Bonding – IONIC BONDSGiving and receiving electrons – The electron “givers” are usuallymetals and the “receivers” are non-metals. A reaction between a metaland a non-metal usually results in an ionic bond.

Consider sodium and chlorine

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oooooo o + x

xxx

xxxxxx xx

x

x

x

xx

= xxxx

xxxxxx xx

x

x

x

xx

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oooooo o

ELECTRON DONATED BY SODIUMELECTRON RECEIVED BY CHLORINEBOTH HAVE FULL OUTER SHELLSSTRONG ELECTROSTATIC BOND

[2,8,1] [2,8,7] [2,8] 1+ [2,8,8]1-

Bonding – COVALENT BONDSSharing electrons – In this case both atoms provide electrons for the bond and the shells overlap. These are formed when non-metals bond together

xxxx

xxxxxx xx

x

x

x

xx[2,8,7]

xxxx

xxxxxx xx

x

x

x

xx[2,8,7]

+ = xxxx

xxxxxx xx

x

x

x

xx[2,8,8]

xxxx

xxxxxx xx

x

x

x

xx[2,8,8]

In this case, chlorine atoms combine to make a chlorine molecule.No ions are formed because the electrons are shared.

The shells are now locked together forming another strong bond.