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Lead in 8.1 globalisation /%gl@Ub@laI"zeISn/ (n) fact that different cultures and

economic systems around the world are becoming similar (and connected to each other) because of the influence of large multinational companies globe (n), globalise (v), globalised (adj), globalising (adj)

8.2 drought /draUt/ (n) long period of time when there is

little or no rain

8.3 tangible /"t&nIbl/ (adj) that you can touch or feel tangibly (adv)

8.4 (with/in) hindsight /(wID/In) "haIndsaIt/ (n) having understanding of a situation

only after it has happened, meaning that you would have done things in a different way With hindsight, it would have been better to avoid the motorway at such a busy time.

8.5 orientated /"O:ri@n%teItId/ (adj) mainly concerned with, directed

towards My brother goes to a very academic college, whereas mine is more sports orientated. orientation (n), orientate (v)L Also oriented

8.6 far-fetched /%fA: "fet/ (adj) very difficult to believe

Reading8.7 mechanism /"mek@nIz@m/ (n) group of moving parts in a machine

that performs a task mechanic (n), mechanise (v), mechanical (adj), mechanically (adv)

8.8 artificial intelligence /%A:tIfISl In"telI@ns/ (n) use of computers for human

functions such as learning and making decisions

8.9 humanoid /"hju:m@nOId/ (adj) machine or creature with the

appearance and characteristics of a person humanoid (n)

8.10 robotics /r@U"bQtIks/ (n) science of designing and operating

robots robot (n), roboticist (n)

8.11 function /"fVNkSn/ (n) special activity or purpose of a

person or thing The function of the heart is to pump blood through the body. function (v), functional (adj), functionally (adv)

8.12 contemporary /k@n"temp@r@ri/ (n) person who lived or lives at the

same time as sb else, esp. sb who works in the same field or who is about the same age Shakespeare and his contemporaries = other writers alive at the same time, the only one of her contemporaries to go to university = other people she was at school with contemporary (adj)

8.13 filmgoer /"fIlm%g@U@(r)/ (n) person who regularly goes to the

cinema L -goer can be added to the ends of other words with a similar meaning, e.g. theatre-goer, partygoer.

8.14 grounded (in/on sth) /"graUndId/ (adj) based in/on sth Although

grounded in historical fact, the story of Robin Hood is mostly fantasy. ground sth on sth (phr v)

8.15 casual /"k&Zu2@l/ (adj) not showing much care or thought,

not wanting to show that sth is important to you You really need to take your studies more seriously if you want to succeed your attitude is far too casual. casualness (n), casually (adv)

8.16 unselfish /%VnselfIS/ (adj) giving more time or importance

to other peoples needs, wishes, etc. than to your own Jill is very unselfish she often lends me money even though she doesnt have much herself. (un)selfishness (n), selfish (adj), (un)selfishly (adv)

8.17 overestimate /%@Uv@r"estImeIt/ (v) estimate sth to be larger, better,

more important, etc. than it really is We had certainly overestimated the distance to the house; we arrived in half the time wed thought it would take. L Opposite: underestimate. overestimation (n)

Mean machines

8.18 mean /mi:n/ (adj) likely to become angry or violent

That bull looks mean Im not going to walk past it. L Also: unkind or ungenerous.

The big issuesWords and phrases

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8.19 automated /"O:t@meItId/ (adj) to describe sth performed entirely

by computers or machines Thousand of people lost their jobs as factories became more automated. L Note the similarity with automatic = having controls that work without needing sb to operate them; done or happening without thinking. automation (n), automaton (n), automate (v)

8.20 catch /k&/ (n) hidden difficulty or disadvantage,

often that sb deliberately doesnt tell you in order to make sth more attractive This magazine is offering free DVDs but the catch is you have to buy five weeks worth to get them.

8.21 tease /ti:z/ (n) sth, e.g. an advert that is designed

to get your attention so that you want to find out more L Also a person who pretends to offer you sth but then doesnt give it to you. teaser (n), tease (v)

8.22 fictional /"fIkS@nl/ (adj) not real or true, existing only

in stories This film is based on a true story, but some of the characters are fictional and have been introduced to make the storyline more exciting. fiction (n)

8.23 fail-safe /"feIl %seIf/ (adj) designed to stop working if

anything goes wrong L This can also function as a noun: have sth as a fail-safe = have sth in case sth else fails.

8.24 coin /kOIn/ (v) invent a new word or phrase that

other people then begin to use

8.25 slavishly /"sleIvISli/ (adv) following or copying sb/sth exactly

without having any original thought at all slavish (adj)

8.26 rigour /"rIg@(r)/ (n) activity of being careful and paying

great attention to detail rigorous (adj), rigorously (adv)

8.27 inaction /In"&kSn/ (n) lack of action, doing nothing about

a situation or a problem inactivity (n), inactive (adj)

8.28 sobering /"s@Ub@rIN/ (adj) making you feel serious and think

carefully L Sober (adj) also means not drunk. sobriety (n), sober up (phr v), soberly (adv)

8.29 formidable /f@"mId@bl/ (adj) sth or sb that makes you feel

respect or fear because it is impressive, difficult or powerful With the formidable Mr Buxton as headmaster, behaviour improved dramatically. formidably (adv)

8.30 scope /sk@Up/ (n) range of things that a subject,

organisation, activity, etc. deals with The police are broadening the scope of their investigation.

8.31 reason /"ri:zn/ (v) form a judgement about a situation

by considering the facts and using your power to think in a logical way In the end, the two boys reasoned that if they told their mother the problem, she would help them find a solution.

8.32 vicinity /v@"sIn@ti/ (n) the area around a particular place

The only hospital in the vicinity with an accident and emergency department is an hours drive away. L Formal.

8.33 thereby /"De@baI/ (adv) used to introduce the result of

an action or situation already mentioned L Often followed by an -ing form: As the van came straight towards them, Mark managed to stop the car, thereby preventing a terrible accident.

8.34 contravene /%kQntr@"vi:n/ (v) do sth that is not allowed by a law

or rule L Formal, usually used in legal contexts. contravention (n)

8.35 on the horns of a dilemma/Qn D@ %hO:nz @v @ d@"lem@,dI-, daI-/ (idm)

in a situation in which you have to make a choice between things that are equally unpleasant

8.36 capacity /k@"p&s@ti/ (n) ability to understand or to do sth

A child of four doesnt have the capacity to understand the difference between right and wrong.

8.37 hideously /"hIdi@sli/ (adv) very much so, in an unpleasant way

Id love to go and see a live pop concert, but theyre often hideously expensive. L Note that hideous = ugly, revolting but the adverb has this more general meaning. hideous (adj)

8.38 vigorously /"vIg@r@sli/ (adv) with a lot of energy and strength of

feeling vigour (n), vigorous (adj)

8.39 alarmist /@"lA:mIst/ (adj) causing unnecessary fear and

anxiety alarmist (n) L Alarm (n)means a real feeling of fear and anxiety. alarm (v), alarming (adj), alarmingly (adv)

8.40 adversary /"&dv@s@ri/ (n) enemy or sb you are competing

with adversity (n), adverse (adj), adversely (adv)

Vocabulary8.41 famine /"f&mIn/ (n) lack of food during a long period of

time in a region famished (adj)

8.42 tornado /tO:"neId@U/ (n) violent storm with very strong

winds which move in a circle

8.43 erosion /I"r@UZn/ (n) the act of gradually destroying the

surface of sth through the action of wind, rain, etc. A large portion of the cliff collapsed following erosion from the sea. erode (v), erosive (adj)

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8.44 landslide /"l&ndslaId/ (n) mass of earth, rock, etc. that falls

down the slope of a mountain or a cliff

8.45 tremor /"trem@(r)/ (n) small earthquake in which the

ground shakes slightly

8.46 contagious /k2@n"teI@s/ (adj) used to describe a disease that

spreads by people touching each other L An infectious disease spreads through breathing in air. contagion (n), contagiously (adv)

8.47 trivial /"trIvi@l/ (adj) not at all important Can we leave

that for another meeting? Replacing a few chairs is rather trivial compared with the rather larger matter of the new school roof. trivia (n pl), triviality (n) trivially (adv)

8.48 critical /"krItIkl/ (adj) very serious or important Todays

a critical day for my football team we have to win if we want to stay in the Champions League. L Often used in medical terms: in a critical condition/critically ill in hospital. crisis (n), critically (adv)

8.49 momentary /"m@Um@ntri/ (adj) brief Its hard to believe that a

momentary lapse of concentration led to such a serious mistake.L Note the different meanings of the adverb momentarily = for a short while (Br Eng), = in a moment, soon, shortly (Am Eng). moment (n)

8.50 antisocial /%&nti"s@USl/ (adj) annoying or upsetting to other

people L ASBO stands for antisocial behaviour order and can be given as a punishment to people in Britain who drop litter, make a lot of noise, or upset their neighbours.

8.51 unsocial /%Vn"s@USl/ (adj) outside normal working hours

Becky often found herself working unsocial hours but it had its advantages in that there were fewer interruptions and phone calls. L Do not confuse with unsociable (adj) which describes sb who does not like talking to or meeting other people.

Grammar8.52 hypothetical /%haIp@"TetIkl/ (adj) based on situations or ideas

which are possible and imagined rather than real and true What youre going to wear to the party is hypothetical as your mum and I arent allowing you to go! hypothesis (n), hypothetically (adv)

8.53 backpacking /"b&kp&kIN/ (n) travelling on holiday carrying your

equipment and clothes in a large bag carried on your back backpacker (n), backpack (v)

8.54 raffle /"r&fl/ (n) way of making money for, e.g. a

charity in which people buy tickets for the chance of winning a prize. raffle (v)

8.55 rust /rVst/ (v) if metal rusts, it becomes covered

with a reddish-brown substance that is formed on it by the action of water and air rust (n), rusty (adj)

8.56 stag night /"st&g %naIt/ (n) night before a mans wedding,

usu. spent with his male friends L Women have a hen night or hen party (see 4.69).

8.57 ecstatic /Ik"st&tIk/ (adj) very happy, excited and enthusiastic

Ann wasnt exactly ecstatic about the idea of going on holiday with her parents, so theyd said her friend Rachel could go too. ecstasy (n), ecstatically (adv)

8.58 intervention /%Int@"venSn/ (n) act of becoming involved in a

situation to prevent or change sth interventionist (n, adj), intervene (v)

8.59 raring (to do sth) /"re@rIN/ (adj) very enthusiastic about starting to

do sth

8.60 league /li:g/ (n) group of sports teams who all play

each other to earn points and find which team is best

8.61 bone idle /%b@Un "aIdl/ (adj) very lazy

8.62 on the cards /%Qn D@ "kA:dz/ (idm) likely to happen

8.63 drift /drIft/ (v) change, e.g. what you are doing,

or move without a particular plan or purpose drifter (n) L Also means to be carried on the wind or water. Tomorrow morning well drift lazily downriver in the canoes to do some birdwatching.

8.64 (have sth) under your belt /%Vnd@ jO: "belt/ (idm) already achieved or obtained

With good exam results and a years work experience under her belt, Jessica was offered places at several universities.

8.65 brainwave /"breInweIv/ (n) sudden good idea

8.66 dead end /%ded "end/ (adj) to describe sth in which you can

make no further progress, esp. a job that doesnt allow you to develop, that is boring and where there is no hope of promotion. dead end (n)

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Listening8.67 rewarding /rI"wO:dIN/ (adj) worth doing, that makes you

happy because you think it is useful or important Being a nursery school teacher might mean hard work, but its certainly a rewarding experience. reward (n, v), unrewarding (adj)

8.68 colleague /"kQli:g/ (n) person that you work with in a

profession or business

8.69 regard (as) /rI"gA:d/ (v) think about sb/sth in a particular

way regard (n)

8.70 make ends meet /%meIk %endz "mi:t/ (idm) earn just enough money to be able

to buy the things you need In my first job I hardly earned enough money to make ends meet.

8.71 domesticated /d@"mestIkeItId/ (adj) (for a wild animal) made used to

living with or working for humans domesticate (v)

8.72 scheme /ski:m/ (n) plan or system for doing or

organising sth The local council is about to introduce a new scheme for recycling glass.

8.73 stint /stInt/ (n) period of time spent doing a

particular activity

8.74 blurb /bl3:b/ (n) short description of a book,

product, job, etc. written to attract your attention and make you want to know more

8.75 dwell (on sth) /dwel/ (v) think or talk a lot about sth, esp.

sth that it would be better to forget

8.76 nip /nIp/ (v) go somewhere quickly and/or for

only a short time

8.77 clinch /klIn/ (v) provide a definite answer or settle

a matter clincher (n) L Also means to obtain sth you are trying to achieve, e.g. a business deal or victory in a contest. Tim Henman failed yet again to clinch the Wimbledon title.

8.78 flagship /"fl&gSIp/ (n) one of the most important L More

generally, the most important product, service, building that an organisation owns or produces. Lexus revealed their new flagship car, the LS430, at the Geneva Motor Show.

8.79 bio-diversity /%baI@U daI"v3:s@ti/ (n) existence of a large number of

different kinds of animals and plants which make a balanced environment

8.80 pest /pest/ (n) insect or animal that destroys

plants, food, etc. pesticide (n)

8.81 livestock /"laIvstQk/ (n) animals kept on a farm, e.g. cows,

sheep or goats

8.82 enterprise /"ent@praIz/ (n) sth new, difficult or important that

you try to do enterprising (adj)

8.83 veterinary /"vetnri/ (adj) connected with the health and care

of animals vet (n), veterinarian (n)

Speaking8.84 at stake /@t "steIk/ (idm) that can be won or lost, depending

on the success of a particular action These elections are extremely important as the Presidents future is at stake.

8.85 on the spur of the moment /%Qn D@ %sp3:r @v D@ "m@Um@nt/ (idm)

without being planned L Also used as an adjective: It was a spur of the moment decision.

8.86 in the long run /%In D@ "lQN %rVn/ (idm) eventually Spending all his

savings on a new bike seemed like a good idea to Steve, but he regretted it in the long run.

8.87 out of the blue /%aUt @v D@ "blu:/ (idm) unexpectedly I thought Id never

hear from Jenny again, then one day she just phoned me out of the blue.

Use of English 8.88 philosophical /%fIl@"sQfIkl/ (adj) having a calm attitude towards a

difficult or disappointing situation L Also connected with philosophy, but the adjective and adverb usually have this more general meaning. philosopher (n), philosophy (n), philosophic (adj), philosophically (adv)

8.89 for its own sake /f@r Its %@Un "seIk/ (idm) because of the value sth has, not

because of the advantages it may bring

8.90 a means to an end /@ %mi:nz tu @n "end/ (idm) sth that enables you to do sth else

but that is not in itself important or enjoyable

8.91 in your own right /In jO:r %@Un "raIt/ (phr) because they have value

themselves, not because of their connection with sth else Sam Dee plays guitar in the same style as his father but hes also a brilliant musician in his own right.

8.92 savour /"seIv@(r)/ (v) enjoy a feeling, an experience, food

or drink, taking plenty of time to do so L The unrelated adjective/noun savoury = having a salty taste, the opposite of sweet.

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8.93 (on/off) course /(%Qn / %Qf) "kO:s/ (phr) on/off the correct route, where/not

where you intended to be

8.94 erect /I"rekt/ (v) build sth, usu. a building or

structure erection (n), erect (adj)

8.95 vague /veIg/ (adj) not clear, not giving enough

information or details Ive got a vague idea where it is, but please could you give me directions? vagueness (n), vaguely (adv)

Vocabulary8.96 end up /%end "Vp/ (phr v) arrive somewhere eventually,

often by accident L Also means to do sth that you didnt originally plan to: We intended to go out for a romantic meal but ended up having pizza at home.

8.97 what with sth /"wQt wID/ (phr) used to list the various reasons

for sth I havent seen Pam for ages, what with my studies in the mornings and my evening job.

8.98 unexpected twist /%VnIk%spektId "twIst/ (phr) unexpected change or development

in a story or situation The film had an unexpected twist where the main character discovered that he was actually dead!

8.99 upright /"VpraIt/ (adj) in a vertical position L downright

(adj, adv) does not have an opposite meaning, but is used to emphasise sth unpleasant or bad. It was downright rude of the sales assistant to suggest I was too old to wear that dress.

Writing8.100 workforce /"w3:kfO:s/ (n) all the people in a country or an

area who are available for work, or who work for a particular company or organisation

8.101 desirability /dI%zaI@r@"bIl@ti/ (n) quality of being worth having or

doing desire (n, v), desirable (adj), desirably (adv)

8.102 lack /l&k/ (v) not have enough of sth or not have

at all lack (n), lacking (adj)

8.103 aspiration /%&sp@"reISn/ (n) strong desire to do, achieve or

become sth, often in a career context aspire (v), aspiring (adj)

8.104 due /dju:/ (adj) that is suitable or right in the

circumstances After due consideration, we decided against buying a new house.

8.105 be in sbs shoes /bi: In %... "Su:z/ (idm) be in another persons situation,

esp. when it is unpleasant or difficult I wouldnt like to be in your shoes when he sees what youve done to the car.

8.106 compile /k@m"paIl/ (v) produce a book, list, report, etc. by

bringing together different items, articles, songs, etc. compilation (n)

8.107 at your disposal /@t %jO: dIs"p@Uzl/ (idm) available for use as you preferL Do not confuse with dispose of sth = throw sth away.

8.108 the pros and cons /D@ %pr@Uz @n "kQnz/ (idm) the advantages and disadvantages

of sth L Often used with an -ing form: the pros and cons of living at home.

8.109 branch out (into sth/doing sth) /%brA:n "aUt/ (phr v)

start to do an activity that you have not done before, often in work or business.

8.110 cramp sbs style /%kr&mp ... "staIl/ (idm) restrict your behaviour L Used

about adults who want to have a particular lifestyle, not about children obeying rules.

8.111 (be) plain sailing /%pleIn "seIlIN/ (idm) (be) simple and free from trouble

or problems The first two essays are quite tough, but its all plain sailing once you get into the shorter questions.

8.112 foot the bill /%fUt D@ "bIl/ (idm) be responsible for paying the

cost of sth Its unfair to expect Amanda to foot the bill just because she has more money than you.

Review8.113 tuberculosis /tju:%b3:kju"l@UsIs/ (n) serious infectious disease in which

swellings appear on the lungs and other parts of the body, commonly abbreviated as TB. tubercular (adj)

8.114 housing estate /"haUzIN I%steIt/ (n) area in which a large number of

houses or flats are planned and built together at the same time

8.115 verdict /"v3:dIkt/ (n) decision that is made by a jury

in a court of law, stating if sb is considered guilty of a crime or not

8.116 shift /SIft/ (n) period of time worked by a group

of workers who start work as another group finishes In her job as a doctor Paula works a variety of different shifts. She has to work one weekend every month.

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Vocabulary8.136 expansion /Ik"sp&nSn/ (n) act of increasing or making

sth increase in size, amount or importance The company is in financial trouble because of its rapid expansion in Asia. expand (v)

8.137 vacancy /"veIk@nsi/ (n) job that is available for sb to do

We have a vacancy for a senior manager to work in the accounts department. vacant (adj)

8.138 suburbia /s@"b3:bi@/ (n) the suburbs and the way of life,

attitudes, etc. of the people who live there suburb (n), suburban (adj)

8.139 penetrable /"penItr@bl/ (adj) that allows sth to be pushed into

or through it penetration (n), penetrate (v), impenetrable (adj)

8.140 stable /"steIbl/ (adj) not likely to move, change or fail

Rose and Mark have been in a stable relationship for nearly ten years. stability (n), stabilise (v)

8.141 incalculable /In"k&lkj@l@bl/ (adj) very large or very great, too great

to calculate The rumours caused incalculable damage to the young actresss career. calculation (n), calculate (v)

8.142 indistinguishable /%IndI"stINgwIS@bl/ (adj) if two things are indistinguishable,

it is impossible to see any differences been them distinguish (v), distinguishable (adj), (in)distinguishably (adv)

8.143 inaccessible /%In&k"ses@bl/ (adj) difficult or impossible to reach or

to get The archaeological site is inaccessible to the public due to recent flooding of the area. access (v), accessible (adj),(in)accessibility (n)

8.126 ambiguity /%&mbI"gju:@ti/ (n) the state of having more than one

possible meaning Ambiguity in communication can lead to serious misunderstandings. ambiguous (adj), ambiguously (adv)

8.127 red-handed /%red"h&ndId/ (adj) in the act of doing sth wrong or

committing a crime L Usually found in the expression catch sb red-handed or caught red-handed.

8.128 cyber /"saIb@(r)/ (adj) connected with electronic

communication networks, esp. the Internet

8.129 ultimate /"VltIm@t/ (adj) most extreme, best Some people

consider silk sheets the ultimate in luxury. the ultimate (in sth) (n)

8.130 neuroscience /"njU@r@UsaI@ns/ (n) study of the brain and nervous

system

8.131 clumsy /"klVmzi/ (adj) done without skill or in a way that

offends people His clumsy excuse for being late again irritated his boss. clumsiness (n), clumsily (adv)

8.132 frontal lobe /%frVntl "l@Ub/ (n) area in the brain located at the

front of each hemisphere

8.133 semantic /s@"m&ntIk/ (adj) (linguistics) connected with the

meaning of words and sentences

8.134 temporal lobe /"temp@r@l %l@Ub/ (n) part of the brain, located on either

side beneath the temples

8.135 thyme /taIm/ (n) plant with small leaves that have

a sweet smell and are used in cooking as a herb

8.117 decline /dI"klaIn/ (v) become smaller, fewer, weaker, etc.

Enrolments at the school declined dramatically over the years, so in the end they decided to close down. decline (n)

WorkbookReadingWere funny in the brain

8.118 funny /"fVni/ (adj) difficult to explain or understand,

strange Thats funny - I thought I had some money in my purse, but there isnt any. L Also: making you laugh, amusing

8.119 mainframe /"meInfreIm/ (n) large powerful computer, usually

the centre of a network and shared by many users

8.120 groan /gr@Un/ (v) make a long deep sound because

you are annoyed, upset or in pain groan (n)

8.121 swap /swQp/ (v) give sth to sb and receive sth in

exchange Do you mind if we swap places? Id like to sit by the window. swap (n)

8.122 pun /pVn/ (n) clever or humorous use of a word

that has more than one meaning

8.123 wisecrack /"waIzkr&k/ (n) clever remark or joke

8.124 unveil /%Vn"veIl/ (v) show or introduce a new plan,

product, etc. to the public for the first time Our latest MP3 players will be unveiled at the trade fair in Tokyo.

8.125 witty /"wIti/ (adj) funny in a clever way The guest

of honour gave such a witty speech that we could have listened for hours. wit (n), wittily (adv)

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8.159 bond /bQnd/ (v) develop or create a relationship of

trust and affection with sb Its sometimes difficult for adopted children to bond with their new families. bonding (n), bond (n)

8.160 advent /"&dvent/ (n) the coming of an important event,

person, invention, etc. The advent of the railway lead to huge changes in travel, communication and business.

Use of English8.161 initiative /I"nIS@tIv/ (n) ability to decide and act on your

own without waiting for sb to tell you what to do initiator (n), initiate (v)

8.162 conduct /k@n"dVkt/ (v) organise and/or do a particular

activity The local authorities are conducting a public inquiry into the environmental effects of the proposed new highway.

8.163 recruit /rI"kru:t/ (v) persuade sb to do sth, especially to

help you recruitment (n), recruit (n)

8.151 wacky /"w&ki/ (adj) funny or amusing in a slightly

crazy way

8.152 appraisal /@"preIzl/ (n) judgement of the value,

performance or nature of sb/sth Next term youll have to write a critical appraisal of the novels of Thomas Hardy.

8.153 unprecedented /%Vn"presIdentId/ (adj) that has never happened, been

done or been known before Theres been an unprecedented increase in burglaries in our town recently, which has alarmed the local police. precedent (n)

8.154 leap /li:p/ (n) sudden large change or increase in

sth There has been a leap in the price of oil recently. leap (v)

8.155 take (on) /teIk/ (n) the particular opinion or idea that

sb has about sth Whats your take on the new supermarket? How do you think it will affect the local businesses? Informal.

8.156 stick ones neck out /%stIk wVnz "nek %aUt/ (idm) do or say sth when there is a risk

that you may be wrong I have no real idea whats wrong with Frank, but Ill stick my neck out and say I believe he must be having trouble at work.

8.157 template /"templeIt/ (n) sth that is used as a model for

producing other similar examples The government reported that the successful introduction of training schemes for young teenagers would be used as a template for the future.

8.158 redundant /rI"dVnd@nt/ (n) (of a person) without a job

because there is no more work available for you in a company When the factory closed down more than 50 people were made redundant. redundancy (n)

8.144 sort out /%sO:t "aUt/ (phr v) deal with problems, etc. in a

satisfactory way We need to sortout the arrangements for the wedding. Theres so much still to do.

Grammar8.145 scholarship /"skQl@SIp/ (n) an amount of money given to sb by

an organisation to help pay for their education My sister came first in her class and earned a scholarship for the rest of her studies.

8.146 volunteer /%vQl@n"tI@(r)/ (v) offer to do sth without being made

to do it, or without getting paid for it volunteer (n), voluntary (adj), voluntarily (adv)

8.147 visibility /%vIz@"bIl@ti/ (n) how far or well you can see, esp. as

affected by the light or the weather Drivers must slow down in foggy conditions because visibility can be very poor. (in)visible (adj),(in)visibly (adv)

Listening8.148 govern /"gVvn/ (v) control or influence sb/sth or

how sth happens, functions, etc. Unfortunately, money governs everything in this world nowadays.

8.149 misrepresent /%mIs%reprI"zent/ (v) give information about sb/sth

that is not true or complete so that other people have the wrong impression about them/it It is annoying how Greek mythology is misrepresented in some TV series! misrepresentation (n)

8.150 assume /@"sju:m/ (v) take on a particular quality or

appearance When their parents were away, Karen would assume her mothers role for her younger brothers. assumption (n)