cadden - the natural philosophy of william of conches

8/19/2019 Cadden - The Natural Philosophy of William of Conches

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Science and Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: The Natural Philosophy of William of ConchesAuthor(s): Joan CaddenSource: Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Jan., 1995), pp. 1-24Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press

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d t r h t C f J 0 W r d T he D t e o f t he C o mm en t r y on C c e ro D e n v en t o ne b y

T h e r ryo fCh r t r e c 1 0 95 1 1 6 0? n dth eC or n f c nAt t ck o n th e Lbe r Ar t

V t o r 3 1 9 72 2 1 9 7 3 o n 22 2




7/25

6 J o nC dden

t o u c h c r t c m h v er b v r tu o t y u re d h e co u d n ot b e c c u e d k e

ome o f ben ggn o r n t o f th twh chh e r e e c t ed1 4

T h e pro o gue t o B o o k nd r e t e r t e the c o n demn t o n o f upe r f c

t yn d o f pr eo c cupt o nw th o r nmen t Wekn owmnywho e ek the

o r nment o r n tu o fw o rd f ew the t r uth ofkn o w edge 1 5 T h e em nyr e

m e n w ho t e r n g of f t he c o t he o f P h o o ph y n d b e e v n g t h t w t h

t h e gr bbedr g h eh ur ren de r edh e rwh o e e f t o th em depr t 1 6 T h

t m e t p ho r w h c h W m u e o ft en n ot o n y r he to r c y t r k ng n

t o wn r g h t n d u g g e t v e of g n f c n t g en de r d m en o n n t h e pr og r m

o f t we f th c e nt ur y e r n n g b u t w ou d h v e r e c e d t o W m r e d er t h e

f gur e o f Ph o o phydepc te dbyB o eth u h e r e e gn t r ment t o r n byf e

p h o o p he r 1 7

T he re m or e th n n eg t v e me g e n t he e c cu t o n W m

budng c e f o r th e pur ut o f t r uew domtr uekno w edge t r ue ph o o

phy

K no wngn o thng bo utph o o phy hmedt o c o n fe th eydo n o t

kn ow omethng nde ekngth e c omfo r t o f the r gn or n c e th ey

pr oc mth t th o e thng wh ch th eydo n o tkn ow r e o fn o ue B ut

w e h v e p ro po e d t o y o me th n g b o ut p h o o p h y o t h t w e

m y h e p t h o e w ho d e g h t n t n d t ru y m y e x c t e t o de g h t

thoe whodonot18

W h t W m m e n h er e by p h o o p hy t he u b e ct o f h t r e t e

h e y n th e f r t ch pt e r of th ew o rk th e t rue un der tn dngo fwh t e xt

n d n ot e en n d of wh t ex t n d e en 1 9 th t t he org n t on

n d c on te nt o f h t re t e m k e c e r n t u r p h o o p hyW m t h u

d e n e t e h d om n w h ch t e d t w t o t he P t on c c o m o og y o f th e

g e n c u de d en t t e u ch p r t t he h um n o u n d th e wo r d o u n ot

1 4 C ompr e th e upt r t ch t e dbyG be rt o f Po t e r Wr d T h e r ryo fCh r t r e

229

1 5 Ph o o ph P ro o gu e ? 1 4 1 S ed q u m v m u t o o rn t u m v er bo ru m

q ue r er e p uc o ve r t t em c en t e c o gn o cmu

1 6 Ph o o p h P ro o gu e ? 1 7 3 m u to v e t e p h o o ph e b c n de nt e e t

c um p n n cu r re pt t ot m b e m c e e c re de nt e b e c og no c m u

1 7 Bo et h u D e c on o t o ne p h o o p h e e d H F S te w r t C m b r d ge 1 9 6 8

p ro e 2 2 2 4 n d p ro e

1 8 Ph o o p h P ro o gu e ? 2 1 7 N h q u pp e de p h o o ph c e nt e q u d e

n e c r e co nf t er e r u be c e nt e u e m pe r t e o c u m q u e r en te e q u e n e c u nt

n u u u t t t e e m n u c u t p r ed c nt S ed d e ph o o ph q ud d ce re

p r op o u m u u t d g en t b u p m p r o po e n o t ro p r of c m u n on d g en te v er o d

dgen tm exc t emu

19 P h o o p h ? 4 1 8 P h o o p h e t e o ru m q u e u n t e t no n v d en tu r e t e or um

q ue un t e t vdent ur ve r c ompr ehen o S e eH e enR odn t e Lemy Gu umede

C on ch e D v o n of P h o o p hy n t he A c ce u d M c r ob u m M ed e v 1 1 9 77

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8/25

W m o f C on ch e 7

c o ve r edbymo demcen c eAt th e me tme th e ue o f th e t e rm v be

t h ng n d n v b e t h n g r e o n te b ot h w t h th e C re ed t h e re by

o c t n gh c en c ew thkn ow edge o f the c r e t o r 2 0 n dw thu ge t e dt o

t he p r c t c e o f b b c e xe ge c co rd n g t o wh c h w or d w e re v b n d

t he r p r t u m e n ng w er e n v b 2 1

T hu t he p r o og ue o f W m P h o o p h w h ch t t c k th o e d e

vo te dt o th emer e t r ppng o f e r nngempo yeven th eyc mto

t r n c en d t y t c e e g n c e r he to r c u t ho r t e n d e xe g et c m et ho d

Ambguou ygr o un ded n de q uppe dth eyf un ct o n p t f ormfr omwhch

t o pr oc mth empo r tn c e o f the ube c tn df o rmo fh w o rk th e dr e c t

t ud y o f th e n t ur w or d n f re e t n d n g t r e t e w t h n o r de r y e q ue nc e

o f t op c N e t he r t e d to t ex t w er e c omm en t r e o n t h e e r y c h p te r o f

G en e n or c o mm t t ed p r m r y t o t he d c ov er y o f mo r n d p r t u

m e n ng n n t u r o b e ct w t he b e t r y or P hy o o g u t h e Ph

o o p h n d t w o ne o f t he e r e t N o rt he rn E u ro pe n w o rk o f th k n d

wh chbe cmen cr e n gyc ommo nn th e c o ur e o f th e c ent ury

T h e e ff e ct o fW m tr t e gyn th e pr o o gue c r r yo ve r n t o th e

b o d y of t h e wo rk w e n h d c u o n of t h e fo ur e e m en t f or e x m p e

h eh o d th tw e en c o un t er th e e ement o nyn compo und k e e t t e r n

y b e n ev er o ne D e f en d n g th p o t o n h e r e fe r t o t h e pr d e n d

r r o gn c e o f tho ewh o hven e ve r r e dth ew r tn go fC o n tn tn e o r o f

n y o t he r p hy c u t h t n yo ne t re t n g t he n t u re o f b od e 2 2 H e

r e fe r r n gt o C on t n tn e th eAfr cn c o nve rt e dM o em who t o w r dth e

en do f the e e ven th c en tur yr en de r ed n t o Ltn r ge bodyo fAr bc

m ed c n e n d w t h t c on d e r b e m ou nt o f n t u r p h o o ph yW m

w o n e o f the f r tNo r th e rn Eur open w ekn ow o f t o c t e C o n tn tn e

w ho e w o rk w er e c er t n y n o t r eg r d ed u th or t t v e t t h t m e B y

n m n g C o n t n t ne h m n o u r ce r t h er t h n t he w e e t b h ed

e xper t P t o n dM cr obu wh o e o pn o nh e c t emer eyt o uppor t

C on t n t n e W m c on tr b u t ng t o t he c r e t on o f n ew c n o n fo r

n t ur p h o o p hy H e o d r w o n o t he r u t ho r w h o e wo rk k e

C on t n t n e w er e c r cu t n g t t h e t m e n t h e v e y c omm un t y o f

m ed c n te e c t u t S e rn o n S o ut he rn t y 2 3

2 0 C re do n u n um d eu m f c to re m v b u m om n um e t n v b u m S e e o

Ph o o p h V x x x ? 58 1 1 6

2 1 S e eNn cyFP r tne r T h eNewC o r n f cu M ede v H t o ry ndth eAr t f c e o f

W or d n E rn t B re c h e d C c n d Me d ev H t o r og r ph y K m o o

1 98 5 5 5 9 o n 2 6

2 2 Ph o o p h v ? 23 2 8 q u n eq ue C on t n t n c r p t n eq ue t er u p h y c

u m qu m e ge ru nt n d ? 24 2 9 C on t n t n u g t u r ut p h y c u d e n t u r c or po ru m

t r ct n O n ph y c u e e no te 2

2 3 He m e nt o n J o h n n t u t v ? 23 2 8 n d V x v ? 31 1 0 4 S e e He n r ch

S ch ppe r ge D e S ch uen vonCh r t r e un t e r demEnfu deAr b mu S udh o ff

Ar ch vf urGe ch ch t e de rMed nundde rNturw en ch f t en 4 0 1 9 5 6 1 9 3 2 1 0 o n

203




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8 J o nCdden

S m r y n p ro vo c t v e d c u o n o f th e c re t o n o f Ev e n w h c h h e

y G od m d e h e r of c y m r t o A dm h n co rp or t o n o f t he b b c

t or y n d h u nu u n te rp re t t o n of t h e n t ur h t o r y be h nd t o n y e r ve

t o un de r c o reh de vt o n f r omt ndr d c r pt ur r e dn g wh ch emph

ed t he m or n d p r t u m e n n g o f Ad m r b W m t oo k p n t o

e m ph e h h et er od ox u e o f t h e te xt n d o f ex e ge t c p r c t ce n d h e

n t c p t ed t h e pu b c t h eo o g c t t c k t e r u nc he d g n t h m p er h p

h e h d r e d y he r d o b ec t on f ro m h t ud e nt o r c o e g u e w he n h e

d m edth o ewh o ddn o twn t t o kn o wbo ut the f o r ce o fn tur en dwh o

b e h er et c t ho e w h o d d 24 T h e Ph o o p h c on t n n um er ou b b c

q uot t o n but f ew e r ve t o pr o vden f o rmto n bo utn tur eWh en n

t h c e W m d o e c kn ow e d ge c r pt u r u th or t y n r e t o n t o th e

u b t n ce o f h r gu me nt h e u u y g v e t n u n or th od ox n t u r t c

pn H t r e tmen th e re o f ube c t uch th e the o ryo f th e f o ur e emen t

h g h g h t h c omm t me nt t o t he t ud y o f n t ur p ro ce e n d t hu p c e

hmo n th e th r eh o do f n ewwyo f o o kng t th ew o r d2 5 Y et wh e

W m n y n tur t c nd rt on t c t t f md ment y

t e d t o u mp t o n n d m e t ho d o f t he e x eg e t c t r d t o n t h e n v b o f

n g h t r e e mb ed d ed n t he v b o f wo rd

n ot he rw y t oo W m w u n g h t er r y k t oc re t e nd

d v n ce n t u r p h o o p hy H e c e d t t e nt o n t o h u e o f n u no rn

m en te d p ro e t y e w h c h n d ee d m od e o f c r t y U n k e M o e re

bo ur geo genth ommewho ddn o tkno wh ehdbe en pe kngpr o e h

f e W m t oo k p n t o p o nt o ut t h t m p e t y e n ot n o t y e F or

e x m p e m k n g t r n t o n f r om o n e p r t of p h o o p h y to n o t he r h e

de be r t eyu e dr h et o r c t e rmno o gy U pt o n o w o ur o r t o h be en

b o ut t h o e t h ng w h ch e x t n d r e n ot e en n o w o u r t u t ur ne d t o

t h o e t h ng w h ch e x t n d r e e e n 2 6 H e c on tr t ed h t y e w t h th t o f

t h e e o q uen cemo nger o n ce g n c mngth t th e df f e r enc ew n o t

mereyo n e o f f o rmFo rw epr e fe r t o put f orw r dnk edt r uth thn c o t umed

f t y 2 7 H e re pr e e nt ed h w or k r e p on e t o t he v o t o n o f Ph o o

phy Le t h e r emnn k edw ehve ewn t oge th e r the t o r n pe c ew th th e

t y e o f ou r n g n f c n ce 2 8 W t h r he to r c f o ur h h e e xp n ed w h y

mn nh po t o n c o udn o t be e xpe ct e dt o engge n r h e to r c f o ur h e

2 4 Ph o o ph b k c h x ? 43 4 4 3 8 3 9 S e e b o ve n o t e 7 n d T y o r n tr od u c

t o n t o H u gh D d c c on 1 2 1 3 n d 1 8 n d 1 66 n 6 9

2 5 D o ro thyEf o r d W mo fC o n ch e n Pe t e r Dr o nk e e d AH t o ryo fTw ef th

C en t uryPh o o phyCmbr dge 1 9 8 8 3 0 8 2 7

2 6 Ph o o p h v ? 1 9 2 6 H c t en u d e q u e u nt e t no n v de nt ur n o tr

d e ru t o r t o nu nc d e q u e u nt e t v de nt ur t u c o nv er t tu r S t u o

pen

2 7 P h o o ph P ro o gu e ? 1 4 1 M u m u e n m p r e t en de re n u d m v er t t e m qu m

p t m f t t em

28 Ph o o ph P ro og ue ? 1 7 3 n en ud r em n e t p rt cu b c t o

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10/25

m o f Co nc he 9

f h o wever th er e omeo n ewhomth edr yn e o f o ur pe e ch h o ud

d p e e f h e k ne w t he o c cu p t o n o f o ur m n d n o t on y w o u d he

n o t k f o r th e o rnmen t o r n tu o f pe e ch buth ew o udbe

t ou nd e d by w h t w e r e d e n g w t h F or w h t p c e t c n b e

e f t f or o r nment wh en t n e ce r yt o thnkwh t ndh o ww e

r e d n d t he n t o ex p c t e b y r e d n g t o d ec m g n t f e ho od

t o u d ge t h e f nd n g o f o t he r n d t o h r pe n t he t on g ue g n t

th e d et r c t on o f th e e nv o u o t h t n ow n u f u f e d t he

cr p t ur p g e b ou t t he c h d r en o f r e w ho r e b u d n g t he

t em p e h d w or d n o n e h n d n d t on e n t h e o th er ?2 9

W m c o nf n e u c h me o dr m m n y t o t he p r ef c e o f t h e wo rk f ou r

b oo k h t y e f or t he m o t p rt m p e m k n g th e m te r c ce b e

t o t u de nt n d m t e r w h o h d n o t ye t f u y c ce p te d n t ur p h o o p hy

e gtm t e o r n t e r e tn gen te r pr e

N ot o f W m c on c o u e m p o ym en t of r h et or c o r t y e r u n

c o un t er t o o r e ven dve rge f r omco n ven t o n unde r tn dng ndpr c t c e

H e xpc t o n o f th e c re t o n o f Eve ut r t e th th ekn ew pe rf e ctyw e

h ow t o u e t h e t n d r d t oo o f v er b n y w h c h h c o n te m po r r e

u e dt o e xp n th emenng o f t e xt f r omS o omo n t o Ovd ndee dth ey

w er e t he b o f m uc h o f h w r t n g n d t e ch n g 3 0 Me d e v r e d e r w e re

n o fu nd m e nt t T he y p re u m ed n f c t t h t n y u t ho r t t v e u tt er n c e

c ou d n d of t en h o u d b e r e d t m o r e th n o n e e v e n d t h t e ve n t he b c

t er m e n n gm g ht n o t be mm e d t e y c e r 3 1 A d dr e n g t he y n g

T he h e v e n c ov er e v er yt h n gW m f o o w ng f m r p t t er n

w he n h e ex p n A ut ho r ty p e k o f h e v e n y bo d e n t h re e w y

m yt ho o g c y t ro o g c y n d t ro no m c y 3 2 n d d e te nn n e t h t n

t h n t n c e t he m e n n g t ro o g c C on tr ov er u b e ct o me t m e

e emedt o demndcr e t ve r e dn g o f S c r pt ure th ough omen t e r pre t

t o n w e re pr v e ge do ve r o the r byth e r pe dgr e e o r th e r th e o o gc

m p c t o n W m t o ok o n t he p r ob e m o f ex p n n g w h t t c o u d m e n

t h t n w or d n w h c h e c h of t h e fo ur e e m en t h d t p ro pe r p c e G od

29 P h o o ph P ro og ue ? 2 4 1 S q u t m en e t c u r d t n o tr e rm on

d p c e t n o t r n m o cc up t o n e c o gn ov e r t n on t n t um o r n tu m e r mo n n on

q u e e r t e d d e o q uo d g m u t up eb t Q u e n m u u r e q u u o c u p ot e t e e

o r n t u cumo po r te t q ude t q u t e r e gmu co gt r e den de e gen do e xpo ne r en

d p ut t o n b u c o nt r f d ec m r e d e o ru m n v en t u d c r e c o nt r n v d or um

d et rc to ne n gu m c ue re u t m n no b m pe tu m t u d de f r e qu

r e ed f c n te t e mp u m n u n m n u g d u m n p d em h b eb n t?

3 0E g P h o o ph v ? 18 4 8

3 1 Ph o o p h x ? 45 3 9 O n th e Ev e p g e e e e g J oh n Ch ry o t om H o m

X V ? 2 P G 5 3 c o 1 20 2 1

3 2 P h o o ph ? 4 4 T r bu g t ur m od u ct or t o qu t ur d e u pe r or b u

f b u o e t ro o g c e t ro no m c e




11/25

1 0 J o nC dden

p c e d t h e f rmm e nt n t he m d t o f t h e w t er 3 3 S n c e th g n t

re o n h e y w th h c hr c te r t c n tu r m w e h h ow wh y t

cnn o t be th u ndh o w S cr pt ure h o udbe un der t o o d3 4W mexp n

th t th e gr vtyde fyngw t e r bo ve the f rmmen tmy hve e gor c

gn f cn c e but do n o t r ef e c t th e c t u r r n gemen t o f the o r der e dc o

mo 3 5

T h c u t ur h b t o f r e d n g b ey on d t he p p e r n ce o f t ex t o ng w t h

n e op t o n c o ut oo kwh ch en co ur ge dr e dn gbeyo n dthe ppe r n c e o f

t h ng f g u r t v e y c on tr b u te d t o W m m o t c om p c t e d n d g n f

cn t en ggementw th r h e t or c e e gn c eWhy fh e o c ommtte dt o th e

n k ed t r ut h h W m b u e d h m e f m e nd n g p h o o p hy c o t he ? T h e

q u e t o nmy e emunf r th e two e t o f mge r yo c cur n e pr t e c o n t ext

W m h d h ow ev e r d e b e r te y c o n tr uc te d t h p r d o x n d h e e x

po t e dt t o h o w mo ngo th er thng h o w theph o o phyo fn ture n vo ve

n dembode t r n c en den t f o rmo f r h e to r cWem ybegn t o e e th fw e

e xmn e th e grmen t o f Ph o o phyA gr bbe dt byth o e gn or n t o fh e r

e e n ce th ey r e upe r f c mere c o ver n g but t o the n t t e dthe c o ver

n gth emeve r ewndo w t o de e pe r kn ow edge th ew or d nd gn

w h ch c o t he t h e wo r d o e x pr e t

C o n d e r b e c h o r h p h b ee n d ev ot ed t o W m u e o f t h e wo rd

n t e gumentumo r c o ve r ng 3 6 S uff c e t t o yh e r e th th e t r e t th e ve

t h ro ughwh chw e e e dr ky th e ur f c e o f t e xt n dthng o ppo r tun

t e f or r t he r t h n m p ed m e nt t o k n ow e dg e n B oe th u C on o t o n o f

P h o o p hy W m o ur ce h e r g r m en t e nc od ed w t h t ex t n ot m e re

de co r t o n but th emg ngo fh e r ver ye en ce 3 7 Fo rW mth e t r uth o f

t h eC re t o n ndth eC re t o rw e re m ryw r t t enn t o th e c omo f o r th o e

w h o knewh o w t o r e dt S t udent o f e r y mo demc en ce r e fm rw th

th e vew th t th eB o ok o fNtur e w r t t en n th e n guge o fmth emt c

Fo rW m however th eB oo k o fNtur ew wr t t en n th e n guge o f

n g u g e A nd n t he m e w y t h t e r y m o d em m e n t no t m p y t h t

3 3 P h o o ph ? 3 4 2 P o u t f r mm en tu m n m e d o q u r u m e t t e ru m

d v t q u q u e u n t u b f r mm e nt o b h q u e e r n t u p er f r mm e nt u m G e ne

1 6 7 S e eH e enR odn t e Lemy S c en ce n dT h eo o gyt Ch r t re T h eC e o f th e

S up r c e e t W t e r B r t h J o ur n f o r th e H t o ry o f S c en ce 1 0 1 97 7 2 2 6 3 6

3 4 P h o op h ? 3 4 2 S e d qu on m u d co nt r r t o ne m e t q u re c e e n on

p o t o t e nd m u e t qu t er d v n p g n n p r ed c t n te g en d t

3 5P h o op h ? 6 43 qu m v h oc p u e gor ce qu m d t te r md ct um

credmu

3 6 Se e E do u r d Je u n e u L u g e d e n ot o n d n t eg um e nt u m t r v e r e g o e d e

Gu umedeC on che Ar ch ve dH t o r eD o ct r n e e t L t t e r r e duM o yenAge 2 4

1 95 7 3 5 1 0 0 n d D r on ke F b u o B r n S t oc k M y th n d S c e n ce n t he T we f t h

C enturyA S tudyo fB e rn r dS ve t e r Pr n c e to n 1 9 7 2

37 B oe th u D e c on o t o ne p h o o p h e p ro e 1 1 1 8 1 9 H r um n e xt re m

m r g n e = p r c t c G r e cu m n u pr em o u er o 0 = t h eo r c e ge b t ur n t e x

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12/25

W m o f C on ch e 1 1

mth emt c de c r be dth ew or dbut th tn umbe r f gur e n dr t o c o n t

t ut ed o r t t h e v er y e t d e ep y o r de re d t he w or d W m n d o m e of h

c on t empor r e un der t o o dth tw o rd f gur t ve t r uc t ur e n d ngut c

menngc o n t t ut edo r t e t o r der e dn ture 3 8 T h enk edt r uth o f ph o o

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13/25

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15/25

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b h op r e u n g c t h ed r c ho o f or t h e r ow n e nd n d t h t t he y p p o nt

f oo h m en w ho f u p en d e p r ch me nt w t h u e e g o e e v n g th e

w e n d n ob e m t er w t ho ut p o t o n 5 9 T h e co mp e t t on f or p o t o n n

e cc e t c n d e c u r c o ur t n d t he p e rc ep t on t h t n ew g r ou p o f

mbt o u menw compe tn gf or th emw o n epo n t of n t er e c t o n be

tw een th ew or do f ch o r h p ndth eh f tn ge c o n omc ndpo t c

c e ne 6 0 E ve n m or e c o e y t e d t o t he c h n ge u n d er w y W m v e w

o f th e c r e e r o f th en ew bre e do f t udent

A n d t hu w t h w e p u r e n d f oo h m n d t h e y re tu rn t o t he r

r e t v e 0 h o w e y w d o m A ny u u re r c n be w e 0 w h t

k n d of w d o m t w h ch t h ef c n t e m ou e c n g n w

m ot h c n d e t ro y r n c n w h w y f r e c n c o n um e? 6

W m u gg e t n g t h t t he e m e n r e d e t n ed f o r th e u c r t v e bu t

dr e put be o c cupt o n o f th e t ownfnn c e c ommerc e n dth e k e ?

J o hn o f S bury mo re pe c f c bo ut th em omebec omemo nk

o me n ce re m o t n o t o t h er e n g g e n p r o f ne p r of e o n u ch u u r y

h e re th eyppy th e r n umer c e r nngt o r o undo f fn th e r o wnfvo r

o th er t k e po t o n n e c u r o r ec c e t c c ou rt n f c t b ot h Jo hn

h m e f n d W m d d n d ot he r g o n to m ed c n e n d d t on t o

t t ck n gth e gr ee do f th e e t J o hn c omp n bo ut th e r upe rf c

e r nng O the r c o nt emptngth e r f ur en ph o o phyhvego n e f o rth

5 7 Dr g m t c o n P ro o gu e 2 r e c t P y t h go r c e d oc tr n e f o rm q u c o n t

tu t umer td cpuum ept em nn udr e e t c r ede re o c t uo demumnno n t e r ro gr e

n te rr og n t m o qu od d e te r u e t u d c n t u n u u e r o n n p c o n e g g e nt er t u

d en te C f H ug h of S n t V c to r D d c c on b k c h 5 3 o D r gm t c on V

21011

5 8 L k ew e D r g m t c on P r o o gu e 3

5 9 D r gm t c o n P r o og u e 3 n d 6 3

60 S e eM urr y R e o n ndS o c e ty 8 1 1 0 9

6 1 D r gm t c o n 6 3 6 4 S c q ue c u m p e n te c cu o e t n p e n te n m o d

p r e nt e u o r e cu rr un t 0 q u m f c e t p e n t q u b e t fo en er t o r c p ot e t e e

p e n 0 q u e t p e nt q u m fu r u br p er e m u r od er e t n e d em o r p u u

bue r e gn c o n umer e pot e t ?




18/25


t o S e r no o r M on tp e e r b e co me p h y c n f o o we r n d u d d en y b u r t

f or th n n o t m e t t he m e k n d of d o ct or t he y h d b e en p h o

o phe r 6 2

T h e cur r cur c o n e r vt mo f th e c r t c o f chnge k eJ o hn o f

S b ur y n d W m o f Co nc he t hu t e d t o o c c on e rv t m w h c h

d r w u p on t h e d d n o f n r t o c r t c c u tu re f or t h e c t v t e n d

dent t e o c t e dw th emer gen turbn e t e 6 3 T h e r ue o f th ew or d

gr c o n e t o de gn t e th e t udent th eyf e th dn o pr o pe r p c en th e

ch oo c r r e dw th t c o nno t t o n n o t o nyo fyouthnd ck o f e r o un e

but o o f e r vc e t o o r empo ymen tbyo the r h en c e th e r h t en dth e r

n te re t n p r c t c u t t y 6 4 A t ho ug h t k e y t h t m o r t y o f t he

g ro w ng r n k o f t ud en t c m e f r om t h e e e r r t oc r c y 65 t h e r c r ee r n

t he p r of e o n n d n t h e n ew t y pe o f c v n d e cc e t c e rv c e

c o nf o rmedn e the r t o th e de o f d n t er e t e dde vo t o n t o e r nngw thn

r e go u c o nt e xtn o r t o th e de o f ch vr c e r vc ew thn c o ur tyc o n te xt

T he b e o f t h t t t ud e n d o f t he p o e m c t on e n w h c h t w

expre e dr e c ompc t e dbutn ot c o n tr dc t e dbyevden ce th t th e e chm

po n o f th e o de r e duc t o n v uew e r e t o ome e xt entdrwn n t o then ew

pr c t c e th emeve 1 1 T h e r ryo fCh r t r e wh o c omp n edbo ut th en ew

w y n d w c e eb r t ed f o r re t n g t he mw n ev er th e e t he u th or o f

w o rkwh ch c o n t t ut ed h o rt c o ur e o n th e be r r t 6 7 J o hn o f S

b ur y u cc e f u c r ee r n e cc e t c p o t c n d d m n t r t on p ut h m

nr egur c o n t c tw thm nywhow oudh vepr of t e df r ombr e f e r n dmo r e

pr c t c c ho o n g n d ee d t d f f c u t t o m g n e t h t h e wo u d n ot h v e

r e cr ut e dn d uper ve d omeo f the br gh t e t n dmo t mbt o u mo ng

th e e upt r t 6 8 J o hnn turn r e por t th t T h e r ry W m ndo the rw e r e

n o t unc o ntmn t e dbyth e t ren dt ow r d th e e duc t o n o f bk e r th t

n e y n d u c r t v e tr d e f o r t ho e w h o r e f t e r br e d r t h er t h n k

T hu c co rd n g t o Jo hn W m n d T h er ry b e c me f oo h w h e

6 2 M et o g c o n v 2 1 2 4 1 8 A u te m u u m n p h o o ph n tu en te d ef ec tu m

S e r numue dM o n temPe u n umpr of e ct f c t un t c en t u medc or ume t r e pen t e

q u e f ue r n t ph o o p h t e n m om e nt o m ed c e r u pe ru nt S ee o v 2 5 2 8 1 8

6 3 C f H u gh o f S n t V c t or D d c c on P r e f c e 1

6 4 J F N e rm e ye r M e d e L t n t t t L ex c o n M nu L e d en 1 9 7 6 v g r c o

E do u r d Je u n e u D eu x r ed c t o n d e g o e d e G u u m e de C o nc he u r P r c en

R e ch e rch e deT h e o o geAn c enn e e tM ede ve 2 7 1 9 6 0 2 1 2 4 7 o n 2 1 9 2 2Wr d

T h e r ryo fCh r t r e 2 2 9 n 2 3

6 5 Fo r e v de nc e f ro m g h t y t e r e e J oh n W B d w n M t er t P r f ro m 11 79

t o 12 15 A S o c P e r pe c t ve n R ob er t L B e n o n n d G e C on t b e w t h C r o D

L n h m e d R en n ce n d R en ew n t h e Tw e ft h C en tu ry C m b r dg e 1 9 82 1 38

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19/25

1 8 J o nCdden

r e t n g f oo h ne 6 9 At t h e ve ry e t t h e e u m n r e o f t he n t e e c tu

c e n ewe r e pr t cpn t n th e f o rmto n o f th en ew type o f c e r c n o t

t ho e o c t ed w t h th e re g o u f e c e rg y b ut r t he r th o e o c

t ed w t h th e ex p o t t on o f t e r cy c e rk 7 0 W m e r y k e pt

c m b ou t t he v e rb r t n d h d ec d e o f e x pe r en ce n t he u r b n c h oo

puthm n go odpo t o n t o r e c ogn e n de ven ppr ec t e th e e vo ut o nh e

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c t o n b ut g v en h g e h o ng u c ce t m or e tr d t o n c ho r h p n d

t he o c n d d e o og c t on e o f th e d eb t e h e w n ot n c n e d n t h e e r y

1 4 0 t o be c ome n dvoc t e o f th e chnge

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t h t th e r t o cr t c h o ueh o dc oudr e p c e th e c ompr om edch o o th e

h v e n fo r d n te re t e d e r n n g p r t c u r y n t ur p h o o p hy T h e u t h or

o f th eD r gmt c o n ddr e e dh mef th ut o th eD uk e o fNormndytk ng

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n dde fen de r o f ph o o phyth e rew e r e r h t t empt t o t e r wy

e r c o th e n d c r ry h e r of f c r e m n g h r e o f th e b oo ty o t o

p e k w h t d o y ou t h n k d on e n o u r t m e n w h c h p h o o

p he r c n c r ce y b e fo un d? B ut f h h v e p t ro n n d h e pe r

h er e h r e c ue h e r fr om t h e h n d o f v o e nt m e n n dm en d h er

grment 7

L k e t he c e h e h d m d e g n t e o q ue nc e n t h e P h o o ph t he c e h e

m d e f or p h o o p hy n ew n ct u r y n t h e Dr g m t c o n w b ot h e r ou

po t o n n d t t h e m e t m e v e h c e fo r n o th er p r og r m n t h n t n c e

c o ntn ungd o guew th th em t e r n dtuden th eh d e f t behndO n c e

g n W mw u nd e rt k n g d ou b e g e n d o n t h e on e h n d t he w y n

w h ch W m r e h p e d h e r e r w or k r ef e c t h d e r e t o e xp o re n ew

n ch e f o r the pr c t c e o fn tur ph o o phyn th e c our t o f th e r t o cr cy o n

th e o th e r hndth e c on t en tn df t e o f th eD r gmt c o n po n tn ot bckw r dt o

t h e purpo e n duden c e o f th e Ph o o ph f o r tho e e r e r c o n dt o n hd

6 9 Jo hn o f S b ur y M et o g c on b k c h 5 2 0 p ud e o q u p n em p ot u

q u m r t f c u m q u e ru nt n p e nt e t q u e f c t u n t d u m n p e nt e r e t eb n t

70Mur r yR e o nndS o c e ty2 6 3 6 5

7 1 Dr g m t c o n V 2 12 S g t u r n t em p or e q u o mu t e r n t pr of e o r e e t

d ef en o r e p h o o p h e t em er r u u nt u v e t e b c n d er e e n d e mq ue q u

r ec m n te m q u mu u e u t n p r t em p r e d e d e tr h e re q u d n n o t r p u t f e r

t e mp or b u n q u b u u x n ue n en tu r p h o o p hu ? A t f u t or em h b e re m e t

d u t or em m n b u u o e nt or um m e r p er em u q u e ve t e m re r c re m h v e

emendedth e e dt o n ben go f th e Ph o o phe r n dD uke pr t h e re e eAndre

W m r t A n e c t R eg n en E xt r t d e m n u cr t t n d e r e ne C hr t n e

c on e r ve u V t c n V t c n C t y 1 93 3 1 0 R eg L t 7 2 f o 1 27 3 9 2 65




20/25


b ut c e e d t o e x t b ut o n w rd t o t he n t e re t n d p r ct c e o f t h e f t

ch n gng ch oo

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t h ew or kh epr oduce dt r en gth en the c e th tW mw nt er e t e dn th e

p o b t e o f h n ew e t t ng t h e gr e t h o f th e tr d t o n w r r o r e te

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u c c e f u tw ef th c en t ur yo r dAtf f t eenh emr r e dM t d dugh t er o f

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h t o r n o f th e per o d t t r but e t o Ge of f rey th e c on ven t o n kngh ty

nd o r d y v rt ue h e w v n t u t n d ch r t b e B u t t t m e wh en

m u ch o f t he r t o c r c y w t e r te n d t he re w n o h b t o f c on ne ct n g

e r n n g w t h e c u r v r t ue o r e ff ec t v e e d e r h p G e of fr ey w o c e d

h g h y e du c t ed o pt m e t te r t u 7 2 A d e c r p t on o f h f r t m e e t ng

w t h h f ut ur e f t he r n w H e n ry h h m o rn m e nt n g h w or d w t h

r he to r c c o or 7 3 n d o ne c h ro n c e d e c r be n e x tr v g n t t er m h o w n

h y ou th h e o ve d r e d n g n d m em or e d p g e f r om b o th c re d n d

e cu r t e xt 7 4

Wr t t en by utho r f r en dyt o Ge o f fr eydyn tyth e e de c r pt o n r e

hype r bo e n df t t er ybutn t e e c tu t tnmen tw e r e n ewndn o tye t

c ommo n w y t o f t t e r e cu r p r n ce u g ge t n g t h t G e of fr ey w o r t

t he v e ry e t w h ed t o b e kn ow n p er o n w t h o m e ed u c t on A f t er

7 2 Ch ro n c de ge t c o n uumndegvo r um nChr on q ue de c omt edAn o ue t

d e e g n eu r d A m bo e e d L o u H p he n n d R e ne P o up r d n P r 1 91 3 7 1 F u t

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n te r c er c o e t c o f c un d m u f e re o mn b u b on m or b u r ep e tu S ee o

H t o r G u f re d d u c n or m n or um e t c om t n de g v or um n H p he n n d P o up r d n

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ng o ru m b r q u n qu e H t or e n ov e e b r t r e e d W m S t ub b L on do n 1 8 87

1 88 9 5 31 n d G eo rg e D u by T he C u t ur e o f th e K n gh t y C A ud e n ce n d

P t ro n g e n R ob er t L B e n on n d G e C on t b e w t h C r o D L n h m e d

R en n c en dR en ew n th eTw ef thC en tur yCmbr dge 1 9 8 2 2 4 8 6 2 o n 25 4

7 3 H t o r G u f re d n H p he n n d P o up r d n e d C hr on c 1 78 A do e c e n

ve ro ut pen t ummo r e t ve rbo rumcompendo t uden e deme tm ve rb r h et o r c

e x or n n c o o r b u p u c n no te c e re t g e b t

7 4H t o r G u f re d n H p he n n d P o up r d n e d C hr on c 2 12 1 3 e e o 2 18




21/25

2 0 J o nC dden

h e dden ggeW mo fC o n ch e o n e o f themo th ghyr e pute d

m t er o f th e g e t o b e t h e tu to r of h y ou ng o n H e m y e v en h v e h d

p r t cu r n te re t n c e nc e f o r of t h e m n y u b e ct o n w h c h W m h d

w r t t en n tur ph o o phyw th e o ne bo utwh chh e ch o e t o de dc t e

wo r k t o Geo f fr ey ndt ut bo ut th e me tme wh enyo ungH en ryw

b e tw ee n e v en n d e e ve n y e r o d A de r d of B t h d e d c t ed t t e t r ct

o n the t r o be t o th e bo y75

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n gth e Ph o o ph w th e tho r ough r ew r tn go f th ew or kn th e f ormo f

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f o r n t ur p h o o p hy T h e d o gu e w b y n o me n n ew f or m n o r w

W mth e o nytw ef th c en t ur yuth o r t o t ry t o ut o n ph o o ph c

ube c t Lk eB e r n r dS ve t e r dpt t o n o f e pc n dmyth cf orm

v eh c e f o r h c o m o og yW m e x pe r me nt w t h d o gu e o ne m n

fe t t o n m on gm n y o f th e e r c h o f te n m o ng c c m od e f or

veh c e o f e xpr e o n ppr o pr t e t o th e r pdy deve o pn g nddf f e ren t t

n g d c p n e 7 6 W m w c er t n y f m r w t h Se ne c Q u e t on e

n t u r e w ho e u b e ct w r e t e d t o h o w n t ho ug h t f or m d d n ot

pe rmt th e de ve o pment o f n n t er o cuto r pe r o n Wo rk k eB o eth u

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t ho e w o rk w er e n ot t r u ct ur ed d o gu e n d t he c h r c t er w er e e

g or c T he c t e ch t c q ue t o n n d n w e r fo rm t w h c h e r ve d t o n cu

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type o f bro de xpo r t o n t o wh chh w o rkw devot e d7 7

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de t ch edh w o rk o nn tur ph o o phyf r omthe tn dr dpr o duc t o n o f

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t he d o gu e f or m T h e wo rk t t e f ro m t he w o rd d r m p ro b b y h

7 5 F r n B e me t r e de r A d e h r d vo n B t h B t t e r u d em L e be n e n e e n g c h e n

Nturph oophende 12J hrhundertund Bhnbrecherener Wedererweckungder

r e ch ch enAn tk e en eK utur ge ch ch t ch e S tude Mun ch 1 9 35 1 3 3 4 1 n d3 4 0 5 0

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7 7 P et er v on M o o L e D o gu e t n u m o ye n g e e x m p e d E vr r d d Y pr e

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M d d e E ng h D o gu e n E d w rd D on d K e nn ed y R o n dW d ro n n d J o e ph S

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1 9 8 8 1 2 7 4 5




22/25


n d h e c t te nt o n n um b er o f t m e t o t he f or m t t o n e po n t f o r

e x m p e e x p n n g t he d o gu e b y y n g S n ce m r t y o f p e ec h

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mt c e 7 8 T h e c on ver t o n ch r c t e r o f th e boo k c r r e dth r ough f r y

c on t en t y n d W m e mp h e t t m n y po n t 79

A th o ugh th n ew tr uct urew n o tn ec e r yf o rW mto e f f ec t

c h n ge n h u b t n t v e tr e t me nt o f c er t n c e n t f c p o nt t n e ve rt he

e p ro v de d h mw t h c on v en e nt v e h c e O n n um b er o f u b e c t u ch

t h e th eo ry o f t he e e m en t W m d c u o n n t h e Dr g m t c o n

c o n de r bymo r e c ompex n un c e d n dnde e dn c o ncu ve thn n th e

e r e r v e r o n 8 0 Th e v o ce o f t he D u ke k n g f or e x p n t o n n d p o n g

pr o bemgve ome t r uc tur e t o th br o de r e xpo r t o n

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