Caesar Application of Basic Sentences Patterns

Subject linking verb predicate nominativeSubject active verb object

Subject passive verb ablative

The Gallic War

Julius Caesar, Gerunds, Gerundives, Cum clauses, purpose cluases

Objectives

• I can:– Read a passage in unadapted Latin and

understand the meaning– Cite text evidence to support my understanding– Make cultural inferences and comparisons based

on my translation of the Latin– Analyze the style used by Julius Caesar to impact

his audience

Grammar Objectives

• I can:– Recognize a subjunctive purpose clause and

translate appropriately in context– Recognize a gerund or gerundive in context and

translate appropriately– Recognize and appropriately translate the four

types of cum clauses using the correct definition of the word cum

Grammar Objectives

• I can:– Recognize and form subjunctives verbs in all four

tenses– Choose the correct tense of subjunctive to show

when the subordinate verb happens in relation to the main verb

– Translate the subordinate subjunctive verb to show the correct time relative to the main verb

Passage One: Introduction to the Gallic War

For each verb, give the subject and complement ( predicate nominative, direct object, ablative). If any of these parts are not expressed in the sentence, put

an X on the line. If it is implied, write the implied English word.

• Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur.

• Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.

• Subject ____________ divisa est complement ____________

• Subject ____________ incolunt complement ____________

• Subject ____________ appellantur complement ____________

• Subject ____________ differunt complement ____________

• Subject ____________ dividit complement ____________

Three parts of Gaul

• Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt.

• Subject __________ sunt complement _______• Subject __________ absunt complement _______• Subject __________ commeant complement _______• Subject __________ pertinent complement _______• Subject __________ important complement _______• Subject __________ sunt complement _______• Subject __________ incolunt complement _______• Subject __________ gerunt complement _______

• Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt.

• Subject __________ praecedunt complement _______

• Subject __________ contendunt complement _______

• Subject __________ prohibent complement _______

• Subject __________ gerunt complement _______

• Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones.

• Subject __________ dictum est complement _______

• Subject __________ capit complement _______

• Subject __________ continetur complement _______

• Subject __________ attingit complement _______

• Subject __________ vergit complement _______

• Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem.

• Subject __________ oriuntur complement _______

• Subject __________ pertinent complement _______

• Subject __________ spectant complement _______

• Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.

• Subject __________ est complement _______

• Subject __________ pertinet complement _______

• Subject __________ spectat complement _______

Passage Two: Orgetorix

• Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri.

• Subject __________ fuit complement _______• Subject __________ fecit complement _______• Subject __________ persuasit complement

_______• Subject __________ exirent complement

_______• Subject __________ praestarent complement

_______

• Id hoc facilius iis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit.

Helvetian Geography

• Subject __________ persuasit complement _______

• Subject __________ continentur complement _______

• Subject __________ dividit complement _______

• Subject __________ est complement _______• Subject __________ dividit complement

_______

• His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur.

• Subject __________ fiebat complement _______

• Subject __________ vagarentur complement _______

• Subject __________ possent complement _______

• Subject __________ adficiebantur complement _______

• Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.

• Subject __________ arbitrabantur complement _______

• Subject __________ patebant complement _______

Passage Three: A Tale of Two Rivals

Pullo and Vorenus

• Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri, centuriones, qui primis ordinibus appropinquarent, Titus Pullo et Lucius Vorenus.

• Hi perpetuas inter se controversias habebant, quinam anteferretur, omnibusque annis de locis summis simultatibus contendebant

• Subject __________ erant complement _______• Subject __________ approprinquarent

complement _______• Subject __________ habebant complement

_______• Subject __________ anteferretur complement

_______• Subject __________ contendebant complement

_______

• Ex his Pullo, cum acerrime ad munitiones pugnaretur, "Quid dubitas," inquit, " Vorene? aut quem locum tuae probandae virtutis exspectas ?

• hic dies de nostris controversiis iudicabit."

• Subject __________ pugnaretur complement _______

• Subject __________ dubitas complement _______

• Subject __________ exspectas complement _______

• Subject __________ iudicabit complement _______

• Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra munitiones quaque pars hostium confertissima est visa irrumpit.

• Ne Vorenus quidem tum sese vallo continet, sed omnium veritus existimationem subsequitur.

• Subject __________ dixisset complement _______• Subject __________ procedit complement _______• Subject __________ est visa complement

_______• Subject __________ irrumpit complement

_______• Subject __________ continent complement

_______• Subject __________ subsequitur complement

_______

• . Mediocri spatio relicto Pullo pilum in hostes immittit atque unum ex multitudine procurrentem traicit; quo percusso et exanimato hunc scutis protegunt, in hostem tela universi coniciunt neque dant regrediendi facultatem.

• Subject __________ immittit complement _______

• Subject __________ traicit complement _______

• Subject __________ protegunt complement _______

• Subject __________ coniciunt complement _______

• Subject __________ dant complement _______

• Transfigitur scutum Pulloni et verutum in balteo defigitur.

• Avertit hic casus vaginam et gladium educere conanti dextram moratur manum, impeditumque hostes circumsistunt.

• Succurrit inimicus illi Vorenus et laboranti subvenit

• Subject __________ transfigitur complement _______• Subject __________ defigitur complement _______• Subject __________ avertit complement _______• Subject __________ moratur complement _______• Subject __________ circumsistunt complement

_______• Subject __________ succurrit complement _______• Subject __________ subvenit complement _______

• Ad hunc se confestim a Pullone omnis multitudo convertit: illum veruto arbitrantur occisum.

• Gladio comminus rem gerit Vorenus atque uno interfecto reliquos paulum propellit; dum cupidius instat, in locum deiectus inferiorem concidit.

• Subject __________ convertit complement _______• Subject __________ arbitrantur complement

_______• Subject __________ gerit complement _______• Subject __________ propellit complement _______• Subject __________ instat complement _______• Subject __________ succurrit concidit complement

_______

• Huic rursus circumvento fert subsidium Pullo, atque ambo incolumes compluribus interfectis summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt.

• Subject __________ fert complement _______

• Subject __________ recipiunt complement _______

• Sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque versavit, ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset, neque diiudicari posset, uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur.

• Subject __________ versavit complement _______

• Subject __________ esset complement _______

• Subject __________ posset complement _______

• Subject __________ videretur complement _______

Passage Four: The Battle with the Nervii

• …His rebus cum iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existimaverunt.

• Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri castris delegerant

• Collis ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat.

• Subject __________ impediretur complement _______

• Subject __________ existimaverunt complement _______

• Subject __________ erat complement _______• Subject __________ delegerant complement _____• Subject __________ nominavimus complement

_____• Subject __________ vergebat complement _____

• Ab eo flumine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius, passus circiter CC infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspici posset

• Subject __________ nascebatur complement _______

• Subject __________ posset complement _______

• Intra eas silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur.

• Subject __________ continebant complement _______

• Subject __________ videbantur complement _______

• Fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium. • Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur

omnibus copiis; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant

• Subject __________ erat complement _______

• Subject __________ subsequebatur complement _______

• Subject __________ habebat complement _______

• Subject __________ detulerant complement _______

• Nam quod hostibus adpropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar VI legiones expeditas ducebat; post eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant.

• Subject __________ adpropinquabat complement _______

• Subject __________ ducebat complement _______• Subject __________ conlocarat complement _______• Subject __________ conscriptae erant complement

_______• Subject __________ claudebant complement _______• Subject __________ erant complement _______

• Equites nostri cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen transgressi cum hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt.

•

• Subject __________ commiserunt complement _______

• Cum se illi identidem in silvis ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius quam quem ad finem porrecta [ac] loca aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi auderent, interim legiones VI quae primae venerant, opere dimenso, castra munire coeperunt.

• Subject __________ reciperent complement _______• Subject __________ facerent complement _______• Subject __________ pertinebant complement _______• Subject __________ auderent complement _______• Subject __________ venerant complement _______• Subject __________ coeperunt complement _______

• Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proelii convenerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt.

• Subject __________ latebant complement _______• Subject __________ visa sunt complement _______• Subject __________ convenerat complement _______• Subject __________ confirmaverunt complement

_______• Subject __________ provolaverunt complement

_______• Subject __________ fecerunt complement _______

• His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine [et iam in manibus nostris] hostes viderentur.

• Subject __________ decucurrerunt complement _______

• Subject __________ viderentur complement _______

• Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt.

• Subject __________ occupati erant complement _______

• Subject __________ contenderunt complement _______

• Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne, cum ad arma concurri oporteret; signum tuba dandum; ab opere revocandi milites; qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant arcessendi; acies instruenda; milites cohortandi; signum dandum.

• Subject __________ erant agenda complement _______

• Subject __________ erat complement _______• Subject __________ oporteret complement

_______• Subject __________ dandum (erat)complement

_______• Subject __________ revocandi (erant)

complement _______

• Subject __________ processerant complement _______

• Subject __________ arcessandi (erant) complement _______

• Subject __________ instruenda (erat) complement _______

• Subject __________ cohortandi (erant) complement _______

• Subject __________ dandum (erat) complement _______

• Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus hostium impediebat.

• Subject __________ impediebat complement _______

• His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitati quid fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere quam ab aliis doceri poterant, et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat

• Subject __________ erant complement _______

• Subject __________ oporteret complement _______

• Subject __________ poterant complement _______

• Subject __________ vetuerat complement _______

• . Hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium expectabant, sed per se quae videbantur administrabant.

• Subject __________ expectabant complement _______

• Subject __________ videbantur complement _______

• Subject __________ administrabant complement _______

• Caesar, necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohortandos milites, quam [in] partem fors obtulit, decucurrit et ad legionem decimam devenit.

• Subject __________ obtulit complement _______

• Subject __________ decucurrit complement _______

• Subject __________ devenit complement _______

• Milites non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis memoriam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adigi posset, proelii committendi signum dedit.

• Subject __________ retinerent complement _______• Subject __________ perturbarentur complement

_______• Subject __________ sustinerent complement _______• Subject __________ aberant complement _______• Subject __________ posset complement _______• Subject __________ dedit complement _______

• Atque in alteram item cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit.

• Subject __________ occurrit complement _______

• Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus ut non modo ad insignia accommodanda sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrahenda tempus defuerit.

• Subject __________ fuit complement _______• Subject __________ defuerit complement

_______

• Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret.

• Subject __________ devenit complement _______

• Subject __________ conspexit complement _______

• Subject __________ constitit complement _______

• Subject __________ dimitteret complement _______