cadmium uptake and distribution in fragrant rice genotypes and related consequences...

Research ArticleCadmium Uptake and Distribution in Fragrant Rice Genotypesand Related Consequences on Yield and Grain Quality Traits

Adam Sheka Kanu12 Umair Ashraf1 ZhaowenMo1 Issaka Fuseini3 Lamin R Mansaray4

Meiyang Duan1 Shenggan Pan1 and Xiangru Tang1

1Department of Crop Science and Technology College of Agriculture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China2Rokupr Agricultural Research Centre (RARC) Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI) PMB 1313Freetown Sierra Leone3Department of Environmental Science and Engineering College of Natural Resource and EnvironmentSouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou China4Magbosi Land Water and Environment Research Centre (MLWERC) Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI)PMB 1313 Freetown Sierra Leone

Correspondence should be addressed to Xiangru Tang tangxrscaueducn

Received 11 December 2016 Revised 18 March 2017 Accepted 4 April 2017 Published 29 May 2017

Academic Editor Abdul Khaliq

Copyright copy 2017 Adam Sheka Kanu et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity has varying consequences on plants growth and development This research focused on examining theinfluence of Cd toxicity on fragrant rice genotypes and its consequences on yield yield related parameters and grain qualitytraits Randomized complete block design comprising five different fragrant rice cultivars (Meixiangzhan 2 XiangyaxiangzhanGuixiangzhan Basmati andNongxiang 18) and fourCd levels (0 50 100 and 150mgkg soil) was usedThe results showed that withincreased levels of soil Cd toxicity Cd uptake in roots and distribution to other organs increased in dose dependentmanner Uptakeand accumulation were higher in roots than in shoots with the highest uptake in both roots and shoots observed in Meixiangzhan2 followed by Nongxiang 18 Basmati Xiangyaxiangzhan and Guixiangzhan cultivars With increased Cd toxicity yield and yieldparameters were affected in all cultivars Grain quality was also found affected under Cd stress condition The results suggestedthat soil Cd toxicity has negative consequences on rice performance and uptake varies among cultivars Conclusively Cd toxicityimpaired rice yield formation and grain quality by altering yield components (panicles number spikelet per panicles and spikeletsetting ()) however Guixiangzhan variety performed better while Meixiangzhan 2 performed less in terms of minimum Cduptake and distribution to grains yield and grain quality reduction under Cd stress condition

1 Introduction

Cadmium (Cd) is among the most toxic heavy metalsdeposited in agricultural soils through natural means andman-made activities like the application of sewage sludgecontaining Cd contents application of phosphate fertilizersand waste disposal as well as metal smelting [1 2] Cad-mium toxicity in agricultural soils is a serious threat tocrop production worldwide [3] Even at low concentrationand due to its nonessential form in living organisms Cdbecomes highly toxic to both growing plant and animals

thus affecting plant morphologically physiologically andbiochemically during growth Cadmium can be taken upby rice roots and then translocated to shoots and grains ofgrowing rice [4] The most common visible symptoms ofCd toxicity in growing rice plants include reduction in plantgrowth and development chlorosis and eventually plantdeath High Cd accumulation in rice consumed by animalsespecially humans poses several health implications such ascardiac failure anemia cancer hypertension emphysemaproteinuria cerebrovascular infarction damage to the lungsrenal dysfunction in eyes and osteoporosis [5 6] Cadmium

HindawiJournal of ChemistryVolume 2017 Article ID 1405878 9 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520171405878

2 Journal of Chemistry

translocation from soil to roots and shoot and finally tothe edible plant parts is often the easiest pathway throughwhich Cd enters the human body [7] Research has shownthat nearly sixteen percent (16) of the agricultural soils inChina have been polluted by varying heavy metals and Cdhas polluted approximately 13 times 105 hm2 and 146 times 108 kgof the soils and agricultural products respectively this alsoincluded 50 000 tons of rice [8]

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is a major cereal crop cultivatedand consumed worldwide it is the second most importantcereal crop after wheat in terms of area cultivated andconsumption rate [9] Rice growth and development areeminent at all stages for ensuring seedlings developmentand yield formation At the vegetative stage rice growthcomprises roots development for nutrients uptake hypocotylelongation and enzymes activation for mobilizing storedenergy and nutrients as well as photosynthetic processeswhereas the reproductive stage in rice growth enables maxi-mum yield formation Heavy metals in paddy soils affect ricegrowth and performance for instance Cd stress has beenproven to affect plants morphologically and physiologicallyas well as disrupting antioxidants enzymes in rice seedlingsunder polluted soils Reports have shown reduction in ricegrowth and biomass which might possibly be as a resultof different Cd-mediated toxicity mechanisms in rice [10]Various other studies have also reported that the toxic effectsof Cd increased rice seedlings oxidative stress by releasingreactive oxygen species (ROS) like malondialdehyde (MDA)contents hydrogen peroxide (H

2O2) and electrolyte leakage

which affects rice growth and performance [10 11] Cadmiumtoxicity also altered leaf and root ultrastructure and causedstructural damage to photosynthetic apparatus of rice [12]

From several other studies conductedmarked differencesin Cd uptake and translocation among plant species as well asamong cultivars within the same species were observed [6 1213]

During rice growth Cd toxicity levels in soils andpotential damage to plants are difficult to establish due tothe susceptibility and tolerant abilities of some cultivarsCd translocation from soil to plant organs is an importantfactor in identifying specific cultivars and concentrationlevel considered toxic for varying rice cultivars Differentcultivars showed differential response regarding Cd uptakeand transport under heavy metal stress conditions howevertheir response does vary based on concentration and cultivargenotypic storage and translocation potential [14] Further-more the tolerance and sensitivity indices of a specific ricecultivar are related to root Cd storage ability and its speciationin above-ground plant parts Considering the importanceattached to fragrance rice by its desirable consumers as well asits high market value it has become necessary to evaluate theresponse of different scented rice cultivars to varying levels ofcadmium toxicityHence the need for this research study is toevaluate the effect of varying Cd toxicity on five selected ricecultivars in China Identifying rice cultivars withminimal Cdaccumulating character in roots and with less translocationability in other parts might be a better option to grow rice inCd toxic soils

2 Materials and Methods

21 Experimental Design and Treatments Application Potexperiment was conducted in rain protected greenhouseunder open-air conditions at the experimental research farm(College of Agriculture South China Agricultural Univer-sity) Guangzhou city (23∘141015840 N 113∘371015840 E 20M altitude)during 20152016 cropping years Paddy soil from the researchfarm was collected to a depth of 20 cm The air dried soilsample was sieved through a 4mm sieve mixed thoroughlyand filled in the pots (25 cm diameter times 30 cm height) About10 kg soil was filled in each pot and Cd (15 22 and 30 g)in the form of CdCl

2sdot25 H

2O was added to the soil to

obtain the required soil Cd concentrations of 50 100 and150mgkg respectively Cd = 0mgKg was added as controlThe pots once filled with soil were thoroughly mixed with theexact amount of Cd (CdCl

2sdot25 H

2O) based on the treatment

and kept for 15 days before seedlings were transplanted inthem The pots were arranged in a randomized completeblock design (RCBD) with each treatment replicated threetimesThe soil used for the experiment was analyzed and wasfound to contain 496mgkg Cd content 592 pH level and1873 gkg organic matter contents while total NPK was 08109 and 1679 gkg and available NPK was 6915 1015 and10962mgkg respectively

22 Rice Cultivars Preparation The five aromatic rice vari-eties namely Meixiangzhan 2 (V1) Xiangyaxiangzhan (V2)Guixiangzhan (V3) Basmati (V4) and Nongxiang 18 (V5)were secured from the Department of Crop Science andTechnology College ofAgriculture SouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity (SCAU) Guangzhou Rice seeds were first soakedin deionized water for about 48 hrs at room temperature(25ndash28∘C) and nursed on March 3 2015 in an uncontami-nated soil using parachute trays undermoist conditions After30 days (April 3 2015) the seedlings were transplanted intothe pots (4 seedlings per pot) The pots were maintainedunder flooded conditions of 2-3 cm water level above thesoil surface during the entire growth period Recommendedrates of fertilizers were split-applied as basal applicationprior to transplanting and were top-dressed 5 weeks aftertransplanting Samples for Cd uptake in rice organs werecollected at panicle heading and maturity stages Entirerice was harvested and yield parameters were measured atmaturityThe samples were separated into roots stems leavesand grains andwere oven-dried at 80∘C to constant weight foranalysis of plantsCduptake in roots stems leaves and grains

23 Yield and Its Components During maturity stage threepots from each treatment were randomly selected Riceplants from each treatment pot were manually harvestedusing sickle and then threshed The paddy was sun-dried tomoisture content and grain yield per pot determined andexpressed in grams per pot (g potminus1) Total panicles per potwere counted for each treatment and means recorded Filledand unfilled grains were separated and counted manuallyfrom each panicle to obtain total number of filled andunfilled grains per panicle 1000-grain weight was recordedby weighing randomly sampled 1000 filled grains

Journal of Chemistry 3

D D D D D

CC

C

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C

BB

B

B

B

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A

A

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V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

50

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Root

s Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(a)

D D D D D

C

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C C

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B

B B BB

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V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

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Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

Stem

s Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

(b)

D C D C C

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AB A B

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V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

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Leav

es C

d co

nten

t (휇

gg D

W)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(c)

Figure 1 Cd uptake in (a) roots (b) stems and (c) leaves of the five different rice cultivars under induced Cd stress at panicle heading stageThe values are representative of three replicatedmeans per treatmentplusmn SE Different letters indicate significant differences between treatmentsat 119875 le 005 LSD

24 Grain Quality Estimation Grain quality determinationwas carried out after harvesting threshing and sun-dryingof rice Rice grains were then stored at room temperature fora period of three months to determine their quality traitsAbout 500 g of rice grain from each treatment was weighedfrom the stored grains Brown rice rate was estimated usinga rice huller (Jiangsu China) while milled rice and headrice rates were measured with a Jingmi testing rice grader(Zhejiang China) Grains chalkiness degree was determinedusing an SDE-A light box (Guangzhou China) Grain proteinand amylose contents were measured using an Infratec 1241grain analyzer (FOSS-TECATOR)

25 Determination of Cd Content and Translocation Factorbetween Rice Organs Cadmium content in rice roots stemsleaves and grains was determined by separating entire plantinto roots stems leaves and grains and then dried in anoven at 80∘C till constant weight The oven dried plantparts of each were then ground into powdered form usingstainless steel grinders About 02 g of the ground sampleswas weighed for each treatment and digested with di-acidmixture ofHNO

3 H2O2(4 1 vv) and the resultant solutions

were diluted to 25ml and then filtered using Whatmanfilter papers The Cd concentrations in the filtrate were thendetermined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer(AA6300C Shimadzu Japan) The translocation factor (TF)for Cd among roots shoot leaves and grains was calculatedby estimating the compartment concentration of Cd in onepart with respect to the other parts as described by [15]

26 Statistical Analysis The data obtained in this study wereanalyzed using Microsoft excel 2007 and subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the mean differenceswere compared by Fisherrsquos LSD using Statistix 8 (AnalyticalTallahassee Florida USA) Differences at 119875 lt 005 wereconsidered significant

3 Results

31 Cadmium Uptake and Distribution in Different RiceOrgans at Heading Stage (ug gminus1) Cd accumulation anddistribution in roots stem leaves and grains for all the fivecultivars were determined at panicle heading and maturitystages and results presented in Figures 1 and 2 The results


D D D C D

C

C

C

B

CB

B

B

A BA

A

A

A A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

50

100

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250

300

350

Root

s Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(a)

D D D D D

C

C

C C

C

B

B B B B

A

AA

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

10

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Stem

Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(b)

D D D C C

C CC

B

BB

BB A B

A

AA

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

5

10

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Leav

es C

d co

nten

t (휇

gg D

W)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(c)

D D D D D

CC

C C

CB B

BB

B

A

AA

AA

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5minus2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Gra

ins C

d up

take

(휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(d)

Figure 2 Cd accumulation in (a) roots (b) stems (c) leaves and (d) grains of the five different rice cultivars under induced Cd stress atmaturity stage The values are representative of three replicated means per treatment plusmnSE Different letters indicate significant differencesbetween treatments at 119875 le 005 LSD

revealed significant differences in Cd uptake among treat-ments of the same cultivars Uptake was found increased indose dependent manner With increased soil Cd toxicity Cduptake in rice plant parts also increased At panicle headingstage Cd uptake was found higher in roots and then stemsand less accumulation was observed in leaves In terms ofcultivars ability to accumulate Cd cultivar 3 accumulatedmore Cd in roots and less in stems and leaves while cultivar 1accumulated less Cd in roots and maximum in above-plantparts Though variation in Cd uptake among the five ricecultivars existed accumulation differs in Cd concentrationsamong the different rice organs of the same plant The trendof Cd uptake and distribution showed that root accumulatedmaximum Cd contents followed by shoots and leaves Theaccumulated Cd contents in roots were higher than shootsand leaves in all cultivars Hence lower Cd content in rootsof some cultivars with higher Cd in the stems and leaves andin other cultivars higher Cd content in roots with lower Cdin the stems and leaves indicated the roots ability to uptake

maximum and minimum Cd from the soil and translocateless or more to the stems and leaves Although greaterdifferences exist in root Cd accumulation these differenceswere found smaller in shoots and leaves Overall the valuesof Cd concentrations in shoots were greatest inMeixiangzhan2 (V1) compared to the other rice cultivars (Figures 1(a) 1(b)and 1(c))

During maturity stage (Figures 2(a) 2(b) 2(c) and 2(d))similar trend in Cd uptake was also observed in all cultivarsand organs of the same plant as in panicle heading stageWithincreased level of Cd induced in the soil Cd uptake in rootsstems leaves and grains was found elevated Cd uptake wasfound higher in roots and lower in above-ground plants partwith V3 and V2 cultivars accumulating more Cd in roots andless in shoots and grains compared to the other cultivarswhile cultivars v1 and v5 accumulated less Cd in roots andhigher in shoots and grainsThis can be as a result of cultivarstolerance or sensitive ability in uptaking and translocating Cdto plant parts under Cd stress conditions


Table 1 Translocation factor (TF) of Cd contents between organs of the five different rice cultivars at panicle heading and maturity stages

Variety Treatment Panicle heading stage Maturity stageRoots-stemsTF Stems- leavesTF Roots-stemsTF Stems- leavesTF Leaves-grainsTF

V1

Cd0 0552 0435 0605 0846 0114Cd1 0167 0336 0442 0278 0305Cd2 0140 0495 0539 0307 0318Cd3 0143 0420 0597 0367 0413

V2

Cd0 0641 0590 0573 0759 0092Cd1 0235 0308 0186 0384 0181Cd2 0237 0313 0185 0360 0494Cd3 0221 0289 0173 0309 0514

V3

Cd0 0691 0572 0611 0904 0062Cd1 0197 0396 0191 0738 0225Cd2 0316 0254 0323 0407 0331Cd3 0339 0253 0396 0320 0343

V4

Cd0 0567 0403 0369 0893 0112Cd1 0384 0452 0370 0425 0328Cd2 0207 0600 0268 0424 0437Cd3 0181 0757 0234 0355 0568

V5

Cd0 0494 0659 0487 0687 0132Cd1 0192 0369 0280 0502 0318Cd2 0191 0468 0259 0419 0533Cd3 0220 0670 0321 0426 0402

V119899 = variety 119899 Cd0 = 0mgCdkg Cd1 = 50mgCdkg Cd2 = 100mgCdkg and Cd3 = 150mgCdkg

32 Translocation Factor (TF) of Cd Contents between Organsof the Five Different Rice Cultivars at Panicle Heading andMaturity Stages Cd translocation factors from roots tostems stems to leaves and leaves to grains were computedand presented in Table 1 Translocation factor varies duringthe panicle heading and maturity stages The values werefound higher in stems to leaves transference than rootsto stems at all levels of Cd treatments Across cultivarshighest values for Cd translocation from roots to shoots andfrom shoots to leaves were noticed in varieties 3 4 and 2respectively while translocation from roots to shoots andgrain in cultivars v3 and v2 was minimal compared to theother cultivars this is as a result of the cultivars ability toaccumulate maximumCd in roots and transfer less to shoots

33 Effects of Cadmium on Yield and Its Parameters Yieldand yield related parameters were determined after entire ricewas harvested and the results are shown in Table 2 Therewas a variation in yield and its parameters for all cultivarsand treatments of the same cultivars In terms of cultivarsperformance maximum number of panicles spikelet perpanicle 1000 grainsrsquo weight seed setting and grain yield wereobserved in cultivar 3 (V3) followed by cultivar 1 (V1) whileminimum number of panicles spikelet per panicle 1000grainsrsquo weight seed setting and grain yield were observedin cultivar 5 (V5) and cultivar 2 (V2) This shows cultivarsperformance variationwhen subjected to the same conditionsand agronomic practices On treatments bases variation innumber of panicles spikelet per panicle 1000 grainsrsquo weightseed setting and grain yield among treatments were dose

dependent With increased level of soil Cd toxicity numberof panicles per pot spikelet per panicle 1000 grainsrsquo weightseed setting and grain yield decreased For grain yield whencompared to control 3437 4325 and 6385 yield decreasewere observed in Cd 1 2 and 3 for cultivar 1 (V1) 9573109 and 3902 for cultivar 2 (V2) 1082 2351 and 3995for cultivar 3 (V3) 1243 2266 and 3133 for cultivar 4(V4) and 2914 4616 and 4766 for cultivar 5 (V5) Withthe trend shown above yield decreased as Cd toxicity levelsincreased and cultivars 1 and 5 showed maximum yielddecrease while cultivars 2 3 and 4 showed minimal yielddecreaseThis indicated the toxic consequences of Cd on riceyield

34 Grain Quality Attributes as Influenced by Cd ToxicityAromatic rice quality attributes are a significant aspect in ricecultivation and production due to the high price it commandsin the market and its desirability by many customers Hencequality attributes of fragrant rice cultivated under inducedCd stress conditions were evaluated and results presentedin Table 3 Cadmium toxicity greatly affected rice qualityattributes in all cultivars Decreased protein content wasobserved in all the cultivars subjected under Cd stressconditions With increased Cd toxic levels protein contentswere also found reduced Reduction of protein contents inresponse to Cd stress was more severe in varieties 1 and5 (V1 and V5) while minimum reduction was observedin varieties V3 V2 and V4 Higher values (1329) wererecorded in cultivar V3 while the least values were recordedin cultivar V5 Amylose contents were also detected and


Table 2 Effects of cadmium on yield and its parameters

Variety Treatment Paniclespot Spikelet numberpot 100-grain weight (g) Seed setting rate () Grain yieldpot (g)

V1

Cd0 3033 plusmn 033a 12107 plusmn 058bc 2397 plusmn 033a 891 plusmn 011a 7844 plusmn 140a

Cd1 2366 plusmn 088b 12752 plusmn 388b 1988 plusmn 038b 85963 plusmn 145b 5148 plusmn 161b

Cd2 2000 plusmn 057c 14234 plusmn 287a 1903 plusmn 032bc 82293 plusmn 074c 4451 plusmn 048c

Cd3 1733 plusmn 088d 11363 plusmn 525c 181 plusmn 011c 7992 plusmn 045c 2835 plusmn 005d

V2

Cd0 2767 plusmn 033a 11635 plusmn 246c 2360 plusmn 028a 9232 plusmn 084a 7012 plusmn 160a

Cd1 2533 plusmn 033b 13201 plusmn 239ab 2155 plusmn 017b 8786 plusmn 149b 6341 plusmn 269b

Cd2 2366 plusmn 033c 12349 plusmn 258bc 1905 plusmn 047c 86883 plusmn 032b 4831 plusmn 066c

Cd3 2033 plusmn 066d 14032 plusmn 790a 1863 plusmn 019c 80697 plusmn 115c 4275 plusmn 138c

V3

Cd0 3233 plusmn 033a 11311 plusmn 203a 2498 plusmn 024a 9379 plusmn 072a 8563 plusmn 101a

Cd1 3166 plusmn 033a 11166 plusmn 070a 2403 plusmn 012ab 8990 plusmn 025b 7637 plusmn 019b

Cd2 2867 plusmn 033b 11093 plusmn 014a 2338 plusmn 047bc 8812 plusmn 042c 655 plusmn 073c

Cd3 2666 plusmn 033c 9858 plusmn 215b 2266 plusmn 033c 8622 plusmn 043d 5142 plusmn 210d

V4

Cd0 2566 plusmn 033a 13133 plusmn 360b 2244 plusmn 067a 9029 plusmn 096a 6837 plusmn 359a

Cd1 2333 plusmn 033b 13915 plusmn 173ab 2105 plusmn 049ab 8767 plusmn 103a 5987 plusmn 146b

Cd2 2166 plusmn 033c 14857 plusmn 618a 1966 plusmn 022bc 8354 plusmn 074b 5287 plusmn 243bc

Cd3 1966 plusmn 033d 15092 plusmn 372a 1930 plusmn 060c 8199 plusmn 047b 4695 plusmn 173c

V5

Cd0 2766 plusmn 033a 13058 plusmn 053ab 2404 plusmn 050a 8970 plusmn 055a 779 plusmn 143a

Cd1 25 plusmn 05774b 11765 plusmn 060bc 2344 plusmn 010a 8005 plusmn 077b 5519 plusmn 142b

Cd2 2433 plusmn 066b 10353 plusmn 1181c 2183 plusmn 056b 7713 plusmn 354b 4194 plusmn 322c

Cd3 1833 plusmn 066c 14721 plusmn 434a 1965 plusmn 021c 7698 plusmn 152b 4077 plusmn 136c

Three replicated means (plusmnSE) were calculated for each treatment Values with different letters are significantly different at 119875 lt 005 V119899 = variety 119899 Cd0 =0mgCdkg Cd1 = 50mgCdkg Cd2 = 100mgCdkg and Cd3 = 150mgCdkg

significant differences were observed among treatments Areduction in the amylose contents was observed as the Cdtoxic levels increased Cultivars V3 V2 and V4 were lessaffected when compared to cultivars V1 and V5 whosedecrease in amylose contents was higher Maximum contentsof amylose were recorded in cultivars V3 and V2 Brown ricerate was also determined and the results showed significantdifferences among treatments Higher values of brown ricerate were recorded in cultivar V3 while minimum valueswere recorded in cultivar V5 With induced soil Cd toxicitypercentage of brown rice was found reduced and maximumreduction was observed in cultivar V1 while minimumdecrease was observed in cultivar V3 Milled rice percentagewas also determined and significant decreases were observedamong the treatments Increase in soil Cd toxicity resultedin declined milled rice rate Cultivar V3 exhibited highermilled rice values when compared to the other cultivarswhile cultivars V1 and V5 had lower values The influenceof Cd on milled rice rate greatly affected cultivars V1 andV5 Chalkiness is a significant rice quality character Grainschalkiness was estimated and significant differences wereobserved among the treatments for all cultivars As Cdtoxicity increased rice chalkiness reduced Decline in grainquality shows that Cd has an effect on rice grain qualityattributes and the level of toxicity greatly affected qualitytraits

4 Discussion

Soil Cd contamination has tremendous effects on plants as itinterferes with plant metabolism and thus negatively affects

plant growth and development Hence Cd interaction withessential metals on uptake and distribution in crops is apublic concern In our experiment the influence of cadmiumtoxicity on fragrant rice genotypes and its consequenceson yield yield related parameters and grain quality wereexamined in five scented rice cultivars Significant differenceswere observed inCduptake anddistribution among cultivarsCd uptake and accumulation in roots stems leaves andgrains were found higher in V1 and V5 cultivars compared tothe other cultivars this was probably as a result of the higheruptake and translocation ability of the cultivars to absorbCd from the soil medium and subsequent translocationto roots and then to above-ground parts The differencesobserved in accumulation may be related to the genotypictolerance nature of the cultivars to cadmium toxicity Cduptake showed concentration dependent behavior in whichmaximum Cd speciation was high at higher Cd concentra-tions and low under lower Cd concentrations this is oftenbeing influenced by the cultivars root oxidation abilitiesroot acidifications and root organic acid secretions [13]Genotypic variations of Cd tolerance in rice cultivars havebeen reported in which Cd uptake and translocation fromcontaminated soil to plants edible parts weremarkedly differ-ent among plant species as well as cultivars within the samespecies [16]

For all treatments and cultivars the distribution ratiosof Cd concentration in rice organs followed root gt stemgt leaves gt grains These differences in Cd concentrationsmay arise from the variation of Cd uptake and translocationability of cultivar type In similar studies marked positive


Table3Grain

quality

attributes

asinflu

encedby

Cdtoxicity

Varie

tyTreatm

ent

Proteincontent()

Amylosec

ontent

()

Brow

nric

erate()

Milled

ricer

ate()

Grainsw

ithchalkiness(

)Ch

alkinessdegree

()

V1

Cd0

1197plusmn019

a1802plusmn033

a7410plusmn10

8a5917plusmn022

a96

6plusmn033

a018plusmn002

a

Cd1

8123plusmn012

b1644plusmn015

b7286plusmn0316a

5620plusmn038

b800plusmn000

b04plusmn009

b

Cd2

734plusmn007

c1533plusmn027

c6947plusmn041

b5346plusmn015

c833plusmn033

b069plusmn004

c

Cd3

475plusmn018

d1294plusmn040

d64

77plusmn044

c44

27plusmn015

d600plusmn000

c091plusmn003

d

V2

Cd0

1139plusmn003

a2019plusmn007

a6879plusmn033

a5781plusmn

034

a1166plusmn033

a017plusmn333

a

Cd1

1015plusmn019

b1915plusmn015

b6802plusmn028

ab5576plusmn036

b1033plusmn033

b025plusmn001

b

Cd2

921plusmn

025

c167plusmn008

c6771plusmn

033

b5421plusmn

034

c93

3plusmn033

c047plusmn003

c

Cd3

593plusmn021

d1401plusmn

024

d6629plusmn022

c5102plusmn029

d80plusmn000

d058plusmn881

d

V3

Cd0

1329plusmn012

a2040plusmn006

a8465plusmn006

a6512plusmn018

a76

7plusmn033

a005plusmn333

a

Cd1

1299plusmn011

a1930plusmn006

b8451plusmn

067

a64

10plusmn038

ab733plusmn033

a011plusmn882

b

Cd2

1244plusmn005

b1841plusmn

008

c84047plusmn029

a6302plusmn067

b70

0plusmn00a

b017plusmn002

c

Cd3

1104plusmn013

c1668plusmn029

d8271plusmn

028

b5935plusmn028

c633plusmn033

b022plusmn577

d

V4

Cd0

921plusmn

014

a1579plusmn016

a7305plusmn031

a5555plusmn069

a90

0plusmn000

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

874plusmn031

a1494plusmn039

b7218plusmn021

a5405plusmn030

b866plusmn033

a011plusmn8819b

Cd2

707plusmn038

b1337plusmn025

c7078plusmn034

b5169plusmn027

c633plusmn033

b023plusmn577

c

Cd3

512plusmn0116

c1184plusmn003

d6853plusmn028

c4988plusmn031

d466plusmn033

c037plusmn001

c

V5

Cd0

845plusmn012

a1849plusmn004

a64

32plusmn0379a

6159plusmn012

a76

7plusmn033

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

622plusmn017

b1718plusmn016

b6229plusmn009

b5887plusmn040

b733plusmn033

a015plusmn001

a

Cd2

555plusmn016

c1574plusmn004

c6030plusmn008

c5515plusmn042

c533plusmn033

b037plusmn003

a

Cd3

44plusmn0119

d1308plusmn015

d5443plusmn063

d5257plusmn0159d

433plusmn033

b372plusmn302

a

Threereplicated

means

(plusmnSE

)werec

alculated

fore

achtre

atmentVa

lues

with

different

lette

rsaresignificantly

different

at119875lt005V119899=varie

ty119899C

d0=0m

gCdkgC

d1=50

mgC

dkgC

d2=100m

gCdkgand

Cd3

=150m

gCdkg


correlations in Cd concentrations were reported betweenthe rice roots stems leaves and grains [17] and markedlinear correlations between Cd concentrations in rice grainsand strawsroots Cd concentrations (119875 lt 001) were alsoshown [18 19] The results in our study further illustratedvariations in Cd uptake and translocation among the fivecultivars as well as organs of the same cultivar Rice cultivarswith high affinity for soil Cd responded to high levels ofsoil Cd by partitioning a greater proportion of total plantCd in roots and above-plant parts The variation of grainCd concentration in our experiment depended on root Cduptake by rice cultivars and then translocation to above-rice part particularly shoot to grain translocation [20] con-cluded that Cd translocation from root to shoot via the xylemflow was the main physiological process that determined Cdaccumulation in rice shoots and grains This suggested thatexceeding Cd translocation from root to shoot via xylemflow led to higher Cd accumulation in vegetative tissues(ldquosourcerdquo organ) as well as higher Cd content transported tograins (ldquosinkrdquo organ) via the phloem Our results showed thatCd accumulation in rice organs was aided by physiologicalprocesses and genetic expressions hence maximum Cdretention in roots with less translocation to shoots formsan important mechanism in Cd tolerance The ability ofcultivar to retain Cd in roots can contribute to reducedaccumulation of Cd in grain which is of great significant tohuman health As indicated above cultivars v3 and v2 seemto have higher capacity to accumulate Cd in roots and lessin grains Rice quality traits to a larger extent do dependon rice plant external environmental conditions includingboth biotic and abiotic stresses cultivar genetic makeupand crop agronomic and management practices employedduring growth and in storage Cd toxicity affected rice qualityattributes including grain protein amylose contents brownrice accumulation milled rice percentage chalkiness andchalkiness area With increased level of Cd toxicity brownrice accumulation as well as chalkiness and chalkiness areaincreased while grain protein amylose contents and milledrice rate decreased These effects were found concentrationdependent and cultivar-specific

5 Conclusion

This study was carried out to examine the influence ofcadmium toxicity on fragrant rice genotypes and its con-sequences on yield yield related parameters and grainquality traits Cd uptake translocation and speciation indifferent plant parts were found to be genotype-specific andconcentration dependent Differences existed in Cd absorp-tion distribution and accumulation among rice cultivarsOur results further demonstrated that Guixiangzhan cultivarretained more Cd in roots and less in grains which ismore significant to humans Rice yield and grain qualitywere also found reduced with increased toxicity level Theoverall performance in terms of minimum Cd uptake anddistribution to grain yield and grain quality reduction forall the rice cultivars under Cd stress were recorded as V3 gtV2 gt V4 gt V5 gt V1

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no existing conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Chinarsquos Natural ScienceFoundation (31271646) and the World Bank Loan Agri-cultural Pollution Control Project in Guangdong (0724-1510A08N3684) Guangzhou Science and Technology PlanProjects (201707010413) National Natural Science Founda-tion for Young Scientists (31601244) Guangdong ProvinceNatural Science Foundation (8151064201000017) GuangdongProvince Agricultural Research Projects (2011AO20202001)and the Guangdong Province Agricultural StandardizationProject (4100 F10003)

References

[1] M Rizwan J-D Meunier H Miche and C Keller ldquoEffectof silicon on reducing cadmium toxicity in durum wheat(Triticum turgidum L cv ClaudioW) grown in a soil with agedcontaminationrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 209-210pp 326ndash334 2012

[2] FDouay C Pruvot CWaterlot et al ldquoContamination ofwoodyhabitat soils around a former lead smelter in the North ofFrancerdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 407 no 21 pp5564ndash5577 2009

[3] M Rizwan S Ali M Adrees et al ldquoCadmium stress in ricetoxic effects tolerance mechanisms andmanagement a criticalreviewrdquo Environmental Science and Pollution Research vol 23no 18 pp 17859ndash17879 2016

[4] W-E Song S-B Chen J-F Liu et al ldquoVariation of Cdconcentration in various rice cultivars and derivation of cad-mium toxicity thresholds for paddy soil by species-sensitivitydistributionrdquo Journal of Integrative Agriculture vol 14 no 9 pp1845ndash1854 2015

[5] U Ashraf A S Kanu Z Mo et al ldquoLead toxicity in riceeffects mechanisms and mitigation strategiesmdasha mini reviewrdquoEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research vol 22 no 23pp 18318ndash18332 2015

[6] A Sebastian and M N V Prasad ldquoOperative photo assimi-lation associated proteome modulations are critical for iron-dependent cadmium tolerance in Oryza sativa Lrdquo Protoplasmavol 252 no 5 pp 1375ndash1386 2015

[7] P F A M Romkens D J Brus H Y Guo C L Chu C MChiang and G F Koopmans ldquoImpact of model uncertainty onsoil quality standards for cadmium in rice paddy fieldsrdquo Scienceof the Total Environment vol 409 no 17 pp 3098ndash3105 2011

[8] X Xu Y Zhao X Zhao Y Wang and W Deng ldquoSources ofheavy metal pollution in agricultural soils of a rapidly industri-alizing area in the Yangtze Delta of Chinardquo Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental Safety vol 108 pp 161ndash167 2014

[9] P Kosolsaksakul J G Farmer I W Oliver and M C GrahamldquoGeochemical associations and availability of cadmium (Cd) ina paddy field system northwestern Thailandrdquo EnvironmentalPollution vol 187 pp 153ndash161 2014

[10] R K Srivastava P Pandey R Rajpoot A Rani and R S DubeyldquoCadmium and lead interactive effects on oxidative stress andantioxidative responses in rice seedlingsrdquo Protoplasma vol 251no 5 pp 1047ndash1065 2014


[11] F Yu K Liu M Li Z Zhou H Deng and B Chen ldquoEffectsof cadmium on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidativedefences of rice (oryza sativa L)rdquo International Journal ofPhytoremediation vol 15 no 6 pp 513ndash521 2013

[12] Y Wang X Jiang K Li et al ldquoPhotosynthetic responses oforyza sativa L seedlings to cadmium stress physiologicalbiochemical and ultrastructural analysesrdquoBioMetals vol 27 no2 pp 389ndash401 2014

[13] J Liu M Qian G Cai J Yang and Q Zhu ldquoUptake andtranslocation of Cd in different rice cultivars and the relationwith Cd accumulation in rice grainrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 143 no 1-2 pp 443ndash447 2007

[14] F Cao RWangWCheng et al ldquoGenotypic and environmentalvariation in cadmium chromium lead and copper in rice andapproaches for reducing the accumulationrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 496 pp 275ndash281 2014

[15] C A Grant J M Clarke S Duguid and R L ChaneyldquoSelection and breeding of plant cultivars tominimize cadmiumaccumulationrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 390 no 2-3 pp 301ndash310 2008

[16] M I Mattina W Lannucci-Berger C Musante and J CWhite ldquoConcurrent plant uptake of heavymetals and persistentorganic pollutants from soilrdquo Environmental Pollution vol 124no 3 pp 375ndash378 2003

[17] X Ye YMa and B Sun ldquoInfluence of soil type and genotype onCd bioavailability and uptake by rice and implications for foodsafetyrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences (China) vol 24 no 9pp 1647ndash1654 2012

[18] J He C Zhu Y Ren Y Yan and D Jiang ldquoGenotypic variationin grain cadmium concentration of lowland ricerdquo Journal ofPlantNutrition and Soil Science vol 169 no 5 pp 711ndash716 2006

[19] Y F Yan D H Choi D S Kim and B W Lee ldquoGenotypicvariation of cadmium accumulation and distribution in ricerdquoJournal of Crop Science and Biotechnology vol 13 pp 69ndash732010

[20] S Uraguchi S Mori M Kuramata A Kawasaki T Arao andS Ishikawa ldquoRoot-to-shoot Cd translocation via the xylemis the major process determining shoot and grain cadmiumaccumulation in ricerdquo Journal of Experimental Botany vol 60no 9 pp 2677ndash2688 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 201

International Journal ofInternational Journal ofPhotoenergy


Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal ofInternational Journal of


Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


Chromatography Research International


Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


Journal of


Quantum Chemistry


Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


translocation from soil to roots and shoot and finally tothe edible plant parts is often the easiest pathway throughwhich Cd enters the human body [7] Research has shownthat nearly sixteen percent (16) of the agricultural soils inChina have been polluted by varying heavy metals and Cdhas polluted approximately 13 times 105 hm2 and 146 times 108 kgof the soils and agricultural products respectively this alsoincluded 50 000 tons of rice [8]

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is a major cereal crop cultivatedand consumed worldwide it is the second most importantcereal crop after wheat in terms of area cultivated andconsumption rate [9] Rice growth and development areeminent at all stages for ensuring seedlings developmentand yield formation At the vegetative stage rice growthcomprises roots development for nutrients uptake hypocotylelongation and enzymes activation for mobilizing storedenergy and nutrients as well as photosynthetic processeswhereas the reproductive stage in rice growth enables maxi-mum yield formation Heavy metals in paddy soils affect ricegrowth and performance for instance Cd stress has beenproven to affect plants morphologically and physiologicallyas well as disrupting antioxidants enzymes in rice seedlingsunder polluted soils Reports have shown reduction in ricegrowth and biomass which might possibly be as a resultof different Cd-mediated toxicity mechanisms in rice [10]Various other studies have also reported that the toxic effectsof Cd increased rice seedlings oxidative stress by releasingreactive oxygen species (ROS) like malondialdehyde (MDA)contents hydrogen peroxide (H

2O2) and electrolyte leakage

which affects rice growth and performance [10 11] Cadmiumtoxicity also altered leaf and root ultrastructure and causedstructural damage to photosynthetic apparatus of rice [12]

From several other studies conductedmarked differencesin Cd uptake and translocation among plant species as well asamong cultivars within the same species were observed [6 1213]

During rice growth Cd toxicity levels in soils andpotential damage to plants are difficult to establish due tothe susceptibility and tolerant abilities of some cultivarsCd translocation from soil to plant organs is an importantfactor in identifying specific cultivars and concentrationlevel considered toxic for varying rice cultivars Differentcultivars showed differential response regarding Cd uptakeand transport under heavy metal stress conditions howevertheir response does vary based on concentration and cultivargenotypic storage and translocation potential [14] Further-more the tolerance and sensitivity indices of a specific ricecultivar are related to root Cd storage ability and its speciationin above-ground plant parts Considering the importanceattached to fragrance rice by its desirable consumers as well asits high market value it has become necessary to evaluate theresponse of different scented rice cultivars to varying levels ofcadmium toxicityHence the need for this research study is toevaluate the effect of varying Cd toxicity on five selected ricecultivars in China Identifying rice cultivars withminimal Cdaccumulating character in roots and with less translocationability in other parts might be a better option to grow rice inCd toxic soils

2 Materials and Methods

21 Experimental Design and Treatments Application Potexperiment was conducted in rain protected greenhouseunder open-air conditions at the experimental research farm(College of Agriculture South China Agricultural Univer-sity) Guangzhou city (23∘141015840 N 113∘371015840 E 20M altitude)during 20152016 cropping years Paddy soil from the researchfarm was collected to a depth of 20 cm The air dried soilsample was sieved through a 4mm sieve mixed thoroughlyand filled in the pots (25 cm diameter times 30 cm height) About10 kg soil was filled in each pot and Cd (15 22 and 30 g)in the form of CdCl

2sdot25 H

2O was added to the soil to

obtain the required soil Cd concentrations of 50 100 and150mgkg respectively Cd = 0mgKg was added as controlThe pots once filled with soil were thoroughly mixed with theexact amount of Cd (CdCl

2sdot25 H

2O) based on the treatment

and kept for 15 days before seedlings were transplanted inthem The pots were arranged in a randomized completeblock design (RCBD) with each treatment replicated threetimesThe soil used for the experiment was analyzed and wasfound to contain 496mgkg Cd content 592 pH level and1873 gkg organic matter contents while total NPK was 08109 and 1679 gkg and available NPK was 6915 1015 and10962mgkg respectively

22 Rice Cultivars Preparation The five aromatic rice vari-eties namely Meixiangzhan 2 (V1) Xiangyaxiangzhan (V2)Guixiangzhan (V3) Basmati (V4) and Nongxiang 18 (V5)were secured from the Department of Crop Science andTechnology College ofAgriculture SouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity (SCAU) Guangzhou Rice seeds were first soakedin deionized water for about 48 hrs at room temperature(25ndash28∘C) and nursed on March 3 2015 in an uncontami-nated soil using parachute trays undermoist conditions After30 days (April 3 2015) the seedlings were transplanted intothe pots (4 seedlings per pot) The pots were maintainedunder flooded conditions of 2-3 cm water level above thesoil surface during the entire growth period Recommendedrates of fertilizers were split-applied as basal applicationprior to transplanting and were top-dressed 5 weeks aftertransplanting Samples for Cd uptake in rice organs werecollected at panicle heading and maturity stages Entirerice was harvested and yield parameters were measured atmaturityThe samples were separated into roots stems leavesand grains andwere oven-dried at 80∘C to constant weight foranalysis of plantsCduptake in roots stems leaves and grains

23 Yield and Its Components During maturity stage threepots from each treatment were randomly selected Riceplants from each treatment pot were manually harvestedusing sickle and then threshed The paddy was sun-dried tomoisture content and grain yield per pot determined andexpressed in grams per pot (g potminus1) Total panicles per potwere counted for each treatment and means recorded Filledand unfilled grains were separated and counted manuallyfrom each panicle to obtain total number of filled andunfilled grains per panicle 1000-grain weight was recordedby weighing randomly sampled 1000 filled grains


D D D D D

CC

C

C

C

BB

B

B

B

A

A

A

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Root

s Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(a)

D D D D D

C

C

C C

C

B

B B BB

A

A

A

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

Stem

s Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

(b)

D C D C C

C BC

B

BB

AB A B

A

AA A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Leav

es C

d co

nten

t (휇

gg D

W)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(c)







3 Results



D D D C D

C

C

C

B

CB

B

B

A BA

A

A

A A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Root

s Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(a)

D D D D D

C

C

C C

C

B

B B B B

A

AA

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Stem

Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(b)

D D D C C

C CC

B

BB

BB A B

A

AA

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Leav

es C

d co

nten

t (휇

gg D

W)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(c)

D D D D D

CC

C C

CB B

BB

B

A

AA

AA


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Gra

ins C

d up

take

(휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(d)








V1

Cd0 0552 0435 0605 0846 0114Cd1 0167 0336 0442 0278 0305Cd2 0140 0495 0539 0307 0318Cd3 0143 0420 0597 0367 0413

V2

Cd0 0641 0590 0573 0759 0092Cd1 0235 0308 0186 0384 0181Cd2 0237 0313 0185 0360 0494Cd3 0221 0289 0173 0309 0514

V3

Cd0 0691 0572 0611 0904 0062Cd1 0197 0396 0191 0738 0225Cd2 0316 0254 0323 0407 0331Cd3 0339 0253 0396 0320 0343

V4

Cd0 0567 0403 0369 0893 0112Cd1 0384 0452 0370 0425 0328Cd2 0207 0600 0268 0424 0437Cd3 0181 0757 0234 0355 0568

V5

Cd0 0494 0659 0487 0687 0132Cd1 0192 0369 0280 0502 0318Cd2 0191 0468 0259 0419 0533Cd3 0220 0670 0321 0426 0402









V1





V2





V3





V4





V5







4 Discussion





Table3Grain

quality

attributes

asinflu

encedby

Cdtoxicity

Varie

tyTreatm

ent

Proteincontent()

Amylosec

ontent

()

Brow

nric

erate()

Milled

ricer

ate()

Grainsw

ithchalkiness(

)Ch

alkinessdegree

()

V1

Cd0

1197plusmn019

a1802plusmn033

a7410plusmn10

8a5917plusmn022

a96

6plusmn033

a018plusmn002

a

Cd1

8123plusmn012

b1644plusmn015

b7286plusmn0316a

5620plusmn038

b800plusmn000

b04plusmn009

b

Cd2

734plusmn007

c1533plusmn027

c6947plusmn041

b5346plusmn015

c833plusmn033

b069plusmn004

c

Cd3

475plusmn018

d1294plusmn040

d64

77plusmn044

c44

27plusmn015

d600plusmn000

c091plusmn003

d

V2

Cd0

1139plusmn003

a2019plusmn007

a6879plusmn033

a5781plusmn

034

a1166plusmn033

a017plusmn333

a

Cd1

1015plusmn019

b1915plusmn015

b6802plusmn028

ab5576plusmn036

b1033plusmn033

b025plusmn001

b

Cd2

921plusmn

025

c167plusmn008

c6771plusmn

033

b5421plusmn

034

c93

3plusmn033

c047plusmn003

c

Cd3

593plusmn021

d1401plusmn

024

d6629plusmn022

c5102plusmn029

d80plusmn000

d058plusmn881

d

V3

Cd0

1329plusmn012

a2040plusmn006

a8465plusmn006

a6512plusmn018

a76

7plusmn033

a005plusmn333

a

Cd1

1299plusmn011

a1930plusmn006

b8451plusmn

067

a64

10plusmn038

ab733plusmn033

a011plusmn882

b

Cd2

1244plusmn005

b1841plusmn

008

c84047plusmn029

a6302plusmn067

b70

0plusmn00a

b017plusmn002

c

Cd3

1104plusmn013

c1668plusmn029

d8271plusmn

028

b5935plusmn028

c633plusmn033

b022plusmn577

d

V4

Cd0

921plusmn

014

a1579plusmn016

a7305plusmn031

a5555plusmn069

a90

0plusmn000

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

874plusmn031

a1494plusmn039

b7218plusmn021

a5405plusmn030

b866plusmn033

a011plusmn8819b

Cd2

707plusmn038

b1337plusmn025

c7078plusmn034

b5169plusmn027

c633plusmn033

b023plusmn577

c

Cd3

512plusmn0116

c1184plusmn003

d6853plusmn028

c4988plusmn031

d466plusmn033

c037plusmn001

c

V5

Cd0

845plusmn012

a1849plusmn004

a64

32plusmn0379a

6159plusmn012

a76

7plusmn033

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

622plusmn017

b1718plusmn016

b6229plusmn009

b5887plusmn040

b733plusmn033

a015plusmn001

a

Cd2

555plusmn016

c1574plusmn004

c6030plusmn008

c5515plusmn042

c533plusmn033

b037plusmn003

a

Cd3

44plusmn0119

d1308plusmn015

d5443plusmn063

d5257plusmn0159d

433plusmn033

b372plusmn302

a

Threereplicated

means

(plusmnSE

)werec

alculated

fore

achtre

atmentVa

lues

with

different

lette

rsaresignificantly

different

at119875lt005V119899=varie

ty119899C

d0=0m

gCdkgC

d1=50

mgC

dkgC

d2=100m

gCdkgand

Cd3

=150m

gCdkg



5 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


D D D D D

CC

C

C

C

BB

B

B

B

A

A

A

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Root

s Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(a)

D D D D D

C

C

C C

C

B

B B BB

A

A

A

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

Stem

s Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

(b)

D C D C C

C BC

B

BB

AB A B

A

AA A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Leav

es C

d co

nten

t (휇

gg D

W)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(c)







3 Results



D D D C D

C

C

C

B

CB

B

B

A BA

A

A

A A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Root

s Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(a)

D D D D D

C

C

C C

C

B

B B B B

A

AA

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Stem

Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(b)

D D D C C

C CC

B

BB

BB A B

A

AA

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Leav

es C

d co

nten

t (휇

gg D

W)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(c)

D D D D D

CC

C C

CB B

BB

B

A

AA

AA


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Gra

ins C

d up

take

(휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(d)








V1

Cd0 0552 0435 0605 0846 0114Cd1 0167 0336 0442 0278 0305Cd2 0140 0495 0539 0307 0318Cd3 0143 0420 0597 0367 0413

V2

Cd0 0641 0590 0573 0759 0092Cd1 0235 0308 0186 0384 0181Cd2 0237 0313 0185 0360 0494Cd3 0221 0289 0173 0309 0514

V3

Cd0 0691 0572 0611 0904 0062Cd1 0197 0396 0191 0738 0225Cd2 0316 0254 0323 0407 0331Cd3 0339 0253 0396 0320 0343

V4

Cd0 0567 0403 0369 0893 0112Cd1 0384 0452 0370 0425 0328Cd2 0207 0600 0268 0424 0437Cd3 0181 0757 0234 0355 0568

V5

Cd0 0494 0659 0487 0687 0132Cd1 0192 0369 0280 0502 0318Cd2 0191 0468 0259 0419 0533Cd3 0220 0670 0321 0426 0402









V1





V2





V3





V4





V5







4 Discussion





Table3Grain

quality

attributes

asinflu

encedby

Cdtoxicity

Varie

tyTreatm

ent

Proteincontent()

Amylosec

ontent

()

Brow

nric

erate()

Milled

ricer

ate()

Grainsw

ithchalkiness(

)Ch

alkinessdegree

()

V1

Cd0

1197plusmn019

a1802plusmn033

a7410plusmn10

8a5917plusmn022

a96

6plusmn033

a018plusmn002

a

Cd1

8123plusmn012

b1644plusmn015

b7286plusmn0316a

5620plusmn038

b800plusmn000

b04plusmn009

b

Cd2

734plusmn007

c1533plusmn027

c6947plusmn041

b5346plusmn015

c833plusmn033

b069plusmn004

c

Cd3

475plusmn018

d1294plusmn040

d64

77plusmn044

c44

27plusmn015

d600plusmn000

c091plusmn003

d

V2

Cd0

1139plusmn003

a2019plusmn007

a6879plusmn033

a5781plusmn

034

a1166plusmn033

a017plusmn333

a

Cd1

1015plusmn019

b1915plusmn015

b6802plusmn028

ab5576plusmn036

b1033plusmn033

b025plusmn001

b

Cd2

921plusmn

025

c167plusmn008

c6771plusmn

033

b5421plusmn

034

c93

3plusmn033

c047plusmn003

c

Cd3

593plusmn021

d1401plusmn

024

d6629plusmn022

c5102plusmn029

d80plusmn000

d058plusmn881

d

V3

Cd0

1329plusmn012

a2040plusmn006

a8465plusmn006

a6512plusmn018

a76

7plusmn033

a005plusmn333

a

Cd1

1299plusmn011

a1930plusmn006

b8451plusmn

067

a64

10plusmn038

ab733plusmn033

a011plusmn882

b

Cd2

1244plusmn005

b1841plusmn

008

c84047plusmn029

a6302plusmn067

b70

0plusmn00a

b017plusmn002

c

Cd3

1104plusmn013

c1668plusmn029

d8271plusmn

028

b5935plusmn028

c633plusmn033

b022plusmn577

d

V4

Cd0

921plusmn

014

a1579plusmn016

a7305plusmn031

a5555plusmn069

a90

0plusmn000

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

874plusmn031

a1494plusmn039

b7218plusmn021

a5405plusmn030

b866plusmn033

a011plusmn8819b

Cd2

707plusmn038

b1337plusmn025

c7078plusmn034

b5169plusmn027

c633plusmn033

b023plusmn577

c

Cd3

512plusmn0116

c1184plusmn003

d6853plusmn028

c4988plusmn031

d466plusmn033

c037plusmn001

c

V5

Cd0

845plusmn012

a1849plusmn004

a64

32plusmn0379a

6159plusmn012

a76

7plusmn033

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

622plusmn017

b1718plusmn016

b6229plusmn009

b5887plusmn040

b733plusmn033

a015plusmn001

a

Cd2

555plusmn016

c1574plusmn004

c6030plusmn008

c5515plusmn042

c533plusmn033

b037plusmn003

a

Cd3

44plusmn0119

d1308plusmn015

d5443plusmn063

d5257plusmn0159d

433plusmn033

b372plusmn302

a

Threereplicated

means

(plusmnSE

)werec

alculated

fore

achtre

atmentVa

lues

with

different

lette

rsaresignificantly

different

at119875lt005V119899=varie

ty119899C

d0=0m

gCdkgC

d1=50

mgC

dkgC

d2=100m

gCdkgand

Cd3

=150m

gCdkg



5 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


D D D C D

C

C

C

B

CB

B

B

A BA

A

A

A A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Root

s Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(a)

D D D D D

C

C

C C

C

B

B B B B

A

AA

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Stem

Cd

cont

ent (

휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(b)

D D D C C

C CC

B

BB

BB A B

A

AA

A

A

V1 V2 V3 V4 V50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Leav

es C

d co

nten

t (휇

gg D

W)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(c)

D D D D D

CC

C C

CB B

BB

B

A

AA

AA


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Gra

ins C

d up

take

(휇g

g DW

)

Cd0Cd1

Cd2Cd3

(d)








V1

Cd0 0552 0435 0605 0846 0114Cd1 0167 0336 0442 0278 0305Cd2 0140 0495 0539 0307 0318Cd3 0143 0420 0597 0367 0413

V2

Cd0 0641 0590 0573 0759 0092Cd1 0235 0308 0186 0384 0181Cd2 0237 0313 0185 0360 0494Cd3 0221 0289 0173 0309 0514

V3

Cd0 0691 0572 0611 0904 0062Cd1 0197 0396 0191 0738 0225Cd2 0316 0254 0323 0407 0331Cd3 0339 0253 0396 0320 0343

V4

Cd0 0567 0403 0369 0893 0112Cd1 0384 0452 0370 0425 0328Cd2 0207 0600 0268 0424 0437Cd3 0181 0757 0234 0355 0568

V5

Cd0 0494 0659 0487 0687 0132Cd1 0192 0369 0280 0502 0318Cd2 0191 0468 0259 0419 0533Cd3 0220 0670 0321 0426 0402









V1





V2





V3





V4





V5







4 Discussion





Table3Grain

quality

attributes

asinflu

encedby

Cdtoxicity

Varie

tyTreatm

ent

Proteincontent()

Amylosec

ontent

()

Brow

nric

erate()

Milled

ricer

ate()

Grainsw

ithchalkiness(

)Ch

alkinessdegree

()

V1

Cd0

1197plusmn019

a1802plusmn033

a7410plusmn10

8a5917plusmn022

a96

6plusmn033

a018plusmn002

a

Cd1

8123plusmn012

b1644plusmn015

b7286plusmn0316a

5620plusmn038

b800plusmn000

b04plusmn009

b

Cd2

734plusmn007

c1533plusmn027

c6947plusmn041

b5346plusmn015

c833plusmn033

b069plusmn004

c

Cd3

475plusmn018

d1294plusmn040

d64

77plusmn044

c44

27plusmn015

d600plusmn000

c091plusmn003

d

V2

Cd0

1139plusmn003

a2019plusmn007

a6879plusmn033

a5781plusmn

034

a1166plusmn033

a017plusmn333

a

Cd1

1015plusmn019

b1915plusmn015

b6802plusmn028

ab5576plusmn036

b1033plusmn033

b025plusmn001

b

Cd2

921plusmn

025

c167plusmn008

c6771plusmn

033

b5421plusmn

034

c93

3plusmn033

c047plusmn003

c

Cd3

593plusmn021

d1401plusmn

024

d6629plusmn022

c5102plusmn029

d80plusmn000

d058plusmn881

d

V3

Cd0

1329plusmn012

a2040plusmn006

a8465plusmn006

a6512plusmn018

a76

7plusmn033

a005plusmn333

a

Cd1

1299plusmn011

a1930plusmn006

b8451plusmn

067

a64

10plusmn038

ab733plusmn033

a011plusmn882

b

Cd2

1244plusmn005

b1841plusmn

008

c84047plusmn029

a6302plusmn067

b70

0plusmn00a

b017plusmn002

c

Cd3

1104plusmn013

c1668plusmn029

d8271plusmn

028

b5935plusmn028

c633plusmn033

b022plusmn577

d

V4

Cd0

921plusmn

014

a1579plusmn016

a7305plusmn031

a5555plusmn069

a90

0plusmn000

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

874plusmn031

a1494plusmn039

b7218plusmn021

a5405plusmn030

b866plusmn033

a011plusmn8819b

Cd2

707plusmn038

b1337plusmn025

c7078plusmn034

b5169plusmn027

c633plusmn033

b023plusmn577

c

Cd3

512plusmn0116

c1184plusmn003

d6853plusmn028

c4988plusmn031

d466plusmn033

c037plusmn001

c

V5

Cd0

845plusmn012

a1849plusmn004

a64

32plusmn0379a

6159plusmn012

a76

7plusmn033

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

622plusmn017

b1718plusmn016

b6229plusmn009

b5887plusmn040

b733plusmn033

a015plusmn001

a

Cd2

555plusmn016

c1574plusmn004

c6030plusmn008

c5515plusmn042

c533plusmn033

b037plusmn003

a

Cd3

44plusmn0119

d1308plusmn015

d5443plusmn063

d5257plusmn0159d

433plusmn033

b372plusmn302

a

Threereplicated

means

(plusmnSE

)werec

alculated

fore

achtre

atmentVa

lues

with

different

lette

rsaresignificantly

different

at119875lt005V119899=varie

ty119899C

d0=0m

gCdkgC

d1=50

mgC

dkgC

d2=100m

gCdkgand

Cd3

=150m

gCdkg



5 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of




V1

Cd0 0552 0435 0605 0846 0114Cd1 0167 0336 0442 0278 0305Cd2 0140 0495 0539 0307 0318Cd3 0143 0420 0597 0367 0413

V2

Cd0 0641 0590 0573 0759 0092Cd1 0235 0308 0186 0384 0181Cd2 0237 0313 0185 0360 0494Cd3 0221 0289 0173 0309 0514

V3

Cd0 0691 0572 0611 0904 0062Cd1 0197 0396 0191 0738 0225Cd2 0316 0254 0323 0407 0331Cd3 0339 0253 0396 0320 0343

V4

Cd0 0567 0403 0369 0893 0112Cd1 0384 0452 0370 0425 0328Cd2 0207 0600 0268 0424 0437Cd3 0181 0757 0234 0355 0568

V5

Cd0 0494 0659 0487 0687 0132Cd1 0192 0369 0280 0502 0318Cd2 0191 0468 0259 0419 0533Cd3 0220 0670 0321 0426 0402









V1





V2





V3





V4





V5







4 Discussion





Table3Grain

quality

attributes

asinflu

encedby

Cdtoxicity

Varie

tyTreatm

ent

Proteincontent()

Amylosec

ontent

()

Brow

nric

erate()

Milled

ricer

ate()

Grainsw

ithchalkiness(

)Ch

alkinessdegree

()

V1

Cd0

1197plusmn019

a1802plusmn033

a7410plusmn10

8a5917plusmn022

a96

6plusmn033

a018plusmn002

a

Cd1

8123plusmn012

b1644plusmn015

b7286plusmn0316a

5620plusmn038

b800plusmn000

b04plusmn009

b

Cd2

734plusmn007

c1533plusmn027

c6947plusmn041

b5346plusmn015

c833plusmn033

b069plusmn004

c

Cd3

475plusmn018

d1294plusmn040

d64

77plusmn044

c44

27plusmn015

d600plusmn000

c091plusmn003

d

V2

Cd0

1139plusmn003

a2019plusmn007

a6879plusmn033

a5781plusmn

034

a1166plusmn033

a017plusmn333

a

Cd1

1015plusmn019

b1915plusmn015

b6802plusmn028

ab5576plusmn036

b1033plusmn033

b025plusmn001

b

Cd2

921plusmn

025

c167plusmn008

c6771plusmn

033

b5421plusmn

034

c93

3plusmn033

c047plusmn003

c

Cd3

593plusmn021

d1401plusmn

024

d6629plusmn022

c5102plusmn029

d80plusmn000

d058plusmn881

d

V3

Cd0

1329plusmn012

a2040plusmn006

a8465plusmn006

a6512plusmn018

a76

7plusmn033

a005plusmn333

a

Cd1

1299plusmn011

a1930plusmn006

b8451plusmn

067

a64

10plusmn038

ab733plusmn033

a011plusmn882

b

Cd2

1244plusmn005

b1841plusmn

008

c84047plusmn029

a6302plusmn067

b70

0plusmn00a

b017plusmn002

c

Cd3

1104plusmn013

c1668plusmn029

d8271plusmn

028

b5935plusmn028

c633plusmn033

b022plusmn577

d

V4

Cd0

921plusmn

014

a1579plusmn016

a7305plusmn031

a5555plusmn069

a90

0plusmn000

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

874plusmn031

a1494plusmn039

b7218plusmn021

a5405plusmn030

b866plusmn033

a011plusmn8819b

Cd2

707plusmn038

b1337plusmn025

c7078plusmn034

b5169plusmn027

c633plusmn033

b023plusmn577

c

Cd3

512plusmn0116

c1184plusmn003

d6853plusmn028

c4988plusmn031

d466plusmn033

c037plusmn001

c

V5

Cd0

845plusmn012

a1849plusmn004

a64

32plusmn0379a

6159plusmn012

a76

7plusmn033

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

622plusmn017

b1718plusmn016

b6229plusmn009

b5887plusmn040

b733plusmn033

a015plusmn001

a

Cd2

555plusmn016

c1574plusmn004

c6030plusmn008

c5515plusmn042

c533plusmn033

b037plusmn003

a

Cd3

44plusmn0119

d1308plusmn015

d5443plusmn063

d5257plusmn0159d

433plusmn033

b372plusmn302

a

Threereplicated

means

(plusmnSE

)werec

alculated

fore

achtre

atmentVa

lues

with

different

lette

rsaresignificantly

different

at119875lt005V119899=varie

ty119899C

d0=0m

gCdkgC

d1=50

mgC

dkgC

d2=100m

gCdkgand

Cd3

=150m

gCdkg



5 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of




V1





V2





V3





V4





V5







4 Discussion





Table3Grain

quality

attributes

asinflu

encedby

Cdtoxicity

Varie

tyTreatm

ent

Proteincontent()

Amylosec

ontent

()

Brow

nric

erate()

Milled

ricer

ate()

Grainsw

ithchalkiness(

)Ch

alkinessdegree

()

V1

Cd0

1197plusmn019

a1802plusmn033

a7410plusmn10

8a5917plusmn022

a96

6plusmn033

a018plusmn002

a

Cd1

8123plusmn012

b1644plusmn015

b7286plusmn0316a

5620plusmn038

b800plusmn000

b04plusmn009

b

Cd2

734plusmn007

c1533plusmn027

c6947plusmn041

b5346plusmn015

c833plusmn033

b069plusmn004

c

Cd3

475plusmn018

d1294plusmn040

d64

77plusmn044

c44

27plusmn015

d600plusmn000

c091plusmn003

d

V2

Cd0

1139plusmn003

a2019plusmn007

a6879plusmn033

a5781plusmn

034

a1166plusmn033

a017plusmn333

a

Cd1

1015plusmn019

b1915plusmn015

b6802plusmn028

ab5576plusmn036

b1033plusmn033

b025plusmn001

b

Cd2

921plusmn

025

c167plusmn008

c6771plusmn

033

b5421plusmn

034

c93

3plusmn033

c047plusmn003

c

Cd3

593plusmn021

d1401plusmn

024

d6629plusmn022

c5102plusmn029

d80plusmn000

d058plusmn881

d

V3

Cd0

1329plusmn012

a2040plusmn006

a8465plusmn006

a6512plusmn018

a76

7plusmn033

a005plusmn333

a

Cd1

1299plusmn011

a1930plusmn006

b8451plusmn

067

a64

10plusmn038

ab733plusmn033

a011plusmn882

b

Cd2

1244plusmn005

b1841plusmn

008

c84047plusmn029

a6302plusmn067

b70

0plusmn00a

b017plusmn002

c

Cd3

1104plusmn013

c1668plusmn029

d8271plusmn

028

b5935plusmn028

c633plusmn033

b022plusmn577

d

V4

Cd0

921plusmn

014

a1579plusmn016

a7305plusmn031

a5555plusmn069

a90

0plusmn000

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

874plusmn031

a1494plusmn039

b7218plusmn021

a5405plusmn030

b866plusmn033

a011plusmn8819b

Cd2

707plusmn038

b1337plusmn025

c7078plusmn034

b5169plusmn027

c633plusmn033

b023plusmn577

c

Cd3

512plusmn0116

c1184plusmn003

d6853plusmn028

c4988plusmn031

d466plusmn033

c037plusmn001

c

V5

Cd0

845plusmn012

a1849plusmn004

a64

32plusmn0379a

6159plusmn012

a76

7plusmn033

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

622plusmn017

b1718plusmn016

b6229plusmn009

b5887plusmn040

b733plusmn033

a015plusmn001

a

Cd2

555plusmn016

c1574plusmn004

c6030plusmn008

c5515plusmn042

c533plusmn033

b037plusmn003

a

Cd3

44plusmn0119

d1308plusmn015

d5443plusmn063

d5257plusmn0159d

433plusmn033

b372plusmn302

a

Threereplicated

means

(plusmnSE

)werec

alculated

fore

achtre

atmentVa

lues

with

different

lette

rsaresignificantly

different

at119875lt005V119899=varie

ty119899C

d0=0m

gCdkgC

d1=50

mgC

dkgC

d2=100m

gCdkgand

Cd3

=150m

gCdkg



5 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Table3Grain

quality

attributes

asinflu

encedby

Cdtoxicity

Varie

tyTreatm

ent

Proteincontent()

Amylosec

ontent

()

Brow

nric

erate()

Milled

ricer

ate()

Grainsw

ithchalkiness(

)Ch

alkinessdegree

()

V1

Cd0

1197plusmn019

a1802plusmn033

a7410plusmn10

8a5917plusmn022

a96

6plusmn033

a018plusmn002

a

Cd1

8123plusmn012

b1644plusmn015

b7286plusmn0316a

5620plusmn038

b800plusmn000

b04plusmn009

b

Cd2

734plusmn007

c1533plusmn027

c6947plusmn041

b5346plusmn015

c833plusmn033

b069plusmn004

c

Cd3

475plusmn018

d1294plusmn040

d64

77plusmn044

c44

27plusmn015

d600plusmn000

c091plusmn003

d

V2

Cd0

1139plusmn003

a2019plusmn007

a6879plusmn033

a5781plusmn

034

a1166plusmn033

a017plusmn333

a

Cd1

1015plusmn019

b1915plusmn015

b6802plusmn028

ab5576plusmn036

b1033plusmn033

b025plusmn001

b

Cd2

921plusmn

025

c167plusmn008

c6771plusmn

033

b5421plusmn

034

c93

3plusmn033

c047plusmn003

c

Cd3

593plusmn021

d1401plusmn

024

d6629plusmn022

c5102plusmn029

d80plusmn000

d058plusmn881

d

V3

Cd0

1329plusmn012

a2040plusmn006

a8465plusmn006

a6512plusmn018

a76

7plusmn033

a005plusmn333

a

Cd1

1299plusmn011

a1930plusmn006

b8451plusmn

067

a64

10plusmn038

ab733plusmn033

a011plusmn882

b

Cd2

1244plusmn005

b1841plusmn

008

c84047plusmn029

a6302plusmn067

b70

0plusmn00a

b017plusmn002

c

Cd3

1104plusmn013

c1668plusmn029

d8271plusmn

028

b5935plusmn028

c633plusmn033

b022plusmn577

d

V4

Cd0

921plusmn

014

a1579plusmn016

a7305plusmn031

a5555plusmn069

a90

0plusmn000

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

874plusmn031

a1494plusmn039

b7218plusmn021

a5405plusmn030

b866plusmn033

a011plusmn8819b

Cd2

707plusmn038

b1337plusmn025

c7078plusmn034

b5169plusmn027

c633plusmn033

b023plusmn577

c

Cd3

512plusmn0116

c1184plusmn003

d6853plusmn028

c4988plusmn031

d466plusmn033

c037plusmn001

c

V5

Cd0

845plusmn012

a1849plusmn004

a64

32plusmn0379a

6159plusmn012

a76

7plusmn033

a008plusmn577

a

Cd1

622plusmn017

b1718plusmn016

b6229plusmn009

b5887plusmn040

b733plusmn033

a015plusmn001

a

Cd2

555plusmn016

c1574plusmn004

c6030plusmn008

c5515plusmn042

c533plusmn033

b037plusmn003

a

Cd3

44plusmn0119

d1308plusmn015

d5443plusmn063

d5257plusmn0159d

433plusmn033

b372plusmn302

a

Threereplicated

means

(plusmnSE

)werec

alculated

fore

achtre

atmentVa

lues

with

different

lette

rsaresignificantly

different

at119875lt005V119899=varie

ty119899C

d0=0m

gCdkgC

d1=50

mgC

dkgC

d2=100m

gCdkgand

Cd3

=150m

gCdkg



5 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



5 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of





















Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

cadmium uptake and distribution in fragrant rice genotypes and related consequences...

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