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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

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Page 1: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion

Behavioral Geography

Culture Realms

Global Diffusion of Western Culture

Page 2: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

WHAT IS CULTURE? (IN SOCIOLOGY)

Knowledge Language Values Customs Material objects

*Also called Cultural Traits or Elements

Page 3: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

NOTES ON CULTURAL Learned.  The process of

learning one’s culture is called “enculturation.”  Culture is not merely passively absorbed, but rather taught and learned by agentive individuals with differing levels of power.

Shared.  Members of a particular society have their culture in common.

Patterned.  People in a given society live and think in distinctive and describable ways.

Mutually constructed.  By means of constant and ongoing social interaction, individuals create, recreate, and change the nature of a particular culture.

Symbolic.  Those within a particular culture possess a shared understanding of meaning.

Arbitrary.  Culture is not based on natural laws but rather is created by human beings.

Internalized.  Culture is habitual, taken for granted, and perceived as natural.

Page 4: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

KEEP IT GOING

Each is passed person to person in the society

Also from one generation to the next

Page 5: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

The earth’s surface as modified by human action

CREATING CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

Page 6: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

CULTURES CHANGE IN TWO WAYS:

Cultures change internally

Technology plays an important role

Cultures change externally by borrowing of cultural elements from one society by members of another

Cultural diffusion – process of spreading

Acculturation – process of adopting

Evolutionism Diffusionism

Page 7: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

THEORIES OF CULTURAL EVOLUTIONHow might cultures change through internal measures?

Page 8: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

VARRO’S THEORY OF HUMAN STAGES

Stages of Development Stage 1 – Hunters & Gatherers Stage 2 – Pastoral Nomadism (domestication) Stage 3 – Settled agriculture (Subsistence

agriculture) Stage 4 – Commercial Agriculture Stage 5 – Urbanization & Industry

Challenges Not every culture passes through the same stages Not true of all societies “Some ahead and some behind” Used to dominate other cultures

Page 9: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

MARX’S HISTORICAL MATERIALISM

Looks for the causes of developments and changes in human societies

Technology is the key to change! Technology determines economic

systems which determines politics and society

Cornucopian Goods would be distributed based

on need since technology would help produce surplus.* Malthusians believe that there is

no guarantee that technology will continue to provide rising standards of living as population increases.

Page 10: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM

View that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture.

Societies adapt to natural landscape Climate (major control) Challenge-Response Theory

People need the challenge of a difficult environment Weather of the middle latitudes led to more

determined and driven work ethics Possibilism

Theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by man's actions

Page 11: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

Environmental Determinism Debate

Page 12: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

CULTURAL DIFFUSIONHow might cultures change through external measures?

Page 13: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

CULTURAL DIFFUSION

Overwhelms Cultural Evolution Does not explain all distribution Diffusion is affected by a number of important

variables: duration and intensity of contact degree of cultural integration similarities between the donor and recipient cultures built in cultural resistance

Cultural Hearth – place of origin of culture elements

Problem: Same phenomenon occurs spontaneously at two or more places

Page 14: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

ACCULTURATION

Exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact

Immigrants adapt to cultural change resulting from contact with the dominant group by using one of four strategies: Assimilation (adopting) Integration (multicultural) Separation (separate) Marginalization (alienation)

Page 15: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

CULTURAL RESISTANCE

France bids Adieu to “E-mail”

PARIS, July 18, 2003-- Goodbye "e-mail," theFrench government says, and hello "courriel" — theterm that linguistically sensitive France is now usingto refer to electronic mail in official documents. TheCulture Ministry has announced a ban on the use of"e-mail" in all government ministries, documents,publications or websites, the latest step to stem anincursion of English words into the French lexicon.

Page 16: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

FOLK CULTURE

Made up of people who maintain the traditional

Describes people who live in an old-fashioned way-simpler life-style

Rural, cohesive, conservative, largely self-sufficient group, homogeneous in custom

Strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals

Tradition is paramount — change comes infrequently and slowly

Page 17: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

FOLK CULTURE

Amish Appalachia

Page 18: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

POPULAR CULTURE Consists of large masses of people who

conform to and prescribe to ever-changing norms

Large heterogeneous groups Often highly individualistic and groups are

constantly changing Pronounced division of labor leading to

establishment of specialized professions Police and army take the place of religion and

family in maintaining order Money based economy prevails Replacing folk culture in industrialized

countries and many developing nations

Page 19: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture
Page 20: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

GROUPING HUMANS IN CULTUREHow are humans groups defined?

Page 21: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RACE ANDETHNICITY

Race: attitudes formed in consequence of being a minority or majority member (via privilege). – Not assumed to be biological

Ethnicity: attitudes formed associating with the traditions and values of particular ethnic group.

Sociologist Max Weber once remarked that: "The whole conception of ethnic groups is so complex and so vague that it might be good to abandon it altogether.“

Examples: Polish, Arab, Chinese, Japanese, Mexican, & French

Page 22: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

GROUPS

Defined by a variety of characteristics or just one: Language/Literature Religion/Values/Traditions Politics/Beliefs Food/Manners

Subjective Subculture – smaller

bundle of attributes shared by a smaller group

“Ethno” – Gr. for people Ambiguous term May depend on:

Biology Culture Allegiance Historic background

Ethnocentrism - judge other cultures by own standards

Culture Groups Ethnic Groups

Page 23: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

ARE YOU TABOO?

Do you eat pork? Have you ever kissed in public? Should you have more than one wife

or husband? Do you eat with your left hand? Do you compliment physical

features? Do you eat fertilized duck eggs? Do you wear shoes in the house? Have you ever talked back to an

adult?

Page 24: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

BEHAVIORAL GEOGRAPHY

Approach to Human Geography that examines human behavior

Studies perceptions of the world and how perceptions influence behavior.

“Pictures in our heads” – Mental Maps People make decisions on their mental maps Cultural differences in perceptions Proxemics (cross-cultural study of the use of

space) Territoriality

Page 25: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

CULTURE REGIONS/ CULTURE REALMS

Page 26: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

WHAT CRITERIA IS USED TO DEFINE THE CULTURE REGION? 1. Is it consistent?

2. Is it meaningful?

Page 27: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

WHAT ARE THE MOST OBVIOUS FACTORS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY?

Language Religion Ethnicity Architecture Statues & Monuments Clothing/Style

Page 28: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

Cluster Housing Live together, work together Family or Religious bonds Common security Europe, Latin America, Asia,

Africa, & Middle East Isolated Housing

Peace & security Agricultural colonization Anglo-America, Australia,

New Zealand, South Africa

Page 29: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

FORCES THAT STABILIZE CULTURE REALMS

Despite diffusion, cultures remain fixed Inertia – term for the force that keeps things stable Historical Geography

Studies the past and how geographic distributions have changed

How people have interacted with their environment, and created the cultural landscape.

Fixed Assets (Infrastructure) Historical Consciousness (self reflection on history) Values - Preserve key aspects of culture Passed down from generation to generation

Page 30: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

TRADE & CULTURAL DIFFUSION

Diminishes isolation Triggers change - Important

force of diffusion Trade, economy, and culture

intertwined Part of Economic Geography

Study of how various people make a living, how economies develop, and trade

Export surplus, Import Luxuries

Page 31: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

TRENDS IN TRADE

More Trade, More Diffusion Nearly all parts of the world are affected Friction of Distance is less (costs down) Felt needs are created (think you need) Activities relocate freely – footloose Communication advances trades/ideas

Electronic highway Cyberspace

Possible clash of “Civilizations”

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GLOBAL DIFFUSION OF EUROPEAN CULTURE

Page 33: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

NOTES ON EUROPEAN CULTURE

Widespread (through conquest)

Massive Impact Progress or unwanted

acculturation??? Illustrates all types,

paths, and processes of diffusion

Prince Henry “the Navigator”

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Page 35: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

CULTURAL IMPERIALISM European ways are

superior Christianity a major

catalyst (conversion) Economic & military

superiority Methods

Force Training/schooling Reference Group Behavior

(desire to belong) Rewarding Degrading

Page 36: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

WESTERNIZATION TODAY Diffusion continues

Wealthy buy Western products

Young adopt western styles

Media & TV increase rate of diffusion

Tourism Non-Western

Professionals (Europe & U.S.)

Transforming traditional cultures/folk cultures

U.S. Influence Very strong 9/11 Ripple Effect Negative views of

American policies“Drugs”“Peace-Keeping”

Spread of U.S. Culture

Economic Power

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Page 38: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

UGLY AMERICAN

Used to describe boorish people from the U.S. insensitive to those in other countries

Bothers fans of the 1958 novel The Ugly American, whose title character was actually sensitive and thoughtful—he just looked ugly

Are Americans truly ugly?

“The Great Satan” – 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini

Page 39: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

PEW GLOBAL ATTITUDES PROJECT (6/2006)

America's Image Slips Spain, India, Russia,

Indonesia, & Turkey U.S.-led war on

terror draws majority support in just two countries - India and Russia

United States as the worst culprit in “hurting the world’s environment.”

In Japan, barely a quarter of respondents (26%) now favor the U.S.-led war on terror

War in Iraq has made the world a more dangerous place

33 of the 47 countries polled expressed a dislike of American ideas about democracy, with the hostility highest in three allies: Turkey, France and Pakistan.

47 nations surveyed

Page 40: C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Cultural Evolution vs. Cultural Diffusion Behavioral Geography Culture Realms Global Diffusion of Western Culture

WHAT ARE AMERICAN VALUES?

Equal Opportunity Achievement &

Success (competition)

Material Comfort Activity and Work

(action) Practicality and

efficiency

Progress (move forward)

Science Democracy and Free

enterprise (individual rights have significant value)

Freedom (individual over the group)

Racism and group superiority