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CSC159 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER 1

1In reference to the different generations of computing devicesEach generation characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operateMove towards smaller, cheaper, more powerful, more efficient & reliable devicesEvolution of Computer Architecture 1.HISTORY OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

2.STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT LESSON OUTCOMESPeriodTechnology Inventor/invention1642 - 1940Mechanical EraBlaise Pascal (1623-1662) was the son of a tax collector and a mathematical genius. He designed the first mechanical calculator (Pascaline) based on gears. It performed + and -.Gottfried von Leibnitz (1646-1716) was a German mathematician and built the first calculator to do * and / (Stepped Reckoner). It was not reliable due to accuracy of contemporary parts.Charles Babbage (1792-1872) Analytical EngineHad 4 components the store (memory), the mill (computation unit), the input section (punched card reader), the output section (punched & printed outputs)John V.Atanasoff and Clifford BerryABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)First totally electronic digital computer0th Generation

Blaise PascalGottfried von Leibnitz Charles BabbageJohn V.Atanasoff and Clifford BerryPeriodTechnologyInventor/inventionMain FeaturesTypes of computer1940 - 1955Vacuum tubeUse vacuum tubes for circuitry & magnetic drums for memoryVacuum tubesSize is bulky/very largeMade from glassFragileShort-lived (heat-burned out)Use a great deal of electricityvery expensiveComputers relied on machine language & could only solve one problem at a timeInput: punched cards & paper tapeOutput: displayed on printoutsENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)John W.Mauchly and J. Presper EckertFirst all-electronic digital computerEDVAC, IAS and UNIVAC I (first commerciallyavailable computer)Vacuum tube technologyUnreliableSupported machine language onlyVery costlyGenerated lot of heatSlow input and output devicesHuge sizeNeed of A.C.Non-portableConsumed lot of electricityENIACEDVACIASUNIVACIBM-701IBM-6501st Generation

ENIACUNIVACIAS MachineEDVACPeriodTechnologyInventor/inventionMain FeaturesTypes of computer1955- 1965TransistorMade of specially treated silicon which controlled the flow of electric currentGenerated less heat & wouldnt burn outAllow computers to become smaller, faster,cheaper, & more energy-efficient than before more reliable than vacuum tubesUse assembly languages - allow programmers to specify instructionsin words

Use of transistorsReliable in comparison to first generation computersSmaller size as compared to first generation computersGenerated less heat as compared to first generation computersConsumed less electricity as compared to first generation computersFaster than first generation computersStill very costlyA.C. neededSupported machine and assembly languagesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 6600CDC 3600UNIVAC 11082nd Generation8

IBM 7094

CDC 6600PeriodTechnologyInventor/inventionMain FeaturesTypes of computer1965 - 1980Integrated Circuit basedThe computers of third generation used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors,resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented byJack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. Inthis generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operatingsystem were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1,BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.More reliable in comparison to previous two generationsSmaller sizeGenerated less heatFasterLesser maintenanceStill costlyA.C neededConsumed lesser electricitySupported high-level languageIBM-360 seriesHoneywell-6000 seriesPDP(Personal Data Processor)IBM-370/168TDC-3163rd Generation10

PeriodTechnologyInventor/inventionMain FeaturesTypes of computer1980 - PresentVLSI microprocessor basedMicroprocessors *(VLSI)Thousands of ICs built onto a single chipCould be mass produced (PCs)Computers become even smaller & more powerfulGUIs, mouse, handheld devicesOpen architectureThe hardware design was made available to anyoneAnyone could write software or build hardwareVLSI technology used Very cheapPortable and reliableUse of PC'sVery small sizePipeline processingNo A.C. neededConcept of internet was introducedGreat developments in the fields of networksComputers became easily availableDEC 10STAR 1000PDP 11CRAY-1(Super Computer)CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)4th Generation12PeriodTechnologyInventor/inventionMain FeaturesTypes of computerPresent - BeyondULSI Technology1) Artificial IntelligenceGoal: to develop devices that respond to natural language input & are capable of learning & self-organize RoboticsNano-technologyAnything smaller than Microtechnology

2) Age of ConnectivityRelease of WWW standards in 1991 possible to connect computers all over the worldShift towards technology that focuses on mobility (wireless revolution)ULSI technologyDevelopment of true artificial intelligenceDevelopment of Natural language processingAdvancement in Parallel ProcessingAdvancement in Superconductor technologyMore user friendly interfaces with multimedia featuresAvailability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper ratesDesktopLaptopNoteBookUltraBookChromeBook5th Generation13John von NeumannA genius who spoke many languages, was an expert in the physical sciences & mathematics, & had a total recall of everything he ever heard, saw, or readA consultant on the ENIAC projectProposed significant improvements over the ENIAC designEDVAC and IASStored Program ConceptTHE PRINCIPLES :

Data & instructions are both stored in main memory while being processedSequential processing of instructionsBinary data processingConsists of CPU, memory, & I/O systemJohn Von Neumann ArchitectureJohn Von Neumann ArchitectureA more complete view of the computer system architecture that integrates interaction (human or otherwise) consists of:

A central processing unit (CPU); it contains the control unit (CU), arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) and Interface unit

ALU: arithmetic/logic unitPerforms arithmetic and Boolean logical calculationsCU: control unitControls processing of instructionsControls movement of data within the CPUInterface unitMoves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware componentsBus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components

John Von Neumann ArchitectureMemory : Short-term storage for CPU calculations, Holds both instructions and data of a computer program Input devices: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cardsOutput devices: monitor, printer, fax machineStorage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tapeBus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components

John Von Neumann ArchitectureIn the von Neumann architecture, a small set of circuits can be driven to perform very different tasks, depending on the software program, which is executed.

The primary function of a CPU is to execute the instructions fetch from the main memory.An instruction tells the CPU to perform one of its basic operations.The CU is the one which interprets the instruction to be executed and which tells the different other components of what to do.The CPU includes a set of registers, which are temporary storage devices typically used to hold John Von Neumann Architecture