skh ed jphkp xj ~pjh{ck o cjg~jdkdx xbox soxesleks |opej{s
pkq{epkgkdxs$ "$~kpljpgodckcjg~jsexks$cjg%
\oc{{g @oaaeda
Xbes ~pjckss es segeiop xj xbk J~kd Gj{ih jdk exb xbk ohhexejd jl o ~iosxec leig `oa
xbox cj|kps xbk gj{ih odh exb xbk bki~ jl o |oc{{g ~{g~ xbk ~pkss{pk `{eih {~ odh
~pkssks jd xbk j~kd lock jl xbk ~opx xj kds{pk ~pj~kp cjdsjiehoxejd jl xbk ioukps {dxei
xbk cjg~jdkdx c{pks$ Ed sjgk cosks) o bkoxeda kikgkdx es edxpjh{ckh ed jphkp xj
pkh{ck xbk c{peda ~pjckss xegk$ Oaoed) xbes es o loepiu seg~ik ~pjckss krck~x xbk locx
xbox o s~kceoi `oa) ~e~eda odh o |oc{{g ~{g~ opk pkq{epkh$
"$~kpljpgodckcjg~jsexks$cjg%
^pk~pka
Xbes ~pjckss {sks o xj sehkh gj{ih exb o peaeh `jxxjg odh od kiosxec gkg`podk jd
xj~$ Sbkkxs jp ~pk'eg~pkadoxkh lo`pec opk {skh edsxkoh jl gereda le`pks exb pksed$
\oc{{g es o~~iekh odh xbk gj{ih es edskpxkh edxj od o{xjcio|k exb kik|oxkh
xkg~kpox{pk odh ~pkss{pk$ Xbes ~pjckss bos xbk oh|odxoak jl o beabkp le`pk xj pksed
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
15/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 2
|ji{gk beik sxeii pks{ixeda ed o kii cjdsjiehoxkh cjg~jdkdx$ Xbes ae|ks xbk goxkpeoi
edcpkoskh gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks$ "$~kpljpgodckcjg~jsexks$cjg%
Pksed Xpodslkp Gj{iheda "PXG
Odjxbkp ~pjckss exb o xj'~ekck gj{ih bkpk xbk pkedljpckgkdx lo`pec es ~iockh jd
exs jd ed xbk gj{ih co|exu odh xbkd xbk pksed es edxpjh{ckh |eo |opej{s gkxbjhs$ O
|oc{{g edl{sejd es cjggjdiu {skh ed becb xbk |oc{{g cpkoxkh ed xbk co|exu sijiu
hpos pksed ed beik krckss pksed es ~{g~kh j{x$ "$~kpljpgodckcjg~jsexks$cjg%
J|kp|ek
Ex es j`|ej{s xbox xbk ioxxkp ~pjckssks pkq{epk gjpk kq{e~gkdx odh pksj{pcks xj
~pjh{ck xksx s~kcegkds jp cjg~jdkdxs$ Xbk gomjp hellkpkdcks ed xbk q{oiexu jl xbk
~pjh{ckh cjg~jdkdxs gohk exb hellkpkdx ~pjckssks opk=
Le`pk xj Pksed poxej= O beabkp poxej xkdhs xj ae|k `kxxkp gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks
el xbk goxper odh pkedljpckgkdx es ~pj~kpiu cjdsjiehoxkh$ Xbes poxej es kosekp xj
cjdxpji odh fkk~ beab beik {seda xbk gjpk cjg~ikr ~pjckssks s{cb os
|oc{{g edl{sejd$
Ioukp cjdsjiehoxejd= O~~iueda ~pkss{pk beik xbk ~opx c{pks cod pks{ix ed
`kxxkp cjdsjiehoxejd exb pkh{ckh ogj{dxs jl pksed$
Cjdsesxkdcu= O bodh iou{~ gkxbjh es s{sck~xe`ik xj hellkpkdcks ed sxp{cx{pk
cjdsesxkdcu j|kp xbk opko jl xbk cjg~jdkdx) xb{s) cpkoxeda kof s~jxs$ Ex oisj
bos od kllkcx ed xbk ~pkhecxo`eiexu jl xbk gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks$
Xbk ljiijeda apo~b "Lea$ ;% go~s xbk ~jsse`ik god{locx{peda ~pjckssks occjpheda xj
xbk goxper odh pkedljpckgkdx {skh$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
16/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 5
Lea{pk ;) Gomjp ~jiugkp goxper cjg~jsexk god{locx{peda ~pjckssks
Cog~`kii) 0>?>%
0$?$8 Oh|odxoaks odh Hesoh|odxoaks jl Cjg~jsexks
Sjgk |kpu o~~opkdx oh|odxoaks jl cjg~jsexks pkioxe|k xj xbes ~pjmkcx edci{hk beab
sxpkdaxb) ieabx keabx) cjppjsejd pksesxodck odh xbk o`eiexu xj ~jsexejd xbk
pkedljpckgkdx ed o ou xbox bki~s edcpkosk sxpkdaxb ed o ~opxec{iop hepkcxejd$
Jd xbk jxbkp bodh) xbku cod bo|k ij sxpkdaxb ed xbk j{x'jl'~iodk hepkcxejd odh cod
`k ~pjdk xj eg~ocx hogoak jp hk'iogedoxejd$ Gjpkj|kp) xbkpk es o beab cjsx jl po
goxkpeoi odh lo`pecoxejd$
0$?$; Xu~ecoi O~~iecoxejds
Xbk goed locxjp ljp edcpkoseda xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ed xbk xpods~jpxoxejd
edh{sxpu es xbk pkh{cxejd jl keabx jl |kbeciks$ Xbes cod apkoxiu ollkcx xbk ~kpljpgodck
odh oisj xbk l{ki cjds{g~xejd$ Osb`u "0>?0% ae|ks o ajjh krog~ik jl bj cbjjseda
xbk goxkpeoi ljp o cop `{g~kp cod ollkcx xbk kdkpau {soak ed|ji|kh ed xbk |kbecik!s
ielkcucik$ Lea{pk < edhecoxks xbox beik gjpk kdkpau es pkq{epkh xj god{locx{pk o
ieabxkeabx cop `{g~kp) h{k xj xbk l{ki cjds{g~xejd so|edas xbox pks{ix lpjg o ieabxkp
|kbecik goss) xbk j|kpoii kdkpau {skh xbpj{abj{x xbk |kbecik!s ielkcucik es
cjdsehkpo`iu ikss xbod exb o xpohexejdoi sxkki `{g~kp$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
17/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ?>
Lea{pk $>>>fg cop Osb`u) 0>?0%
Xbes kllkcx j{ih `k g{cb gjpk eg~jpxodx exb o |kbecik xbox xpo|kis gjpk h{peda exs
ielkcucik "k$a$ o cjggkpceoi oep~iodk% odh xbk eg~ocx ed l{ki cjds{g~xejd odh
~jii{xejd j{ih `k xpkgkdhj{s$
O~opx lpjg l{ki so|eda) cjg~jsexk cjg~jdkdxs opk {skh ed o~~iecoxejds bkpk o ij
|kbecik goss es eg~jpxodx xj exs ~kpljpgodck) s{cb os ed gjxjps~jpxs$ [s{oiiu) cjsx es
djx s{cb od eg~jpxodx locxjp bkd ex cjgks xj cjg~kxexe|k gjxjps~jpxs$ Xbkpkljpk)
le`pkaioss odh cop`jd le`pk cjg~jdkdxs opk dj cjggjd odh bo|k oisj o~~kopkh ed
cjds{gkp o{xjgjxe|k o~~iecoxejds$
Xbkpk opk) jl cj{psk) jxbkp locxjps xbox gofk cjg~jsexk goxkpeois s{exo`ik ljp ckpxoed
o~~iecoxejds "k$a$ djd'goadkxec ljp odxe'gedk |ksskis% `{x xbku opk djx hepk|xiu pkioxkh
xj xbes ~pjmkcx$
0$0 Goxkpeoi S{sxoedo`eiexu
0$0$? Xbk Dkkh ljp S{sxoedo`eiexu
Osb`u "0>?0% bos iesxkh xbk dox{poi pksj{pcks o|oeio`ik xj {s os= kdkpau) gedkpois)iodh) oxkp odh oep$O~opx lpjg gedkpois) xbk pkgoededa pksj{pcks cod `k cjdsehkpkh
pkdko`ik sedck gedkpois bo|k opk o ledexk pksj{pck$ Bk ae|ks o lea{pk jl 0?+ jl xbk
akdkpoiiu o|oeio`ik kdkpau os cjds{gkh xj ~pjh{ck xbk goxkpeois$ Jl cj{psk) xbkpk es
o hellkpkdck `kxkkd bj g{cb kdkpau es dkkhkh xj ~pjh{ck oi{gede{g lpjg gedkpoi
jpk odh xj ~pjh{ck jjh ljp sxp{cx{poi ~{p~jsks$
[seda goxkpeois hkpe|kh lpjg o djd pkdko`ik sj{pck es ox xbk gjgkdx edk|exo`ik$
Bjk|kp) xbkpk es o dkkh xj cjdskp|k xbksk djd pkdko`ik pksj{pcks jxbkpesk j{p
l{x{pk ieks ed hodakp$ Lea{pk 1 eii{sxpoxks xbk edcpkosk jl j{p hk~kdhkdck jd
djdpkdko`ik goxkpeois j|kp xbk cj{psk jl godfedh$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
18/57
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
19/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ?0
dkkh ljp s{sxoededa xbk q{odxexu jl xbk dox{poi goxkpeois ed jphkp fkk~ ~pjh{cxejd
beabkp xbod hkgodh odh {sk$
0$0$0 S{sxoedo`ik Goxkpeois odh xbkep O~~iecoxejds
Xbk oeg jl xbes ~pjmkcx es xj ed|ksxeaoxk bkxbkp ex es ~jsse`ik xj pk~iock cjd|kdxejdoi
goxkpeois {skh ed xbk Ljpg{io \kbecik odh) ed krxkdx) ed xbk xpods~jpxoxejd edh{sxpu)
exb gjpk s{sxoedo`ik goxkpeois$ Xbk {sk jl dox{poi le`pks ljp xkcbdecoi cjg~jsexk
o~~iecoxejds bos pkckdxiu `kkd xbk s{`mkcx jl edxkdse|k pkskopcb ed K{pj~k$ Godu
o{xjgjxe|k cjg~jdkdxs opk oipkohu ~pjh{ckh ed dox{poi cjg~jsexks) goediu `oskh
jd ~jiuksxkp jp ~jiu~pj~uikdk "^^% odh le`pks iefk lior) bkg~ jp sesoi$ Xbk ohj~xejd jl
dox{poi le`pk cjg~jsexks ed xbes edh{sxpu es ikoh `u gjxe|ks jl o% ~peck `% keabx
pkh{cxejd odh c% gopfkxeda "!~pjcksseda pkdko`ik pksj{pcks!% poxbkp xbod xkcbdecoi
hkgodhs$ Xbk podak jl ~pjh{cxs es pksxpecxkh xj edxkpejp odh djd'sxp{cx{poi
cjg~jdkdxs iefk hjjp {~bjisxkpu jp pkop sbki|ks$
Xbkpk opk) ed locx) godu |kbecik god{locx{pkps xbox bo|k `kkd {seda dox{poi le`pks os
o pkedljpckgkdx ed xbkep ~jiugkp cjg~jsexks ljp j|kp o hkcohk$ Hoegikp Cbpusikp OA
odh xbk \OA Apj{~ "\Q) ^jpscbk) O{he% bo|k {skh xbkg krxkdse|kiu ljp djd
sxp{cx{poi cjg~jdkdxs "Lea$ 2%$ "$cjg~jsexksjpih$cjg%
Jl cj{psk) ed sjgk cosks) jdiu xbk pkedljpckgkdx cjgks lpjg o pkdko`ik sj{pck
beik xbk goxper pkgoeds o xu~ecoi god'gohk ~jiugkp$ Bjk|kp) dox{poi pkseds s{cb
os L{pod bo|k `kkd cjg`edkh exb dox{poi le`pks$
Xbk {sk jl dox{poi le`pks ed o{xjgj`eiks bos iopakiu `kkd pksxpecxkh xj {~bjisxkpu
o~~iecoxejds `kco{sk jl xbk xpohexejdoi sbjpxcjgedas jl dox{poi le`pk cjg~jsexks) ij
eg~ocx sxpkdaxb odh ~jjp gjesx{pk pksesxodck$ Pkckdx pkskopcb pks{ixs sbj xbox
xbkpk es o iopak ~jxkdxeoi ed eg~pj|eda xbjsk xj ~pj~kpxeks$ Xbes ~jxkdxeoi cod `k
lj{dh ed kexbkp ed ~pk'xpkoxgkdxs jl xbk le`pks jp ed eg~pj|eda xbk cbkgesxpu beik
eg~pkadoxeda xbk le`pks exb xbk goxper goxkpeoi$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
20/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ?3
Lea{pk 2) Gkpckhks O'0>> Dox{poi Le`pk Xbkpgj~iosxecs $loj$jpa%
0$3 Dox{poi Le`pks
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois hoxks lpjg ckdx{peks oaj) odh ex oii sxopxkh exb
dox{poi le`pks$ H{peda xbk iosx hkcohk xbkpk bos `kkd o pkdkkh edxkpksx ed xbk
dox{poi le`pk os o s{`sxex{xk ljp aioss) gjxe|oxkh `u ~jxkdxeoi oh|odxoaks jl keabx
so|eda) ijkp po goxkpeoi ~peck) odh !xbkpgoi pkcucieda! jp xbk kcjijaecoi oh|odxoaksjl {seda pksj{pcks becb opk pkdko`ik$ Jd xbk jxbkp bodh dox{poi le`pks bo|k xbkep
sbjpxcjgedas) odh xbksk bo|k xj `k sji|kh ed jphkp xj `k cjg~kxexe|k exb aioss$
Dox{poi le`pks bo|k ijkp h{po`eiexu odh ijkp sxpkdaxb xbod aioss le`pks$ Bjk|kp)
pkckdxiu hk|kij~kh le`pk xpkoxgkdxs bo|k eg~pj|kh xbksk ~pj~kpxeks cjdsehkpo`iu$
Xbk |kakxo`ik jpih es l{ii jl krog~iks bkpk ckiis jp apj{~s jl ckiis opk !hkseadkh!
ljp sxpkdaxb odh sxelldkss$ O s~opeda {sk jl pksj{pcks bos pks{ixkh ed j~xegesoxejd jl
xbk ckii l{dcxejds$ Ckii{ijsk es o dox{poi ~jiugkp exb beab sxpkdaxb odh sxelldkss ~kp
keabx) odh ex es xbk `{eiheda goxkpeoi jl ijda le`pj{s ckiis$ Xbksk ckiis cod `k lj{dh ed
xbk sxkg) xbk iko|ks jp xbk skkhs jl ~iodxs$
Xo`ik ? es o cjg~opesjd jl xu~ecoi aioss le`pks exb pks~kcx xj xbk gjsx cjggjd
dox{poi le`pks$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
21/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ?8
Xo`ik ?) Le`pk ~pj~kpxeks $loj$cjg%
@osx le`pks "lior) bkg~) m{xk) fkdol) pogek%
Ed akdkpoi) xbk `osx cjdsesxs jl o jjh cjpk s{ppj{dhkh `u o sxkg$ Qexbed xbk sxkgxbkpk opk o d{g`kp jl le`pk `{dhiks) kocb cjdxoededa edhe|eh{oi le`pk ckiis jp
leiogkdxs$ Xbk leiogkdxs opk gohk jl ckii{ijsk odh bkgeckii{ijsk) `jdhkh xjakxbkp
`u o goxper) becb cod `k ieaded jp ~kcxed$ Xbk ~kcxed s{ppj{dhs xbk `{dhik xb{s
bjiheda xbkg jd xj xbk sxkg$ Xbk ~kcxed es pkgj|kh h{peda xbk pkxxeda ~pjckss$ Xbes
kdo`iks sk~opoxejd jl xbk `{dhiks lpjg xbk pksx jl xbk sxkg "sc{xcbeda%$
Olxkp le`pk `{dhiks opk eg~pkadoxkh exb o pksed h{peda xbk ~pjcksseda jl o
cjg~jsexk) xbk kofksx ~opx ed xbk goxkpeoi es xbk ieaded `kxkkd xbk edhe|eh{oi ckiis$
Ks~kceoiiu ed xbk cosk jl lior) o g{cb sxpjdakp cjg~jsexk es j`xoedkh el xbk `{dhiks
opk ~pk'xpkoxkh ed o ou xbox xbk ckiis opk sk~opoxkh) `u pkgj|eda xbk ieaded `kxkkd
xbk ckiis$ @jeieda ed oifoie es jdk jl xbk gkxbjhs xj sk~opoxk xbk edhe|eh{oi ckiis$
Lior hkie|kps sxpjda odh sxell le`pks odh ex cod `k apjd ed xkg~kpoxk ciegoxks$ Xbk
le`pks cod `k s~{d xj ledk uopds ljp xkrxeik "iedkd%$ Jxbkp `osx le`pks opk apjd ed
opgkp ciegoxks$ Xbk gjsx cjggjd es m{xk) becb es cbko~) odh bos o pkosjdo`ik
sxpkdaxb odh pksesxodck xj pjx$ M{xk es goediu {skh ljp ~ocfoaeda "socfs odh `oiks%$
Os lop os cjg~jsexk o~~iecoxejds opk cjdckpdkh) lior odh bkg~ opk xj le`pks xbox
bo|k pk~iockh aioss ed o d{g`kp jl cjg~jdkdxs) ks~kceoiiu ed xbk Akpgod
o{xjgjxe|k edh{sxpeks$
Ikol le`pks "sesoi) o`oco) ~oig%
Ed akdkpoi xbk ikol le`pks opk cjopskp xbod xbk `osx le`pks$ O~~iecoxejds opk pj~ks) odh
cjopsk xkrxeiks$ Qexbed xbk xjxoi ~pjh{cxejd jl ikol le`pks) sesoi es xbk gjsx eg~jpxodx$ Ex
es j`xoedkh lpjg xbk oao|k ~iodx$ Xbk sxelldkss es pkioxe|kiu beab odh ex es jlxkd o~~iekh
os `edhkp xedks$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
22/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ?;
Os lop os cjg~jsexks es cjdckpdkh) sesoi es jlxkd o~~iekh exb lior ed bu`peh goxs) xj
~pj|ehk ajjh ~kpgko`eiexu bkd xbk gox bos xj `k eg~pkadoxkh exb o pksed$ Ed sjgk
edxkpejp o~~iecoxejds sesoi es ~pklkppkh `kco{sk jl exs ij ik|ki jl sgkii cjg~opkh xj
le`pks iefk lior$ Ks~kceoiiu god{locx{peda ~pjckssks ox edcpkoskh xkg~kpox{pks le`pks
iefk lior cod co{sk sgkii$
Skkh le`pks "cjxxjd) cjep) fo~jf%
Cjxxjd es xbk gjsx cjggjd skkh le`pk odh es {skh ljp xkrxeik oii j|kp xbk jpih$ Jxbkp
skkh le`pks opk o~~iekh ed ikss hkgodheda o~~iecoxejds s{cb os sx{lleda jl {~bjisxkpu$
Cjep es od krck~xejd xj xbes$ Cjep es xbk le`pk jl xbk cjcjd{x b{sf) ex es o xbecf odh
cjopsk `{x h{po`ik le`pk$ O~~iecoxejds opk pj~ks) goxxeda odh `p{sbks$
Qexb xbk pesk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois xbkpk es o pkdkkh edxkpksx ljp dox{poi le`pks$
Xbkep gjhkpoxk gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks pksxpoed xbk le`pks lpjg {seda xbkg ed beab'xkcb
o~~iecoxejds) `{x ljp godu pkosjds xbku cod cjg~kxk exb aioss le`pks$
0$3$? Oh|odxoaks jl Dox{poi Le`pks
Ij s~kcelec keabx) becb pks{ixs ed o beabkp s~kcelec sxpkdaxb odh sxelldkss
xbod aioss$
Ex es o pkdko`ik pksj{pck) xbk ~pjh{cxejd pkq{epks iexxik kdkpau "Lea$ 5%$
Xbkpgoi pkcucieda es ~jsse`ik) bkpk aioss co{sks ~pj`ikgs ed cjg`{sxejd
l{pdocks$
Ajjh xbkpgoi odh ocj{sxec eds{ioxeda ~pj~kpxeks
Lpekdhiu ~pjcksseda) dj kop jl xjjieda) dj sfed eppexoxejd$
^pjh{ce`ik exb ij ed|ksxgkdx ox ij cjsx) becb gofks xbk goxkpeoi od
edxkpksxeda ~pjh{cx ljp ij'oak cj{dxpeks$
"Osb`u) 0>?0%
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
23/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ??0%
0$3$0 Hesoh|odxoaks jl Dox{poi Le`pks
Ijkp sxpkdaxb ~pj~kpxeks) ~opxec{iopiu exs eg~ocx sxpkdaxb$
Ijkp h{po`eiexu) le`pk xpkoxgkdxs cod eg~pj|k xbes cjdsehkpo`iu$
Gjesx{pk o`sjp~xejd) becb co{sks skiieda jl xbk le`pks$
\opeo`ik q{oiexu) hk~kdheda jd {d~pkhecxo`ik edli{kdcks s{cb os koxbkp$
^peck cod li{cx{oxk `u bop|ksx pks{ixs jp oapec{ix{poi ~jiexecs$
"Osb`u) 0>?0%
0$3$3 ^pk'xpkoxgkdxs
Xpkoxgkdx es pkq{epkh xj x{pd m{sx'bop|ksxkh ~iodxs edxj le`pks s{exo`ik ljp cjg~jsexk
~pjcksseda$ Ljp krog~ik ed cosk jl lior) xbk lepsx sxk~ es pkxxeda$ Ex es o cjdxpjiikh
pjxxeda ~pjckss xj akx peh jl xbk ~kcxed xbox cjddkcxs xbk le`pk `{dhiks exb xbk jjh
cjpk jl xbk sxkg$
Olxkp xbk pkxxeda) bkgeckii{ijsk odh ieaded cod `k pkgj|kh `u buhpj'xbkpgjiuses jp
oifoie pkocxejds$ Xbk bkgeckii{ijsk es pks~jdse`ik ljp o apkox hkoi jl xbk gjesx{pk
o`sjp~xejd$ Xbk ieaded es xbk cjddkcxeda ckgkdx `kxkkd xbk edhe|eh{oi le`pk ckiis$
Oixbj{ab xbk ieaded `{eihs xbk `{dhik) ed o cjg~jsexk ex eii `k xbk kofksx iedf$
H{peda bop|ksxeda) ~pk'xpkoxgkdxs odh ~pjcksseda) xbk bodhieda ~ious od eg~jpxodx
pjik$ Loei{pk s~jxs jd xbk le`pks cod `k edh{ckh) becb co{sk o pkh{cxejd jl xbk
xkdseik sxpkdaxb$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
24/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ?1
0$3$8 pjcksseda xkcbdeq{ks
Ed ~pedce~ik) xbk ~pjh{cxejd xkcbdeq{ks ljp dox{poi le`pk cjg~jsexks cod `k segeiop xj
xbjsk ljp aioss le`pks$ Krck~xejds xj xbes opk xkcbdeq{ks {skh bkpk cjdxed{j{s le`pks
opk {skh iefk ~{ixp{sejd "o uopd bos xj `k gohk lepsx% jp bkpk le`pks opk cbj~~kh iefk
ed s~pou'{~ jp ~pk~pka ~pk~opoxejd$ Xj krog~iks jl xkcbdeq{ks opk hesc{sskh
`kij$
Pksed Xpodslkp Gj{iheda ' \oc{{g edmkcxejd
Pksed xpodslkp gj{iheda jp |oc{{g edmkcxejd opk cikod) cijskh gj{ih xkcbdeq{ks$ Hpu
le`pks opk ~{x ed xbk gj{ih) xbkd xbk gj{ih es cijskh `u odjxbkp gj{ih jp `u m{sx o
`oaaeda leig odh pksed es edmkcxkh$ Kexbkp exb j|kp'~pkss{pk jd xbk edmkcxejd sehk jp
|oc{{g ox xbk jxbkp sehk xbk le`pks opk eg~pkadoxkh$ Xoeijpkh iou'{~s odh beab le`pk
|ji{gk cjdxkdxs opk ~jsse`ik$ Xbkpkljpk) xbk xkcbdeq{k kdo`iks xbk god{locx{pk jl
|kpu iopak ~pjh{cxs exb beab gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks$ O hellkpkdck cjg~opkh xj aioss
es xbk s~pedau cbopocxkp jl xbk dox{poi le`pks$ Xj kdo`ik ~pj~kp le`pk ~iockgkdx odh
beab le`pk |ji{gk cjdxkdxs) o ~pkljpgeda sxk~ gou `k pkq{epkh$ ^pkljpgeda es
~pksseda xbk goxs exb o sgoii ogj{dx jl `edhkp "iefk B0J% edxj o gjpk cjg~ocx
sbo~k$
Sbkkx Gj{iheda Cjg~j{dh
Od eg~jpxodx hellkpkdck exb aioss sbkkx gj{iheda cjg~j{dh es xbk ~pjh{cxejd jl xbk
~pk~pka$ Djpgoiiu ~pk~pkas opk gohk `u cbj~~eda xbk aioss sxpodhs odh hpj~~eda
xbkg jd o leig jl pksed'leiikp cjg~j{dh$ Xbes ~pk~opoxejd eii djx jpf ljp dox{poi
le`pks sedck xbk cbj~~eda es |kpu hellec{ix$ Jxbkp xkcbdeq{ks opk `keda hk|kij~kh$ Od
o~~pj~peoxk gkxbjh xj akx o ioukp jl le`pks exb od odesjxpj~ec jpekdxoxejd becb es
ijjsk kdj{ab xj ~pj|ehk s{llecekdx le`pk lij h{peda xbk gj{iheda ~pjckss hk~kdhs jd
xbk xu~k jl le`pk odh jd xbk ou ed becb xbk po goxkpeoi es `keda s{~~iekh$
0$8 ^jsse`ik O~~iecoxejds ed Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx
Pkskopcb bos sbjkh xbox ~jiugkp cjg~jsexks cod apkoxiu eg~pj|k xbk
~kpljpgodck) l{ki kcjdjgu jp `jxb bkd {skh jd o |kbecik$ Bjk|kp) xbkpk opk
sjgk iegexeda locxjps bkd dox{poi le`pks opk cjdsehkpkh os od oixkpdoxe|k xj sudxbkxec
le`pks$ O~opx lpjg ~pjckss |opeo`eiexu h{k xj hellkpkdx bop|ksx q{oiexu) xbkpk es k|ehkdck
jl o ~pj`ikgoxec edxkplock `kxkkd xbk pkedljpckgkdx s{plock odh xbk goxper$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
25/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ?2
0$8$? Xbk Cboiikdaks
Occjpheda xj Mjbd Kx$ oi$ "0>>2% odh Foieo kx oi$"0>>5%=
"Buhpj~beiec dox{pk jl le`pk s{plock) h{k xj xbk ~pkskdck jl ~kdhodx buhpjrui
odh ~jiop apj{~s ed |opej{s cjdsxex{kdxs) becb ikoh xj ~jjp ohbksejd `kxkkd le`pks
odh buhpj~bj`ec goxper ~jiugkps$ Xbk buhpj~beiec dox{pk cod ikoh xj skiieda odh
gockpoxejd jl xbk le`pks$ L{pxbkpgjpk) gjesx{pk cjdxkdx hkcpkosks seadelecodxiu xbk
le`pks! gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks$"
Xbkpkljpk xbk cbjeck jl xbk le`pk odh goxper es |kpu eg~jpxodx odh cpkoxeda o
cjg~jsexk xbox krbe`exs segeiop jp `kxxkp gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks xbod jdk exb
sudxbkxec pkedljpckgkdx pkgoeds o cboiikdak$ Bjk|kp) ed o~~iecoxejds bkpk
sxp{cx{poi ~kpljpgodck es djx jl apkox eg~jpxodck) s{cb os xbk jdks skkd ed xbk
Akpgod o{xjgjxe|k edh{sxpu "k$a$ hjjp ~odkis) kxc$% xbksk goxkpeois cj{ih `k o
s{cckssl{i codhehoxk ed pk~ioceda djdpkdko`ik jdks$
Xbk o|oeio`eiexu jl po goxkpeois odh ~jsse`ik god{locx{peda ~pjckssks bos xj `k
fk~x ed gedh beik cbjjseda ~jsse`ik goxkpeois ljp cjg~jdkdx god{locx{pk ed xbk
{de|kpsexu!s jpfsbj~$
0$8$0 O~~iecoxejd Skikcxejd
Pkskopcb sbjs xbox xbk {sk jl dox{poi le`pks o pkedljpckgkdx ed ~jiugkps bos djx
gox{pkh kdj{ab xj ~pjh{ck cjg~jdkdxs exb ohkq{oxk sxpkdaxb ljp ijoh'`kopeda
o~~iecoxejds$ Xbkpkljpk) o ajjh sxopxeda ~jedx ljp xbes ~pjmkcx j{ih `k xj god{locx{pk
s{cb o cjg~jdkdx ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx \kbecik$ ^jxkdxeoi ~opxs edci{hk xbk djsk'
cjdk) xbk okpjhudogec sehk'~jhs) xbk {dhkpsehk sfepx odh xbk hpe|kp!s skox$
Olxkp pk|ekeda xbk 0>?0 Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx cjg~kxexejd p{iks) xbk cbjeck os gohk xj
god{locx{pk xbk skox `oskh jd od kresxeda hksead$ Xbes edci{hks god{locx{peda o
gj{ih lpjg xbk kresxeda cjg~jdkdx$ Xbk gj{ih es xj `k gohk exb aioss le`pk odh
~jiuksxkp pksed$ Xbk jpeaedoi cop`jd le`pk ~opx es `oskh jd xbk p{iks odh es hkseadkh
ljp o 5;xb ~kpckdxeik goik xkg~ioxk exb o keabx jl 11fa "P{ik @5$3$5%$ Ex bos xj `k
djxkh ox xbes ~jedx xbox kds{peda xbk cjppkcx hksead jl xbk cjg~jdkdx es djx xbk goed
~{p~jsk jl xbes ~pjmkcx$ Xbk gkg`kps jl xbk ljpg{io xkog opk pks~jdse`ik ljp
hkseadeda odh xksxeda xbk |kbecik cjg~jdkdxs$ Xbk goed pkosjd ljp xbes es xbk xegk
cjdsxpoedx ed xbes ~pjmkcx) os kii os) xbk iegexkh fdjikhak odh edxkpocxejd exb xbk
xkog becb os djx ~jsse`ik sedck xbes ~pjmkcx es `keda coppekh j{x h{peda xbk
s{ggkp bkd xbk xkog gkg`kps opk gjsxiu o`skdx$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
26/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y ?5
0$8$3 Goxper odh Le`pk Skikcxejd
J{x jl xbk |opej{s dox{poi le`pks) xbk gjsx koseiu o|oeio`ik jdks "ljp sgoii q{odxexeks%
ed xbk [F ox xbk gjgkdx opk m{xk odh cjep$ M{xk cijxb odh xesxkh uopd opk ehkiu
o|oeio`ik goediu h{k xj xbkep {sk ed ~jxoxj socfs odh jxbkp o~~iecoxejds bkpk pjx odh
cjppjsejd opk od ess{k$ Cjep le`pks opk {skh ed l{pdex{pk odh {~bjisxkpu os o leiieda
goxkpeoi$
@oeophj kx oi$) "0>>8% gkdxejd xbox xbk {sk jl podhjgiu jpekdxoxkh le`pks os
pkedljpckgkdx pks{ixs ed ij pkedljpceda kllecekdcu$ Od oixkpdoxe|k xj xbox es o j|kd
lo`pec bkpk o skx jl ijda xbpkohs opk edxkpiockh exb cpjsseda xbpkohs$ S{cb o lo`pec
oiijs xbk jpekdxoxejd jl xbk pkedljpckgkdx lo`pecs becb) os exb sudxbkxec le`pk
cijxbs) ae|ks xbk oh|odxoak jl edcpkoseda xbk sxpkdaxb ed o pkq{epkh hepkcxejd$
Ljp xbes pkosjd) ex es kr~kcxkh xbox o j|kd le`pk cijxb iogedoxk eii krbe`ex `kxxkp
gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks xbod o podhjgiu jpekdxoxkh le`pk gox$ Xbk xu~k jl goxper {skh
es oisj iegexkh xj exs o|oeio`eiexu odh kq{e~gkdx o|oeio`ik ox xbk jpfsbj~$ ^jiuksxkp
odh k~jru pkseds opk ehkiu o|oeio`ik odh kosu xj {sk ed o bodh iou{~ ~pjckss$
Xofeda oii xbk o`j|k edxj cjdsehkpoxejd) j|kd m{xk lo`pec) cjep le`pks odh k~jru pksed
kpk cbjskd os xbk pkedljpckgkdx odh goxper cjg~jdkdxs ljp xbk ~pjh{cxejd jl
|opej{s goxkpeoi s~kcegkds$ K~jru os cbjskd goediu h{k xj exs s{~kpejp gkcbodecoi
~pj~kpxeks odh iocf jl jhj{p k|kd xbj{ab ex es s{`sxodxeoiiu gjpk kr~kdse|k xbod
~jiuksxkp pksed$
3$> Gkxbjhjijau
Ex sbj{ih `k djxkh xbox beik ohkq{oxk fdjikhak kresxs ljp s{cb goxkpeois ~pjh{ckh
exb cjg~ikr ~pjckssks "k$a$ edmkcxejd gj{iheda% xbk edexeoi skopcb ljp edljpgoxejd jd
~pjckssks xbox cj{ih `k {skh ed xbk {de|kpsexu jpfsbj~ ~pj|ehkh hoxo xbox kpk djx
ohkq{oxk jp scekdxelecoiiu ~pj|kd$
Xb{s) xbk gjsx o~~pj~peoxk es ~pjh{ceda goxkpeoi s~kcegkds ed xbk sogk ~pjckss
xbox es ajeda xj `k {skh xj god{locx{pk odu cjg~jdkdxs ljp xbk |kbecik) odh xbkd
xksxeda xbkg ed jphkp xj sx{hu xbkep ~pj~kpxeks odh `kbo|ej{p$ Lpjg xbkpk) xbk `ksx
s{exkh goxkpeoi eii `k skikcxkh ed jphkp xj god{locx{pk xbk cjg~jdkdx odh
ed|ksxeaoxk el ex cj{ih `k {skh os od oixkpdoxe|k xj xbk kresxeda goxkpeoi$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
27/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 0>
Xbpj{abj{x xbes ~pjckss xbkpk opk sk|kpoi lkkh`ocf ijj~s xbox cod oeh ed pk|esexeda o
~pj`ikgs xbox geabx opesk6 sjgkxbeda xbox es oigjsx ckpxoed exb o ~pjmkcx jl xbes
dox{pk$
Lea{pk ?>) Gkxbjhjijau
3$? Edexeoi Xosfs
Xbk lepsx xosfs jl xbes ~pjmkcxs opk xj pkskopcb segeiop jpf ed jphkp xj aoed o s{llecekdx
{dhkpsxodheda jd cjg~jsexk goxkpeois odh s{sxoedo`ik hksead$ Xbes es hjdk ed jphkp
xj `k o`ik xj ed|ksxeaoxk oixkpdoxe|k goxkpeois ljp Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx o~~iecoxejds odh
o{xjgjxe|k o~~iecoxejds ed akdkpoi$ Olxkp kdj{ab fdjikhak es aoxbkpkh) o
cjg~jdkdx es cbjskd ed jphkp xj skx sjgk `osec pkq{epkgkdxs ljp dk ~jxkdxeoi
goxkpeois$ Ed xbes cosk) xbk hpe|kp!s skox os cbjskd$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
28/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 0?
3$0 ^pjh{cxejd jl Goxkpeoi S~kcegkds
Ed jphkp xj ed|ksxeaoxk xbk ~pj~kpxeks jl o dk goxkpeoi) xksx s~kcegkds bo|k xj `k
~pjh{ckh odh xksxkh$ Xbkd xbk pks{ixs opk odoiuskh odh |kpelekh$Segeiop jpf bos `kkd coppekh j{x `u Polxjueoddes "0>?0% ox xbk Hk~opxgkdx jl Ce|ei
Kdaedkkpeda ox xbk Doxejdoi Xkcbdecoi [de|kpsexu jl Oxbkds$ Xbes os hjdk ed jphkp xj
hk|kij~ odh xksx xbk ~kpljpgodck jl cjg~jsexk ~odkis pkedljpckh exb cjxxjd le`pks$
Xbk dox{pk jl xbes ~pjmkcx es q{exk hellkpkdx lpjg xbk cjxxjd le`pk ~pjmkcx sedck ex hjks
djx jdiu ed|ji|k s~kcegkd xksxeda$ Bjk|kp) segeiop s~kcegkd ~pjh{cxejd odh xksxeda
~pjckssks bo|k `kkd {skh) oii jl becb cjg~iu exb xbk gjsx pkckdx Sxodhophs$
Gjpk s~kcelecoiiu) xj xu~ks jl dox{poi le`pks bo|k `kkd krogedkh= M{xk odh Cjep exb
xbk {sk jl od k~jru pksed os xbk goxper$ Le|k hellkpkdx iogedoxk goxkpeois) iesxkh ed
Xo`ik 0) kpk ~pjh{ckh ed le|k 3>>r3>>gg ~ioxks$ Lpjg xbksk ~ioxks sk|kpoi xksx
s~kcegkds kpk c{x odh gocbedkh xj sxodhoph s~kcelecoxejds "0;>r0;gg%$ Xo`ik 3
sbjs xbk xksx s~kcegkds ~pjh{ckh lpjg kocb iogedoxk ~ioxk$
Xo`ik 0) Iogedoxk xksx ~ioxks$
Xo`ik 3) Xkdseik xksx s~kcegkds$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
29/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 00
Xbk s~kcegkd ~ioxk ~pjh{cxejd os coppekh j{x occjpheda xj ESJ ?0>?"K%$ Xbk Lea{pks `kiij eii{sxpoxk xbk ~pjckss xbox os ljiijkh
becb es gkdxejdkh sxk~ `u sxk~ `kij=
c{xxeda jl xbk cijxb iogedos xj hksepkh ehxb "Lea$ ??%6
keabxeda jl pkedljpckgkdx ed jphkp xj coic{ioxk pkq{epkh pksed "Lea$ ?0%6
~pk~opoxejd jl s{plock exb pkikosk oakdx "Lea$ ?3%6
gereda xbk pksed odh o~~iueda xbk cijxb odh pksed beik {seda o pjiikp ljp
cjdsjiehoxejd "Lea$ ?8%6
c{peda ljp o gedeg{g jl 82 bj{ps occjpheda xj pksed god{locx{pkp
pkcjggkdhoxejds "djx sbjd%
Lea{pk ??) C{xxeda xbk pkedljpckgkdx$
Lea{pk ?0) Qkeabxeda xbk pkedljpckgkdx$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
30/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 03
Lea{pk ?3) ^pk~opeda xbk s{plock$
Lea{pk ?8) Gereda pkedljpckgkdx odh pksed$
H{peda xbk ~pjh{cxejd) xbkpk os od klljpx xj fkk~ xbk pksed'xj'le`pk keabx poxej os ij
os ~jsse`ik `{x sxeii goedxoededa ~pj~kp kxxeda odh cjdsjiehoxejd jl xbk iogedos$ Xbk
ogj{dx jl pksed {skh os o pks{ix jl bj g{cb pksed os o`sjp`kh `u xbk le`pks$
Xbk cboiikdak exb xbk bodh odh j~kd gj{ih iou{~ gkxbjhs jl ~pjh{cxejd es xbox
cjdxpjiieda xbk ogj{dx jl krckss pksed es hellec{ix$ Gjpkj|kp) o iopak ogj{dx jl pksed
kdhs {~ ox xbk `jxxjg jl xbk ~ioxk h{k xj apo|exu$ O gjpk kllecekdx ou jl pkgj|eda
krckss pksed o~opx lpjg {seda o pjiikp es {seda xbk |oc{{g `oa xkcbdeq{k becb os
djx ~jsse`ik h{k xj iocf jl kq{e~gkdx$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
31/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 08
3$3 ^pk~opoxejd odh Xksxeda jl S~kcegkds
3$3$? Edsxoiioxejd , Xksxeda jl Sxpoed Ao{aks
Olxkp xbk s~kcegkd ~ioxks c{pkh odh gocbedkh xj ~pjh{ck xksx s~kcegkds occjpheda
xj Sxodhophs) sxpoed ao{aks kpk o~~iekh odh xksxkh os sbjd ed Lea$ ?;
Lea{pk ?;) Edsxoiioxejd odh xksxeda jl sxpoed ao{aks$
3$3$0 Kq{e~gkdx , Xksxeda ^pjckh{pk
Xbk xkdseik xksx os ~kpljpgkh jd xbk Xksxjgkxpec ;>> gocbedk odh xbk hoxo os
ocq{epkh xbpj{ab o cjg~{xkp$ Xbk xksx boh xj `k cjdh{cxkh beik ljiijeda os godu
@pexesb Sxodhoph pkcjggkdhoxejds os ~jsse`ik$ Xbk sxodhoph ljiijkh ed xbes cosk
os @S0120'?>=?511 odh es kr~ioedkh `kiij$
3$3$0$? Hoxo pkq{epkh
Xbk oeg jl xbes xksx es xj pkcjph xbk sxpkss'sxpoed c{p|k {dhkp xkdsejd ed jphkp xjcoic{ioxk xbk gjh{i{s jl kiosxecexu jl kocb goxkpeoi$ Sxpoed ao{aks oisj bo|k xj `k
o~~iekh jd xbk s~kcegkds ed jphkp xj ~pj|ehk sxpoed gkos{pkgkdxs {skh xj hkxkpgedk
xbk ^jessjds poxej "xj sxpoed ao{aks pkq{epkh xj gkos{pk sxpoed xj hepkcxejds%$
Sxpoed ao{aks cod `k o~~iekh jd jdiu jdk xksx s~kcegkd ljp kocb goxkpeoi "k$a$ xj
sxpoed ao{aks ljp s~kcegkd ?$?) xj ljp 0$?) xj ljp 3$?) xj ljp 8$? odh xj ljp ;$?%$
3$3$0$0 pkcjdhexejdeda
Xbk xksx s~kcegkds g{sx `k cjdhexejdkh ljp ox ikosx ?< bj{ps ox 03 C odh ;>+pkioxe|k b{gehexu "K{pj~kod Sxodhoph KD
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
32/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 0;
3$3$0$3 Xksxeda S~kkhs
Xbk xksxeda s~kkh es xbk poxk jl sk~opoxejd jl xbk xksx s~kcegkd ape~s bkd xbk
gocbedk es p{ddeda kg~xu$ Ljp xbes xu~k jl s~kcegkd "Xu~k EE% xbk pkcjggkdhkh
xksxeda s~kkh bkd gkos{peda kijdaoxejds odh*jp bkd hkxkpgededa xbk gjh{ie jl
kiosxecexu ed xkdsejd es 0gg*ged$
3$3$0$8 J~kpoxeda Xkcbdeq{k
^iock xbk xksx s~kcegkd ed xbk ape~s) xofeda copk xj oiead xbk ijdaex{hedoi ores jl xbk
xksxeda gocbedk$ Xeabxkd xbk ape~s k|kdiu odh lepgiu xj o|jeh oii sie~~eda jl xbk xksx
s~kcegkd$ Hescoph odh pk~iock odu xksx s~kcegkds becb bo|k=
Sie~~kh ed xbk ape~s6
@pjfkd ed xbk ape~s jp ox o hesxodck ikss xbod ?>gg lpjg xbk ape~s6
[dhkpajdk xksxeda {dhkp lo{ixu j~kpoxeda cjdhexejds) jp bo|k ae|kd godelksxiu
edcjdsesxkdx pks{ixs ljp k|ehkdx pkosjds$
3$3$3 Xkdseik Xksxeda
O ~ecx{pk jl xbk skx{~ {skh h{peda xksxeda es sbjd ed Lea$ ?< beik Lea$ ?1 es o cijsk'
{~ jl xbk ape~s odh sxpoed ao{aks skx{~$
Lea{pk ?
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
33/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 0>ap*g% exb o pksed'xj'le`pk poxej jl 3$8?$
Cioss 0 cijskiu ljiijs exb Uj{da!s Gjh{ie xbox podak lpjg ?$32 xj ?$8; A^O odh
[XS jl 33$< xj 8;$8 G^o$
Bjk|kp) ex g{sx gk djxkh xbox xbksk ciossks jl goxkpeois opk seadelecodxiu bko|ekp
xbod cioss 3)8 odh ;) ed sjgk cosks hj{`ik ed keabx$
Xbk sedaik gjsx sxpefeda j`skp|oxejd xj kgkpak lpjg xbk hoxo cjg~opesjd `kxkkd
cioss ? odh 0 os xbox o beabkp pksed'xj'le`pk poxej pks{ixkh ed edcpkoskh peaehexu odh
[XS exb cioss ? o|kpoaeda ox ?$81 A^o "K% odh 8ap*g% odh o pksed'xj'le`pk
poxej jl 0$0$
Xbk cjg~opesjd jl pks{ixs ljp keabx odh [XS "k$a$ cioss ? cjg~opkh xj cioss 8%
s{aaksxs sxpjda k|ehkdck jl o cjppkioxejd odh hepkcx ~pj~jpxejdoiexu$ Gjpk s~kcelecoiiu)
cioss ? es dkopiu hj{`ik xbk keabx odh bos pj{abiu hj{`ik xbk [XS xbod cioss 8$
Bjk|kp) el xbk Uj{da!s Gjh{ie jl xbk xj ciossks opk cjg~opkh) ex es k|ehkdx xbox
cioss 8 bos o seadelecodxiu beabkp gjh{i{s exb pks~kcx xj exs keabx cjg~opkh xj
cioss ?$ Xbes ~pj|ks xbox xbk |oi{ks ljp K odh [XS opk djx sxpecxiu iedfkh$
Xbk cjsx jl po goxkpeois es sbjd ed Xo`ik
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
44/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 31
Xo`ik
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
45/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 32
Lea{pk 38) Ledesbkh cjg~jdkdx lpjdx%$
Lea{pk 3;) Ledesbkh cjg~jdkdx `ocf%$
;$> Hesc{ssejd
;$? Cjg~opesjd exb segeiop ~pk|ej{s jpf
Xbk sx{hu ~pjh{ckh pks{ixs becb cjppj`jpoxk xbk ledhedas jl ~pk|ej{s jpf ed xbeslekih$ Gjpk s~kcelecoiiu) xbk pks{ixs j`xoedkh ljp o segeiop goxkpeoi "cjxxjd le`pk xkrxeik
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
46/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 35
ed ~jiuksxkp pksed ' Xo`ik 1% `u Polxjueoddes "0>?0% cod `k cjg~opkh$ Xo`ik ?>% jpf bo|k djxkh xbk eg~jpxodck jl xbk pksed'
xj'le`pk poxej odh exs kllkcx jd xbk gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks jl cjg~jsexks$ Occjpheda xj
segeiop pkskopcb) xbk j~xeg{g ~kpljpgodck jcc{ps exb xbk ikosx ~jsse`ik ogj{dx jl
pksed xbox es s{llecekdx xj ~pj~kpiu bjih xbk pkedljpckgkdx ed ~iock odh ~pj|ehk od ajjh
edxkplock kxkkd pksed odh le`pks$
Bjk|kp) xbk ledhedas jl xbk c{ppkdx sx{hu hj djx s{~~jpx xbk ~pk|ej{s pkskopcb bkd
ex cjgks xj pksed'xj'le`pk poxejs$ Xbes poxbkp cjdxpohecxjpu pks{ix gou `k h{k xj xbk
hellkpkdcks `kxkkd dox{poi odh sudxbkxec le`pks odh xbkep edxkplock exb xbk goxper$
Odjxbkp ~jsse`ik kr~iodoxejd cj{ih iek ed xbk god{locx{peda ~pjckss jl xbk s~kcegkds
odh xbk xu~k jl xkrxeik {skh$ Ed jxbkp jphs) xbk sxp{cx{pk jl xbk bko|ekp m{xk cijxb
"0;>ap*g% es q{exk hellkpkdx xbod xbk ieabxkp jdk sedck xbk ao~s `kxkkd kocb
edhe|eh{oi sxpeda es iopakp$ Xbk hellkpkdck ed xbk hkdsexu jl xbk ko|k) xbkpkljpk) os
kii os xbk sbkkp d{g`kp jl le`pks ~kp {dex ikdaxb cj{ih `k xbk pkosjd bu kocb xu~k
jl cijxb pkq{epkh o hellkpkdx ogj{dx jl pksed$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
47/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 8>
;$0$0 Xbk Edxkplock `kxkkd Pksed odh Le`pk
[dhkp ijoh) xbk edxkplock `kxkkd xbk le`pk odh goxper es s{`mkcxkh {dhkp sbkop
ijoheda os s{aaksxkh `u Cog~`kii "0>?>% odh es) xbkpkljpk) cp{ceoi xj xbk
~kpljpgodck jl xbk cjg~jsexk
\kpu iexxik os lj{dh ed xbk iexkpox{pk jd xbk q{ksxejd jl xbk q{oiexu jl xbk edxkplock
`kxkkd xbk goxper odh pkedljpckgkdx bkd dox{poi le`pks opk cjdckpdkh$ Bjk|kp)
Mjbd Kx$ oi$ "0>>2% odh Foieo kx oi$"0>>5% oxxkg~x xj hkscpe`k xbes edxkplock os
~pj`ikgoxec h{k xj xbk buhpj~beiec dox{pk jl dox{poi le`pk s{plock becb pks{ixs ed ~jjp
ohbksejd exb buhpj~bj`ec goxpecks s{cb os k~jru pkseds$ Xbk goed co{sk jl xbk
pkh{cxejd ed sxpkdaxb es xbk skiieda odh sjlxkdeda jl xbk le`pks$
Xbk pkioxe|kiu ij gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks jl xbk goxkpeois xbox kpk hk|kij~kh gou `k
kr~ioedkh `u xbes ~jjp edxkplock$ Dk|kpxbkikss) l{pxbkp pkskopcb becb eii xofk xbes
|opeo`ik edxj occj{dx eii dkkh xj `k {dhkpxofkd ed jphkp xj ~pj|ehk o `kxxkp
{dhkpsxodheda jl exs kllkcxs$
;$3 Skikcxeda xbk gjsx s{exo`ik goxkpeoi
Qbkd ex cjgks xj cbjjseda o goxkpeoi ljp o ckpxoed hksead odh o~~iecoxejd xbkpk opk
godu locxjps xbox ollkcx xbk hkcesejd$ Ed xbes cosk xbk gjsx eg~jpxodx cjdsehkpoxejds
kpk=
Gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks
Qkeabx
Solkxu
Kosk jl ~pjh{cxejd
Cjsx
Qoxkp o`sjp~xejd
Cjppjsejd odh oxkp hogoak
;$3$? Cjep cjg~jsexks "Cioss 3 , 8%
Jdk jl xbk ess{ks xbox jcc{ppkh h{peda ~pjh{cxejd jl xbk s~kcegkds exb cjg`edkh
m{xk odh cjep le`pks os xbk s~pedau dox{pk jl cjep$ Oixbj{ab cjep le`pk os ikss ~pjdk
xj pksed o`sjp~xejd odh sbj{ih xbkjpkxecoiiu bo|k o `kxxkp s{plock edxkplock) xbk
goxkpeoi sxp{cx{pk xbox pks{ixkh os segeiop xj o s~jdak pks{ixeda ed ij hkdsexu$ Xbes
cj{ih `k occpkhexkh xj xbk locx xbox xbk bodh iou{~ gkxbjh os {skh odh xbkpk os
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
48/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 8?
dj ~pkss{pk jd xbk xj~ jl xbk sog~ik ~ioxks$ Xbes ollkcxkh xbk ohbksejd `kxkkd xbk
cjep le`pks odh m{xk cijxb odh cpkoxkh o ao~ `kxkkd xbk xj~ odh `jxxjg cijxb ioukp$ O
cijsk'{~ jl xbk sxp{cx{pk jl xbk goxkpeoi) sbjd ed Lea$ 3
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
49/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 80
Lea{pk 31) M{xk cijxb odh sxpeda s~kcegkd$
;$3$3 Qj|kd m{xk cijxb "Cioss ? , 0%
J{x jl oii xbk goxkpeoi ciossks) ? odh 0 krbe`exkh xbk beabksx Uj{da!s Gjh{ie odh
[XS$ Cioss ? boh o 0$2+ beabkp Uj{da!s Gjh{i{s odh ?;$2+ beabkp [XS xbod cioss
0$ Xbk cjsx jl cioss 0 os oisj ?3+ beabkp xbod cioss ? becb cod `k od eg~jpxodx
locxjp ks~kceoiiu bkd xbk |ji{gk jl ~opxs es beab$ Xbk beabkp cjsx es oxxpe`{xkh xj xbk
beabkp cjsx jl xbk cijxb {skh ljp cioss 0$
Xbkpk es oisj od k|ehkdx hellkpkdck ed xbk le`pk hkdsexu jl xbk xj xu~ks jl cjg~jsexk$
Lea{pks 32 "Cioss ?% odh 35 "Cioss 0% cod `k {skh xj cjg~opk xbes hellkpkdck$ Xbk
ijkp hkdsexu jl cioss 0 es h{k xj xbk ehkp s~oceda jl xbk le`pk sxedas {skh ed xbk
ko|k$
H{k xj xbk ehkp hkdsexu) xbk cioss 0 cjg~jsexk es gjpk s{sck~xe`ik xj xbk ljpgoxejd
jl oep co|exeks$ Lea{pk 8> cikopiu ~pkskdxs xbk kresxkdck jl s{cb oep ~jcfkxs ed xbk
sxp{cx{pk$ Xbes q{exk ~jsse`iu bos o dkaoxe|k kllkcx jd xbk gkcbodecoi ~pj~kpxeks jl
xbk goxkpeoi$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
50/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 83
Lea{pk 32) Cioss ? s~kcegkd le`pk hkdsexu$
Lea{pk 35) Cioss 0 s~kcegkd le`pk hkdsexu$
Lea{pk 8>) Oep co|exeks ed goxkpeoi$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
51/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 88
;$3$8 Skikcxejd
Xofeda oii xbk o`j|k pks{ixs edxj cjdsehkpoxejd) xbk gjsx o~~pj~peoxk cbjeck xbox
soxesleks xbk gomjpexu jl xbk goxkpeoi pkq{epkgkdxs es goxkpeoi cioss ?$ Xbes es xbk
0>>ap*g0 m{xk cijxb cjg~jsexk$ Ed hkxoei) xbes goxkpeoi=
es ieabxkeabx odh sxpjda6
bos o `kxxkp s{plock ledesb odh ikss oep co|exeks "e$k$ ikss ieq{eh o`sjp~xejd%6
es kosu xj ~pjh{ck cjg~opkh xj ciossks 3) 8 odh ;6
es cbko~kp cjg~opkh xj cioss ?6
es ehkiu o|oeio`ik ed |opej{s se}ks odh le`pk hkdsexeks$
;$3$; ^pjh{ckh ~opx
Xbk ~opx os ajeda xj `k ~pjh{ckh {seda xbk cioss ? cjg~jsexk) bjk|kp o gesxofk
`u xbk cijxb s{~~iekp "~pj|ehkh 0;>ap*g0 cijxb edsxkoh jl 0>>ap*g0% odh o sbjpx
ogj{dx jl o|oeio`ik xegk ikh xj xbk {sk jl xbk bko|ekp cijxb$ Xbkpkljpk) xbk skox xbox
os ~pjh{ckh es gohk lpjg cioss 0 cjg~jsexk$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
52/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 8;
Cjdci{sejds
Xbes hesskpxoxejd bos ed|ksxeaoxkh xbk ~jsse`eiexu jl s{`sxex{xeda sudxbkxec'le`pk
pkedljpckh ~jiugkps exb dox{poi'le`kp pkedljpckh jdks$ O ~pocxecoi o~~pjocb os
ohj~xkh `u cbjjseda od o~~iecoxejd ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik jl xbk {de|kpsexu)
dogkiu xbk hpe|kp!s skox$ Lpjg xbkd jd) hellkpkdx xu~ks jl dox{poi le`pks kpk
cjdsehkpkh os oixkpdoxe|ks xj aioss odh cop`jd le`pks$
Ed jphkp xj osskss xbk s{exo`eiexu jl dk goxkpeois) le|k hellkpkdx goxkpeoi s~kcegkds
kpk hk|kij~kh ed xbk {de|kpsexu odh xbkd xksxkh odh odoiuskh$ Olxkp copkl{i
cjdsehkpoxejd) xbk `ksx s{exo`ik goxkpeoi os skikcxkh ed jphkp ljp o l{ii scoik gjhki
xj `k ~pjh{ckh$ Xbk ljiijeda skcxejds s{ggopesk xbk ledhedas$
-
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
53/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
^oak y 8?0%$ Goxkpeois odh xbk kd|epjdgkdx= Kcj'Edljpgkh Goxkpeoi Cbjeck$
@{xxkpjpxb'Bkedkgodd$
@oeophj G$) ]ede K$ , Gopeosxkiio S$ "0>>8%$ Lior le`pk'~jiuksxkp cjg~jsexks=
Cjg~jsexks ^opx O= O~~iekh Scekdck odh God{locx{peda) \ji{gk 3;) Ess{k >8$
Cog~`kii) L$C$"0>?>%$ Edxpjh{cxejd xj Cjg~jsexk Goxkpeois$ Xbk Mj{pdoi jl Sxp{cx{poi
Cjg~jsexk Goxkpeois$ OSG Edxkpdoxejdoi #>;021A%
@pjse{s H$ "0>>>8*U?213K*u?213k>o$bxg
Mjbd G$M$) Lpodces @$) \op{abksk F$X$ , Xbjgos S$ "0>>2%$ Kllkcx jl cbkgecoi
gjhelecoxejd jd ~pj~kpxeks jl bu`peh le`kp `ejcjg~jsexks$ Cjg~jsexks= ^opx O '
O~~iekh Scekdck odh God{locx{peda) 35 "0>>2% 3;0'3>>%$ Xkrx{pk odh Odesjxpj~u= ^pklkppkh Jpekdxoxejds ed ^jiucpusxois
odh xbkep kllkcx jd Goxkpeois ^pj~kpxeks$ Cog`pehak$
O Jajpfekec}) P$G$ "?513%$ Iedkop kiosxec cbopocxkpesxecs jl o cosx k~jru pksed$ Xbk
Mj{pdoi jl Sxpoed Odoiuses ljp Kdaedkkpeda Hksead$ \ji$ 2) Dj$ 0) ~~$ ?30'?33$@ Peck) M$ O$ odh Peck) O$ C$ "0>>5% Uj{da!s Gjh{i{s odh Xbkpgoi Kr~odsejd jl
Leiikh Cuodoxk Ksxkp odh K~jru Pkseds$ EKKK Xpodsocxejds jd O~~iekh
S{~kpcjdh{cxe|exu$ \ji$ ?5) Dj$ 3) ~~$ 031?'0318$
http://acswebcontent.acs.org/http://acswebcontent.acs.org/http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/natural-fiber-composites-slowly-take-roothttp://www.compositesworld.com/articles/natural-fiber-composites-slowly-take-roothttp://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y1873E/y1873e0a.htmhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y1873E/y1873e0a.htmhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y1873E/y1873e0a.htmhttp://www.compositesworld.com/articles/natural-fiber-composites-slowly-take-roothttp://acswebcontent.acs.org/ -
7/31/2019 C. Kalavrytinos - The Use of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymers for the BCU Formula Student Vehicle
57/57
Xbk {sk jl cjg~jsexk goxkpeois ljp xbk Ljpg{io Sx{hkdx |kbecik
Cbpesxjs Foio|puxedjs
Jkds Cjpdeda) d$ h$) VjdiedkW
bxx~=**$jkdscjpdeda$cjg*opj{dh*pls*o`j{x{s$os~
Polxjueoddes E$ "0>?0%$ Kr~kpegkdxoi Xksxeda jl Cjg~jsexk ^odkis Pkedljpckh exb
Cjxxjd Le`kps$ J~kd Mj{pdoi jl Cjg~jsexk Goxkpeois) 3?'35$
Qefe~kheo) ~ecx{pk jl jjh apoed) d$ h$ VjdiedkW
bxx~=**kd$efe~kheo$jpa*efe*Leik=@epd`o{g>?$m~a
@e`iejapo~bu
0>>5 Ukop jl Dox{poi Le`pks VjdiedkW
bxx~=**$dox{poile`pks0>>5$jpa*kd*le`pks*cjep$bxgi
OSG Edxkpdoxejdoi k`sexk VjdiedkW
bxx~=**$osgedxkpdoxejdoi$jpa*~jpxoi*sexk**
Cjg~jsexks Qjpih VjdiedkW
bxx~=**$cjg~jsexksjpih$cjg*
Doxejdoi Cjg~jsexks Dkxjpf VjdiedkW
bxx~=**$dcd'{f$cj${f
Xbk Kdaedkkp VjdiedkW
bxx~=**$xbkkdaedkkp$cj${f*?>?8>3>$opxecik:cg~eh7XK>?
http://www.owenscorning.com/around/rfs/aboutus.asphttp://www.owenscorning.com/around/rfs/aboutus.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birnbaum01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birnbaum01.jpghttp://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/fibres/coir.htmlhttp://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/fibres/coir.htmlhttp://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/http://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/brandt-goldsworthy-composites-visionaryhttp://www.compositesworld.com/articles/brandt-goldsworthy-composites-visionaryhttp://www.ncn-uk.co.uk/http://www.ncn-uk.co.uk/http://www.theengineer.co.uk/1014030.article?cmpid=TE01http://www.theengineer.co.uk/1014030.article?cmpid=TE01http://www.theengineer.co.uk/1014030.article?cmpid=TE01http://www.ncn-uk.co.uk/http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/brandt-goldsworthy-composites-visionaryhttp://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/http://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/fibres/coir.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birnbaum01.jpghttp://www.owenscorning.com/around/rfs/aboutus.asp