c15: additional energy consumption in data centers after the introduction of the 5g ... ·...

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C15: Additional energy consumption in data centers after the introduction of the 5G standard

Tim Höfer, Sebastian Bierwirth, Reinhard Madlener

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Research topics

1) Energy needs of data centers

2) Waste-heat use in data centers

3) 5G standard: overview and new services of data centers

4) Energy needs and waste-heat use in data centers after the introduction of 5G

5) Possible implications of outsourcing and the use of cloud systems

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Research topics






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Data centers’ current energy use

• Data centers’ need for electrical energy has increased annually, particularly

for servers, storage, and network.

• Increased demand for processing power and storage capacity has

surpassed the efficiency gains of all systems, particularly data-center

infrastructure (primarily cooling/air conditioning and uninterruptible power

supply, UPS).

• Infrastructure’s proportion of a data center’s electricity consumption

declined from 50% to 34% between 2008 and 2015.

• Infrastructure of new data centers accounts for just 25% of total

consumption (compared with 40-50% for existing data centers).

Overview Trend in Germany (2010-2017)

Details

• Koomey`s Law: the number of computations per Joule doubles every 18

months.

• The average server consumes 1.96 MWh per year (2016). Source: Borderstep Institut (2018). Boom führt zu deutlich steigendem Energiebedarf der Rechenzentren in

Deutschland im Jahr 2017.

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Improving data centers’ energy efficiency

• In the past, upgrades focused primarily on air conditioning/cooling and

servers.

• The most common upgrades: virtualization, more energy-efficient servers,

and enclosure of hot aisles/cold aisles along with the use of the free

cooling.

• The bigger a data center’s IT surface surface, the more efficient it is (lower

power usage effectiveness, PUE).

Status quo Energy-saving potential

Source: Borderstep (2017). Rechenzentren in Deutschland: Eine Studie zur Darstellung der

wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung und der Wettbewerbssituation.

Forecast

• Very substantial efficiency gains are expected for all data-center

components.

• The biggest gains are expected to be in waste-heat use and power

generation.

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Current trends in data-center infrastructure

Trends

Source: NeRZ (2017). Energieeffizienz und Rechenzentren in Deutschland: Weltweit führend

oder längst abgehängt?

616.08.2019

• Efficiency will increase continually, particulary for air conditioningEfficiency

• Indirect or direct free cooling will become the standard for new data centers and for upgrades of existing centers > 50kW

Cooling

• Energy costs will become a key criterion for deciding where to site new, large cloud-based data centers

Energy costs

• As efficiency increases, exterior temperature will play less of a role when multinational companies decide where to site new data centers

Exterior temperature

• Reliability and availability will remain the top priorities for data centersReliability

• New technologies whose reliability is unproven and that require substantial modifications will only be introduced slowly

Technologies

• The operation of multiple infrastructure systems simultaneously (due to redundancy) will continue to consume substantial amounts of energy

Redundancy

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Research topics






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Data centers’ waste-heat use

• Data centers in Germany currently convert 13 billion kWh of electricity into

heat that goes unused and is released into the environment.

• Until now, waste heat has been used almost exclusively for on-site space

heating and water heating at the data center.

• Only 19% of data centers in Germany currently use at least 10% of their

waste heat.

Status quo Survey

Source: Borderstep (2017). Rechenzentren in Deutschland: Eine Studie zur Darstellung der

wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung und der Wettbewerbssituation.

Forecast

• Waste heat accounts for roughly 0.46 MWh of each MWh consumed.

• Data centers in Germany are forecast to consume 16.4 TWh of electricity in

2025, creating a waste-heat potential of up to 7.5 TWh.

• In the future, buildings with low energy needs will be able to use a data

center’s waste heat directly without the need for a heat pump.

1%

18%

13%

24%

35%

Question: Do you use the waste heat of your data center(s)?

Ja, wir nutzen die Abwärme sehrumfangreich (mehr als 50%)

Ja, wir nutzen einen Teil derAbwärme (10-50%)

Ja, aber wir nutzen nur einen kleinenTeil der Abwärme

Bei nächster größererModernisierung oder Neubau istAbwärmenutzung vorgesehen

keine Angabe

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Challenges to using data centers’ waste heat

Customers

• The high cost of the electricity needed to run heat pumps makes the cost of capturing waste heat higher than the price of natural gas

Cost-effectiveness

District heating networks

Core business

• District heating network operators operate their own heat-generation assets and aren’t currently interested in procuring heat

District heating network operators

• No suitable customers for waste heat

• Lack of sufficient interconnection with district heating networks

• Connecting data centers would require investments in district heating networks

• Marketing waste heat isn’t a data center’s core business

• Hiring a third party to do the marketing results in additional transaction costs

Contract duration• Data centers and district heating network operators have differing notions

regarding contract duration

Source: Bitkom (2019). Positionspapier: Nutzung von Abwärme aus Rechenzentren.

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Solutions for using data centers’ waste heat

Heat pumps

• Municipalities’ heat use plans should factor in the potential for using data centers’ waste heat

Heat use plans

Co-Generation Law

District heating networks 4.0

• Governments should providing financial support for the construction of pipelines to connect distant data centers that have significant waste-heat potential

Pipeline construction

• Exempt heat pumps from network fees and lower the Renewable Energy Law (EEG) levy

• Amend the Co-Generation Law to create financial incentives

• Enable non-public providers to participate in the districting heating networks 4.0 support program

Studies • Provide funding to studies and energy plans with the aim of using waste heat


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Research topics






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Research topics






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Forecast energy consumption of data centers in Germany

• Between 2010 and 2025, the energy consumption of data centers in

Germany is expected to increase by 56%.

• Data volume is expected to triple worldwide between 2016 and 2021 and

the volume of data stored in data centers to increase fivefold.

• Between 2010 and 2025, the energy consumed by servers and storage

media is expected to increase by 90%.

• By contrast, the energy consumed by networking equipment, air

conditioning, UPS, and other infrastructure is expected to increase by just

17% between 2010 and 2025.

Overview Forecast trend

Sourcel: Fraunhofer IZE (2015). Entwicklung des IKT-bedingten Strombedarfs in Deutschland.

Details

• Power usage effectiveness (PUE) is a metric for assessing improvements

in the efficiency of data-center infrastructure. It’s the ratio of the energy

consumed by IT to a data center’s total energy consumption.

• PUE: 2010 = 1.8; 2025 = 1.5

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Forecast energy consumption of data centers in Germany

• The scenarios’ assumptions vary in terms of server utilization,

server hardware needs, energy needs, use of SSD hard drives, and

the operating lifetimes of old infrastructure.

• The annual energy consumption of data centers in Germany in 2025

is forecast to be between 14% an 57% higher than in 2015.


Source : Fraunhofer IZE (2015). Entwicklung des IKT-bedingten Strombedarfs in Deutschland.

Borderstep (2016) Green Cloud? The current and future development of energy consumption by data

centers, networks and end-user devices

BMWi (2019) Kleine Anfrage: Kenntnisse der Bundesregierung über den Energieverbrauch von Informations-

und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) in Deutschland

10

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2015 2020 2025

Energ

ieverb

rauch [

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Fraunhofer Grünszenario Fraunhofer Basisszenario

Fraunhofer Grauszenario Borderstep

• To date, only two studies have estimated the future energy

consumption of data centers in Germany (see sources).

• In April 2019, Bundestag members from BÜNDNIS 90/DIE

GRÜNEN submitted a query to the German federal government

regarding the future energy consumption of data centers in

Germany following the 5G rollout; the governent was unable to

respond.

Caveats

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Forecast energy consumption of data centers worldwide

• The scenarios vary in terms of the annual improvement in energy

efficiency.

• The annual energy consumption of data centers worldwide in 2025

is forecast to be 3 to 17 times higher than in 2015.

• By 2030, data centers will account for 3% to 13% of global

electricity consumption compared with 1% in 2010.


Source: Andrea (2015) On Global Electricity Usage of Communication Technology: Trends to 2030

Andrea (2017) Total Consumer Power Consumption Forecast

IEA (2019) https://www.iea.org/tcep/buildings/datacentres/

• To date, very few studies have estimated the long-term energy

consumption of data centers worldwide.

• Data volume will increase primarily in North American and the Asia-

Pacific region. Consequently, this is where data centers’ energy

consumption will increase the most.

Caveats

0

1.000

2.000

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2015 2020 2025 2030

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ieverb

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Andrea (2015) Best Andrea (2015) Expected Andrea (2015) Worst

Andrea (2017) Best Andrea (2017) Expected IEA (2019)

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Impact of 5G on the energy consumption of data centers in Germany

• Mobile data traffic’s share of all IP traffic in Germany:

• 2021: 8%

• 2025: 30.7% (40% growth per year)

• 5G’s share of mobile data traffic

• 2021: 5%

• 2025: 44.5%

• 5G’s share of all IP traffic in Germany

• 2021: 0.3% (= 8% * 5%)

• 2025: 13.7% (= 30.7% * 44.5%)

• Data centers’ energy consumption

• 2021: 13.4 – 16.2 TWh

• 2025: 13.6 – 18.8 TWh

• 5G’s maximum impact on data centers’ energy

consumption:

• 2021: 16.2 TWh * 0.3% = 0.1 TWh

• 2025: 18.8 TWh * 13.7% = 2.6 TWh

Projection Expert estimates

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The increase in data centers’ energy consumption in 2025 resulting from the introduction of 5G is equivalent to the electricity

consumed by 0.6m – 1.25m households (based on an average electricity consumption of 3,000 kWh per household).

• Expert estimates

• 2025: 5G’s share of all IP traffic in Germany between

10% and 20%

• 2025: data centers’ energy consumption roughly 19 TWh

• 5G’s maximum impact on data centers’ energy

consumption:

• 2025: 19 TWh * 10% = 1.9 TWh

• 2025: 19 TWh * 20% = 3.8 TWh

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Increase in data centers’ energy consumption caused by 5G

• Cisco’s forecast annual growth rate for mobile data traffic in Germany of

40% for 2016-2021 will remain constant for 2022-2025.

• 5G’s share of mobile data traffic in Germany will be identical to Ericsson’s

forecast for 5G’s share of mobile data traffic worldwide: 5% in 2021,

44.5% in 2025.

• The annual growth in data centers’ energy consumption in absolute terms

will be constant from 2020 to 2025 (in other words, an assumption of

linear growth using interpolation for the 2021 figures).

• Data center’s energy consumption is independent of where and how data

are created: mobile/fixed/wired’s share of data traffic corresponds to the

share of data centers’ energy consumption.

Assumptions

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5G’s share of mobile data traffic

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Research topics






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Possible implications of outsourcing and the use of cloud systems

Sources:: Borderstep (2018) Bedeutung digitaler Infrastrukturen in Deutschland

Borderstep (2014) Rechenzentren in Deutschland: Eine Studie zur Darstellung der

wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung und der Wettbewerbssituation

NeRZ (2017) Energieeffizienz und Rechenzentren in Deutschland

• ICT outsourcing is growing thanks to virtualization, cloud

computing, and greater use of colocation.

• However, network latency places limits on ICT outsourcing.

• Many private companies avoid outsourcing critical company data

(like R&D).

• The bigger and more digitalized a company is, the more

flexibility it has in selecting the site for its data center.

• Small and less digitalized companies usually use smaller,

regional data centers.

• Public agencies and universities must store their data in

Germany.

• In some cases, data outsourcing is prohibited by law (examples:

social-services and patient data, privacy of public registry and

statistical data).

ICT outsourcing trends

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IT surface area in data centers [1,000 m²]Data-center capacity in Germany

• In 2015, Germany had roughly 25% of Europe’s total data-center

capacity.

Data-center siting policy in Scandinavia

• Affordably priced renewable energy

➢ Renewables account for a large share of power production

➢ Lower electricity tax

Data-center siting policy in the Netherlands

• Cluster strategy

➢ Expand digital infrastructure, particularly around Amsterdam

Sources: Borderstep (2018) Bedeutung digitaler Infrastrukturen in Deutschland



https://www.it-daily.net/it-management/data-center-server-storage/21464-brexit-run-auf-das-daten-

mekka-frankfurt

https://www.funkschau.de/datacenter-netzwerke/die-genese-der-rechenzentren.166388.html

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• Data security

• Legal certainty

• Reliability of the power supply

• Power prices

• Duration of the approvals process

• Availability of necessary professional staff

Pros and cons of siting data centers in Germany

• Assessment of Scandinavia, UK, and NL is similar to that of

Germany.

• They get higher marks for the availability of necessary

professional staff, approvals processes, and power prices.

Pros and cons of siting data centers elsewhere in Europe

Large data-center operators will tend to locate in, or move to, other

European countries.

In particular, colocation operators with large IT surface areas require

locations with very flexible characteristics.

Sources: Borderstep (2018) Bedeutung digitaler Infrastrukturen in Deutschland



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Policies that would help enhance Germany’s digital infrastructure

Broadband

• Attract powerful and energy-efficient hyperscalers

• Support micro data centers specializing in edge computingData-center siting

Research

Bureaucracy

• Rapidly expand broadband networks to achieve nationwide coverage

• Build on strengths in data security, high-performance edge computing, and sustainable energy-efficiency gains

• Make application and approvals processes more efficient

Electricity costs • Reduce levies, fees, and taxes for data center to remain competitive in Europe


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Sources: Equinix (2019) Global Interconnection Index Volume 3

Borderstep (2018) Bedeutung digitaler Infrastrukturen in Deutschland

Global trends

• Frankfurt is one of Europe’s top data-center locations.

• Frankfurt has Germany’s highest data-center capacity due to its

excellent transportation and fiber-optic links, good availability of

professional staff, and central location in Europe, and the fact that

it’s the world’s large internet hub.

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022Bandbre

itenkapazität

[Tbps]

London Frankfurt Amsterdam Paris

0500

1.0001.5002.0002.5003.0003.5004.0004.5005.0005.500

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022Bandbre

itenkapazität

[Tbps]

Nordamerika Asien-Pazifik-Region Europa Lateinamerika

• On balance, Western Europe will become a less important location

for data centers.

• In 2021, Western Europe will account for 18.5% of global data-

center workload.

• In 2022, Europe have roughly 22% of the world’s broadband

capacity.

• Data-center workload is rising primarily in Asia, where average

growth rates range between 15% and 24%.

Europe’s top data-center locations


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Institute for Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)

E.ON Energy Research Center

Mathieustraße 10, 52074 Aachen

Germany

Prof. Dr. Reinhard Madlener

T +49 241 80 49 820

[email protected]

www.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/fcn

Kontakt

Tim Höfer

T +49 241 80 49 49837

[email protected]

www.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/fcn

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• Andrea (2015) On Global Electricity Usage of Communication Technology: Trends to 2030

• Andrea (2017) Total Consumer Power Consumption Forecast

• Aslan et al. (2017) Electricity Intensity of Internet Data Transmission

• Bitkom (2019) Positionspapier: Nutzung von Abwärme aus Rechenzentren.

• BMVI (2017) Netzallianz Digitales Deutschland

• BMWi (2019) Kleine Anfrage: Kenntnisse der Bundesregierung über den Energieverbrauch von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) in Deutschland

• Borderstep (2016) Green Cloud? The current and future development of energy consumption by data centers, networks and end-user devices

• Borderstep (2017). Rechenzentren in Deutschland: Eine Studie zur Darstellung der wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung und der Wettbewerbssituation.

• Borderstep Institut (2018). Boom führt zu deutlich steigendem Energiebedarf der Rechenzentren in Deutschland im Jahr 2017

• Borderstep (2017). Rechenzentren in Deutschland: Eine Studie zur Darstellung der wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung und der Wettbewerbssituation

• DigitalGipfel (2017) 5G in Deutschland Szenario zur Realisierung

• DotEcon (2017 ) Study on Implications of 5G Deployment on Future Business Models

• Equinix (2019) Global Interconnection Index Volume 3

• Fraunhofer IZE (2015) Entwicklung des IKT-bedingten Strombedarfs in Deutschland.

• Huawei (2016) 5G Network Architecture: A High Level Perspective

• Huawei (2017) 5G Spectrum Public Policy Position

• IDC (2018) The Digitization of the World From Edge to Core

• NeRZ (2017). Energieeffizienz und Rechenzentren in Deutschland: Weltweit führend oder längst abgehängt?

• PWC (2019) Edge data centers: Riding the 5G and IoT wave

• Roland Berger (2018) Erfolgsfaktor 5G Innovation und Vielfalt für die nächste Stufe der Digitalisierung

• Yousefpour et al. (2019) All one needs to know about fog computing and related edge computing paradigms: A complete survey

Literaturverzeichnis

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• https://www.iea.org/tcep/buildings/datacentres/

• http://connections.rdm.com/de/fokus-de/edge-data-center

• http://www.emfexplained.info/?ID=25916

• https://www.ip-insider.de/was-ist-embb-enhanced-mobile-broadband-a-828857/

• https://www.viavisolutions.com/en-us/5g-network-slicing

• http://connections.rdm.com/de/fokus-de/edge-data-center

• https://ne-rz.de/2019/11/27/boom-bei-kompaktrechenzentren/

• https://ne-rz.de/2019/07/10/edge-rechenzentren-vor-dem-durchbruch/

• https://www.it-daily.net/it-management/data-center-server-storage/21464-brexit-run-auf-das-daten- mekka-frankfurt

• https://www.funkschau.de/datacenter-netzwerke/die-genese-der-rechenzentren.166388.html

• https://www.ericsson.com/en/mobility-report/mobility-visualizer?f=7&ft=2&r=1&t=1,20&s=4&u=3&y=2017,2025&c=3

• https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white-paper-c11-738429.html

• https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/m/en_us/solutions/service-provider/vni-forecast-highlights/pdf/Germany_2021_Forecast_Highlights.pdf

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