c origin information key documents mongolia · they recognise the president on his election and...

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION KEY DOCUMENTS

NGOLIA MO9 OCTOBER 2008

UK BORDER AGENCY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE

MONGOLIA 9 OCTOBER 2008

2 This COI Key Documents contains the most up-to-date publicly available information as at 09 October 2008 Older source material has been included where it contains relevant information not available in more recent documents.

Contents

............... 3

2. ............... 5 ............... 5 ............... 6 ............... 6 ............... 7

............. 8

............. 9

3. ............. 10 ............. 10 ............. 10 ............. 11 ............. 11 ............. 12 ............. 12 ............. 12 ............. 12 ............. 13 ............. 13 ............. 13 ............. 13 ............. 14 ............. 14 ............. 14 ............. 14 ............. 15 ............. 15 ............. 15 ............. 15 ............. 15 ............. 16

Political affiliation ....................................................................... 16 ............. 16

Security forces ........................................................................... 16 Terrorism ................................................................................... 16 Trafficking .................................................................................. 16 Women ...................................................................................... 17

4. REFERENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL ...................................................... 18

1. PREFACE ...............................................................................

BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON MONGOLIA ...........................Geography .....................................................................Map .................................................................................Recent history ...............................................................Recent events and political developments.................Economy ..........................................................................Human rights ...................................................................

INDEX TO KEY SOURCE DOCUMENTS ........................................

Key facts and geography................................................Maps .................................................................................History ..............................................................................Politics and recent developments .................................Human rights – general ..................................................Human rights – specific Issues......................................

Arrest and detention – Legal rights...............................Children ........................................................................Corruption .....................................................................Death penalty................................................................Disability .......................................................................Ethnic groups................................................................Foreign refugees...........................................................Freedom of movement..................................................Freedom of religion.......................................................Freedom of speech and media .....................................Human rights institutions, organisations and activists .Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) .............................Judiciary........................................................................Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons .........Medical issues ..............................................................Military service ..............................................................

Prison conditions ..........................................................

9 OCTOBER 2008 MONGOLIA

This COI Key Documents contains the most up-to-date publicly available information as at 09 October 2008. Older source material has been included where it contains relevant information not available in more recent documents.

3

1. Preface i cuments) on

(UKBA), for n process. It st commonly

ylum/human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. The COI Key

ii xed list of key reports, papers and articles

s. It does not

iii ect electronic

to each source referred to in the document, via a link on the source al users, the t the link was

iv

n Mongolia is also to provide a

v This COI Key Documents and the documents listed are publicly disclosable.

mments regarding this COI Key Documents or suggestions for additional material are very welcome and should be submitted to COI Service as

Country of Origin Information Service

36 Wellesley Road

Ema

This Country of Origin Information Key Documents (COI Key DoMongolia has been produced by COI Service, UK Border Agencyuse by officials involved in the asylum/human rights determinatioprovides general background information about the issues moraised in asDocuments includes information available up to 9 October 2008. It was issued on9 October 2008.

The COI Key Documents is an indeproduced by a wide range of recognised external information sourcecontain any UKBA opinion or policy.

For UK Border Agency users, the COI Key Documents provides diraccessnumbers in the index and list of sources. For the benefit of externrelevant web link has also been included, together with the date thaaccessed.

As noted above, the documents identified concentrate mainly on human rightsissues. By way of introduction, brief background information oprovided. Please note, this background material is not intended summary of the material contained in the documents listed.

vi Any co

sourcebelow.

UK Border Agency Apollo House

Croydon CR9 3RR United Kingdom

il: [email protected] site: Web http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/country_reports.html

ORY PANEL ON COUNTRY INFOR

ADVIS MATION vii The independent Advisory Panel on Country Information (APCI) was established

in 2003 to make recommendations to the Home Secretary about the content of the UK Border Agency’s country of origin information material. The APCI welcomes all feedback on UKBA’s COI Key Documents, COI Reports and other country of origin information material. Information about the Panel’s work can be found on its website at www.apci.org.uk

http://www.apci.org.uk/

http://www.apci.org.uk/



In the course of its work, the APCI reviews the content of selectedocuments and makes recommendations specific to those documemore general nature. The APCI may or may not have reviewed thdocument. At the following link is a list of the COI Key Documents, and other documents which have, to date,

viii d UKBA COI nts and of a is particular

COI Reports been reviewed by the APCI:

www.apci.org.uk/reviewed-documents.html

Please note: It is not the function of the APCI to endorse any UKBprocedures. Some of the material examined by the Panel relates designated or proposed for designation for the Non-Suspensive Aplist. In such cases, the Panel’s work sho

ix A material or

to countries peals (NSA)

uld not be taken to imply any on or proposal to designate a particular country for

process itself.

Advisory Panel on Country Information: Email: [email protected]

endorsement of the decisiNSA, nor of the NSA

Website: www.apci.org.uk

Return to Contents



5

2. Background Information on Mongolia

1 million Other 8%

Mongol, Kazakh south-west)

in only two:

arty (DP). reat Hural. r four years.

ister (subject to mbers of the Cabinet, which is the highest executive

of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, e last Parliamentary elections took

opment Bank cil (CCC), European

ommission for International Development al Criminal

n (IDA), nt

Fund (IMF), (NAM), United

ional, Scientific and Cultural Organisation United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Children's Fund

iversal tion of Red

IPO), [1a] (p1)

locatged [sic] between Russia and China. It is one of the highest countries in the world, with an average elevation of 1580m. It encompasses six distinct geographical zones, high mountains, steppe, forest steppe, dessert steppe, taiga and desert. The southern third of Mongolia is dominated by the Gobi Deserts (there are seven), where temperatures range from -40°C in winter to +40°C in summer.” (Foreign and Commonwealth Office) [1a] (p1) The principal language is Khalkha Mongolian. Kazakh is spoken in the province of Bayan-Ölgii. There is no state religion, but Buddhist Lamaism is being encouraged once again. The national flag (proportions 1 by 2) has three equal vertical stripes, of red, blue and red, with the

Area: 1,566,500 sq. km (602,829 sq. ml) Population: 2.64 million (2007)

ly, 'Red Hero') Population: Capital city: Ulaanbaatar (literalPeople (approx): Khalkh Mongols 86%, Kazakhs (6%), Language(s): KhalkhReligion(s): Tibetan Buddhism, Shamanism, Islam (inCurrency: Togrog (MNT) Head of State: Emilio Mwai Kibaki (elected 27 December 2002) Foreign Minister: Raphael Tuju Major Political parties: Thirteen political parties took part in the elections on 29 June 2008, three as part of a coalition. Political power is, however, concentrated the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) and the Democratic PGovernment: Supreme legislative power is vested in the Parliament, the GThe 76-member of the Great Hural are elected by universal adult suffra

ime Minge fo

They recognise the President on his election and appoint the Prthe President's agreement) and mebody. The President is the Headand is directly elected for a term of four years. Thplace in June 2008. The next Presidential elections will take place in 2009. President: Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) Prime Minister: Sanjaa Bayar (MPRP) Foreign Minister: Sanjaasürengiin Oyun (Civil Will Party) Membership of International Groupings/Organisations: Asian Devel(ADB), Asia –Europe Meeting (ASEM), Customs Co-operation CounBank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Economic and Social CAsia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO),

ion andAtomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Bank for Reconstruct(World Bank), International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), InternationPolice Organisation (INTERPOL), International Development AssociatioInternational Finance Corporation (IFC), International Fund for Agricultural Developme(IFAD), International Labour Organisation (ILO), International MonetaryInternational Telecommunications Union (ITU), Non-Aligned MovementNations (UN), United Nations Educat(UNESCO),(UNICEF), United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), UnPostal Union (UPU), World Health Organisation (WHO), International FederaCross and red Crescent Societies, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WWorld Meteorological Organisation (WMO). (Foreign and Commonwealth Office) GEOGRAPHY “Mongolia is a landlocked country more than six times the size of the UK,



stract devices) in gold on the red stripe at the hoist. The capital is Ulan Bator. (Europa Online) [2a]

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MAP

‘soyombo’ symbol (a combination of ab

(Europa Online) [3a] RECENT HISTORY “The Mongolian State was founded in 1206 by Genghis Khan. From 1691 Mongolia was part of the Manchu Empire. After the fall of the Manchus in 1911, the area formerly known

government blished.

PRP) lasted g for political

“At the July 1990 legislative election and consequent re-elections, 430 [Sic] deputies were elected to serve a five-year term: 357 from the MPRP (in some instances unopposed), 16 from the Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP, the political wing of the MDU), 19 shared among the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League, the Mongolian National Progress Party (MNPP), and the Mongolian Social-Democratic Party (MSDP), and 39 without party affiliation. Under constitutional amendments adopted in May, the People’s Great Khural was required to convene at least four times in the five years of its term.

as 'Outer Mongolia' declared independence. With Soviet help, a revolutionaryseized power in 1921 and in 1924 the Mongolian People's Republic was estaStalinist one-party rule by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (Muntil 1990 when, following a popular campaign of mass demonstrations callinand economic reform, the first multi-party elections took place.” (Foreign and Commonwealth Office) [1a] (p3)



7

Ochirbat to be the hairman of the e Minister and began

s on the formation of a multi-party government…” (Europa Online: Recent

s transferred Democratic political and

onomic downturn the following year, the MPRP ceremonial

marred by e voting gave

sakhilganiin een the DP

abandi of the parliament

me minister, won the presidential election in May 2005, despite

government hbold of the

“Prime mbo Enkhb ld resigned on Nove er 8, following an October 26 vote by the MPRP to remove him as i cha Enkhbold for

n. On November 22, parliament chose Sanjaa Bayar as the next prime minister who pledged to eradicate corruption.” (Freedom House,

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old in an ty (MPRP).

declared to d shown g with many

ening of 1 July eavy

afternoon and as looted and

burnt out, and nearby buildings of cultural significance, including the Modern Art Museum and the Philharmonic, also set on fire and their contents looted or smashed. Six people died and 11 police officers and 106 others were badly injured. On 1 July [2008] President Enkhbayar declared a four day State of Emergency in the centre of the capital. This was lifted on 5 July [2008]. (Foreign and Commonwealth Office) [1a] (p5) ”On 14 July [2008] the General Election Committee (GEC) formally announced that the MPRP had won 39 seats and the DP 25. The Foreign Minister’s Civil Will Party and the

“In September 1990 the People’s Great Khural elected Punsalmaagiincountry’s first President, with a five-year term of office; the post of CPresidium was abolished. Dashiin Byambasüren was appointed Prim(equivalentconsultation

to the former post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers)

History) [2f] (p3) “The MPRP was voted out in 1996 after 72 years in office, and power wapeacefully to the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC), which consisted of theParty (DP) and the Social Democratic Party. The DUC sought to implementeconomic reforms, but after an ecregained power with victories in both the 1997 election for the largelypresidency and the 2000 parliamentary vote. “In June 2004, a new parliament was chosen in elections that wereirregularities. A coalition government was formed in September 2004 after thneither side a majority. Under the compromise deal, former Prime Minister TElbegdorj of the Motherland Democracy Coalition (MDC)—an alliance betwand the Motherland Party—returned to the premiership while Natsagiin BagMPRP carried on as president. The MPRP’s Nambaryn Enkhbayar, thespeaker and a former pristreet demonstrations by protesters who accused him of corruption. In January 2006, the MDC–MPRP coalition government broke down, and the MPRP formed a newwith several small parties and defectors from the DP. Miyeegombo EnkMPRP became prime minister.

Minister Miyeego o mb ts irman. Opponents blamed

excessive political favoritism and corruptio

2008) [9a] (p1-2)

RECENT EVENTS AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS “In October 2007 Sanjaa Bayar defeated Prime Minister Miyeegombo Enkhbelection for chairmanship of the ruling Mongolian People’s Revolutionary ParHe was appointed Prime Minister in Enkhbold’s place the following month. “Parliamentary elections were held on 29 June 2008. The MPRP was initiallyhave won 44 of the 76 seats, the Democratic Party (DP) 26. Opinion polls ha

onthat competition would be closer between the two main parties. The DP, aleged fraud. On the evof the smaller parties which won no seats at all, all

[2008] a series of political demonstrations took place in Ulaanbaatar. Following htelevision coverage, the number of protestors increased throughout theevening to a crowd of about 8,000. The MPRP headquarters building w



olling stations in the e evidence of malpractice has been submitted.”

mmonwealth Office) [1a] (p5)

ty n Democratic New Socialist Party

nited Party

c Party

tional United Party

The Civil Movement Party The Development Program Party

n Democratic Development Party round Note: Afghanistan) [4a] (p5)

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), US$1,486 (2007 es ) Annual Growth: 7.5% (2006); 9.9% (2007)

e country. By Affairs)

in massive ed by falling privatization.

2005, 7.5% in 2006 and 9.9% in 2007, largely because of high copper prices and new gold production. Mongolia is experiencing its highest inflation rate in over a decade as consumer price 15%, largely because of increased fuel and food costs. Mongolia's economy continues to be heavily influenced by its neighbors. For example, Mongolia purchases 95% of its petroleum products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases.” (CIA World Factbook, updated 21 August 2008) [6a] “The copper-molybdenum works at Erdenet, a Mongolian-Russian joint venture, is the most important mining operation in the country.” [2b] (Economic Affairs)

Return to Contents

Civil Coalition won one each. The GEC propose a re-count in some p 10 remaining constituencies wher (Foreign and Co Political Parties Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Democratic ParMotherland-MongoliaNational New Party Civil Will Party Mongolian People's Party Mongolian Green Party Mongolian Traditional UMongolian National Solidarity PartyMongolian Liberal Democrati

arty Mongolian Republican PNaMongolian Women's

Mongolian Liberal Party Mongolian Social Democratic PartyFreedom Implementing Party

Mongolia (USSD Backg

ECONOMY GDP: US$3.2bn (2006) US$3.9bn (2007 est)

tGDP per head: US$1,216 (2006

Inflation: 9% (2007) Major Industries: Mining, cashmere, agriculture Major trading partners: China, Russia, United States, Japan Exchange rate: GBP £1 = 2383 Togrogs, US$1 = 1,157 Togrogs (Foreign and Commonwealth Office) [1a] (p2) “Animal herding is the main economic activity and is practised throughout thmid-1995 more than 90% of all livestock was privately owned. [2b] (EconomicHowever, “Severe winters and summer droughts in 2000-2002 resultedlivestock die-off and zero or negative GDP growth. This was compoundprices for Mongolia's primary sector exports and widespread opposition to Growth was 10.6% in 2004, 5.5% in

s in 2007 rose



9

HUMAN RIGHTS

independent l support

ng the general

more widely. State secrecy laws inhibit media reporting: capital punishment remains a state secret and relatives are not

al Report – Mongolia 2008 on these human no official death

The US State Department report on Human Rights Practices Mongolia 2007 noted that human rights of its citizens. However, the

e recorded or observed:

detainees;

system; o journalists;

stian churches; • sweeping secrecy laws and a lack of transparency;

• some domestic cases of child prostitution.

(US State Department: Human Rights Practices Mongolia 2007) [4b] (p1) Return to Contents

“Mongolia is a State Party to all the key UN Human Rights Conventions. AnHuman Rights Commission was established in 2001 and receives substantiafrom the UNDP to develop human rights awareness. This remains low amopopulation and among the police in particular. There is also continuing concern over the conditions in pre-trial detention centres, and in prisons

informed of executions.” (Foreign and Commonwealth Office) [1a] (p5)

Amnesty International concurred in its Annurights issues and stated that: “Executions were carried out in secret and sentences or execution statistics were available.” [5a]

the government generally respected the following human rights problems wer

• police abuse of prisoners and• impunity; • poor conditions in detention centers; • arbitrary arrest, lengthy detention, • corruption within the judicial• criminal defamation laws applied t• continued refusal by some provinces to register Chri

• domestic violence against women; • international trafficking of persons;



3. Index to key source documents

ick ce

KEY FACTS AND GEOGRAPHY

[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [16b] [24a] [24b]

ofile: d on 22 August 2008)

(KB users - cl

sour number to access document directly)

1a] Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Country PrMongolia (last update

2a]

2b]

3a]

4a]

4b]

6a]

7a]

11a]

12a]

http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/asia-oceania/mongolia?profile=all# Europa World Online, Location, Climate, Language,

tember 2008) only)

irs (accessed on 29

/45c739a84.pdf

Religion, Flag, Capital (accessed on 29 Sep(Hard copy Europa World Online, Economic AffaSeptember 2008) UNHCR, Mongolia Atlas map – July 2008 http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL

), Background 8

m

United States Department of State (USSDNote: Mongolia, last updated August 200http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.ht

ountry Report on arch 2008

e.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100530.htm

United States Department of State, CHuman Rights Practices – 2007, 11 Mhttp://www.stat

CIA – The World Factbook,https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mg.html British Broadcasting Company (BBC), Country Mongolia, last updated 23 June 2008

Profile:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1235560.stm World Bank: Mongolia http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/MONGOLIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:327714~pagePK:141159~piPK:141110~theSitePK:327708,00.html Reliefweb: Country Profile: Mongolia http://www.relie

fweb.int/rw/bkg.nsf/doc200?OpenForm&rc=3

&cc=mng&mode=cp The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF): Mongolia -

mongolia_statistics.htmlStatistics http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ Jane’s Sentinel Mongolia: Executive Summary, 17 July 2008. (Hard copy only) Jane’s Sentinel Mongolia: Demography 17 October 2007. (Hard copy only)

MAPS

[3a]

UNHCR: Mongolia Atlas map – July 2008

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm

http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100530.htm

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mg.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1235560.stm


http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/MONGOLIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:327714%7EpagePK:141159%7EpiPK:141110%7EtheSitePK:327708,00.html

http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/bkg.nsf/doc200?OpenForm&rc=3&cc=mng&mode=cp



11

CONTINUED

[

http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/45c739a84.pdfMAPS

25a]

nelyplanet.com/mapshells/north_east_asia/mo

Lonely Planet: Map of Mongolia http://www.longolia/mongolia.htm

HISTORY

[ [4a] [ [7b] [9a] [


try-profiles/asia-


7a]

24a]

http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/counoceania/mongolia?profile=all# United States Department of State (USSD), Background

/bgn/2779.htm

Note: Mongolia, last updated August 2008http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei

any (BBC), Country Profile: British Broadcasting CompMongolia, last updated 23 June 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1235560.stm

BBC, Timeline: Mongolia. A chronology of key events, last

updated last updated 2 July 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1235612.stm

e, Freedom in the World 2008: Mongolia Freedom Houshttp://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2008&country=7451 Jane’s Sentinel Mongolia: Executive Summary2008. (Hard copy only)

, 17 July

POLITICS ANDRECENT DEVELOPMENTS

[ [ [ [4b] [ [7a]

ealth Office, Country Profile:

try-profiles/asia-

1a] Foreign and Commonw

3a]

4a]

5a]

Mongolia (last updated on 22 August 2008) http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/counoceania/mongolia?profile=all#

ns (accessed 6

, Background

79.htm

Europa World Online, Political OrganisatioOctober 2008) (Hard copy only) United States Department of State (USSD)Note: Mongolia, last updated August 2008 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/27

Report on 008

s/hrrpt/2007/100530.htm

United States Department of State, CountryHuman Rights Practices – 2007, 11 March 2

rlhttp://www.state.gov/g/drl/

Human Rights Report 2008: Mongolia, Covering events from January to December 2007http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/asia-

Amnesty International (AI)

pacific/mongolia British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Country Profile: Mongolia, last updated 23 June 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1235560.stm

http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mapshells/north_east_asia/mongolia/mongolia.htm

http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2008&country=7451


http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/asia-pacific/mongolia







ICS AND

MENCONTINUED

[ [

ongolia edomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year

POLITRECENT DEVELOP

TS

9a] Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2008: M

24a]

http://www.fre=2008&country=7451 Jane’s Sentinel Mongolia: Executive Summary, 17 July 2008. (Hard copy only)

HUMAN RIGHTS - GENERAL:

[ [4b] [5a] [


ntry-profiles/asia-


9a]

[14]

http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/couoceania/mongolia?profile=all# United States Department of State, Country Report on

8 .htm

Human Rights Practices – 2007, 11 March 200/2007/100530http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt

International (AI) Human Rights Report 2008: December 2007

AmnestyMongolia, Covering events from January tohttp://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/asia-pacific/mongolia Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2008: Mongolia

domhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&yearhttp://www.free=2008&country=7451

man Rights Information Centre

hric.org/

Southern Mongolian Hu(SMHRIC) http://www.sm

HUMAN R (I

IGHT P

N ADDITION TO THE GENERAL REPORTS ABOVE INFORMATION ON THE FOLLOWING ISSUES IS PROVIDED I D

S – S ECIFIC ISSUES:

,N THE OCUMENTS LISTED BELOW)

ARREST AND DETENTION – LEGAL RIGHT

[ [ [

, Country Report on ights Practices – 2007, 11 March 2008

530.htmS

4b] United States Department of StateHuman R

5a]

9a]

http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100

rt 2008:

/asia-

Amnesty International (AI) Human Rights RepoMongolia, Covering events from January to December 2007http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regionspacific/mongolia Freedom House, Freedom in the World 20http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm

08: Mongolia ?page=363&year

=2008&country=7451

CHILDREN

[ [4b] [4c]

C Labor – orl

8caa4803c,

3b] 2007 Findings on the Worst Forms of hild Refw d) Mongolia, 27 August 2008 (via

http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,MNG,,40.html United States Department of State, Country Report on Human Rights Practices – 2007, 11 March 2008 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100530.htm Trafficking in Persons Report 2008, 4 June 2008 http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/ The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF): Mongolia -







http://www.smhric.org/




13

N CONTINUED

[ [ [20a] [

CHILDRE 16b] Statistics

17a]

23a]

http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/mongolia_statistics.html Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2004:Mongolia

Global Report

.php?id=859http://www.child-soldiers.org/document_get

Mongolia e/mongolia/

Volunteer Care work with children overseas in http://www.projects-abroad.co.uk/projects/car

ights of the

September 2005 /CRC.C.15.Add.2

Country Update: Mongolia Committee on the RChild: Thirty-ninth session – Concluding Observations, 21

http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)64.En?Opendocument

CORRUPTION

[ [ [ [ [

port on 8

tate.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100530.htm

4b] United States Department of State, Country Re

8a]

8b]

9a]

10a]

Human Rights Practices – 2007, 11 March 200http://www.s

ongolia 2008cus/2008/cpi2

Transparency International Corruption tables Mhttp://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_fo008/cpi_2008_table

nsparency.org/publications/publications/ar_20

Annual Report Transparency International 2007http://www.tra06 Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2008: Mongolia

ge=363&yearhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?pa=2008&country=7451

Final Report,

w.usaid.gov/mn/library/documents/MongoliaCorrupt

USAID: Assessment of Corruption in Mongolia,31 August 2005 http://wwionAssessmentFinalReport.pdf

DEATH PENALTY

[

Report 2008: to December 2007

http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/asia-

5a] Amnesty International (AI) Human Rights Mongolia, Covering events from January

pacific/mongolia

DISABILITY

[

ment of State, Country Report on 008 530.htm

4b] United States DepartHuman Rights Practices – 2007, 11 March 2http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100

ETHNIC GROU

[ [4a] [4b]

ry Profile:

ountry-profiles/asia-

PS 1a] Foreign and Commonwealth Office, CountMongolia (last updated on 22 August 2008) http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/coceania/mongolia?profile=all# United States Department of State (USSD), Background Note: Mongolia, last updated August 2008 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm United States Department of State, Country Report on Human Rights Practices – 2007, 11 March 2008 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100530.htm

http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table

http://www.transparency.org/publications/publications/ar_2006


http://www.usaid.gov/mn/library/documents/MongoliaCorruptionAssessmentFinalReport.pdf

http://www.usaid.gov/mn/library/documents/MongoliaCorruptionAssessmentFinalReport.pdf





N REFUGEES

[

CR: US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants - FOREIG

[ 3c] UNH

3d]

Operations http://www.unhcr.org/country/mng.html UNHCR Global Report 2007 - East Asia and the Pacific sub regional overview, 1 June 2008

e.pdfhttp://www.unhcr.org/home/PUBL/455443ad

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT

[ [4b]

ate (USSD), Background

4a] United States Department of StNote: Mongolia, last updated August 2008http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm

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15

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FREEDOMSPEECH MEDIA CONTINUED

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HUMAN RIGHINSTITUTIONS

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ORGANISATIOAND ACTIVIST

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ISSUES CONTINUED

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17

KINGCONTINUED

[ [ [

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women in Mong

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