c6 english consonants

English English consonantsconsonants

Work in the same group

Scan chapters 4 & 6 again

Discuss the answers to the following questions


Define the following terms:manners of articulation plosivesinitial, medial and final positions of a plosiveaspirationfortis vs lenisfricativesaffricateshomorganic


What are the three properties used for describing a consonant?

How is a plosive produced?

What are the English plosives?

How does aspiration take place? And when?

What are the English fricatives?

What are the English affricates?


Manners of articulation: the particular way the airstream is obstructed

Plosives

Affricates

Fricatives

Nasals

Approximants (central, lateral)


Plosives: Oral stopsThe air is stopped completely in the oral cavity for a brief period

Then it explodes with the release of the closure, producing loud-enough noise to be heard

English plosives: Bilabials: p, bp, bAlveolars: t, dt, dVelars: k, gk, g


The articulation of a plosive:Closing phase (dynamic)

Occlusion / Compression phase (static)

Release phase (dynamic)

Oral release

Nasal release

Lateral release


Bilabials: p, bp, b


Alveolars: t, dt, d


Velars: k, gk, g


Positions of plosives:Initial – CV

Medial - VCV

Final - VC


Initial – CVVoiced plosives: released with weak plosion

Voiceless plosives: released with audible plosion aspirationaspiration


AspirationAspirationThe phenomenon in which a small “puff of air” escapes through the vocal folds after the release phase.

Transcribed as [ CChh ]


AspirationAspiration


Aspiration rule:Aspiration rule:Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur syllable initially before stressed vowels (in a stressed syllable).

/ CC /

Examples:pot spot repeat compasstop stop attack contourkid skid akin condemn

[ CChh ] / $ __ V [+stress]

[ CC ] / elsewhere[-voiced]

[+stop]


Positions of plosives:Initial – CV: scarcely voiced

Medial - VCV

Final – VC: scarcely voiced


Positions of plosives:Initial – CV

Medial - VCV

Final – VCmap, mat,

lab, lad, lag

lap lab

meat mead


Fricatives:Consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth, accompanied by a continuous audible noise (hissing sound)

Continuant consonants

f, v, 8, 5, s, z, ~, 2, hf, v, 8, 5, s, z, ~, 2, h


Labiodentals: f, vf, v


Inter-dentals: 8, 58, 5


Alveolars: s, zs, z


Alveo-palatals: ~, ~, 22


Glottal: hhHas the quality of the vowel it precedes

Problems:

hj hj ( ( .. ) )

ww


Affricates:Consonants produced when the air is built up by a complete closure of the oral tract and then released and continued like a fricativeThe plosive and the following fricative must be “homorganic” (made with the same articulators)Non-continuant consonants that show a slow release of the closure t~, d2t~, d2


Alveo-palatals: t~, t~, d2d2


Fortis consonantsFortis consonants

Produced with more force

Usually thought of as voiceless

p, t, k, s, f, ~, p, t, k, s, f, ~, t~t~

Lenis consonantsLenis consonants

Produced with less force

Usually thought of as voiced

b, d, g, v, z, 2, b, d, g, v, z, 2, d2d2


Fortis consonantsFortis consonantsSyllable – final: shortening a preceding vowel or l, m, n, 7

mop mobrich ridge

Syllable – initial: devoicing a following approximant (l, r, w, j)

play laytray rayquick wick

English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation

Alveolar plosivesAlveolar plosives


Dental fricativesDental fricatives


Bilabial plosivesBilabial plosives


Alveolar fricativesAlveolar fricatives


Affricates Affricates


Labiodental fricativesLabiodental fricatives


Glottal fricativeGlottal fricative


Velar plosivesVelar plosives


Alveo-palatal fricativesAlveo-palatal fricatives

Preparation for next Preparation for next classclassReview:

Plosives

Fricatives

Affricates

Aspiration

Shortening of vowels before a fortis consonant

Devoicing of approximants after a fortis consonant

Read Chapter 5

Chapter 7

c6 english consonants

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