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Cairo University

Faculty of Computers and Information

Information Systems Department

Database I

Lab1

1. Introduction:

A Database: is a collection of related data designed for specific purposes.

A Database Management System (DBMS): A collection of software programs that are used to

define, construct, maintain and manipulate data in databases

File Processing System DBMS (SQL)

1. Isolated files 1. Related files or tables on DB

2. Programs to manipulate each

file

2. It includes programs(MS) to

manipulate DB

3. The file system has no uniform

structure

3. Data stored in a DBMS has a uniform

structure

4. No Query language 4. Query Langauage

5. Programs dependencies;

changes to one file reqiure

changes to application program

5. Programs independencies; changes to

DB reqiure no changes to application

program as the application programs do

not deal directly with DB , it interacts

with DBMS

6. No backup and recovery 6. Backup and recovery exists

SQL : Stands for Structured English Query Language.

Student

DB

Student

program

Results

Faculty

DB

Faculty

Program

Results

Student +

Faculty DB

Student

progra

m

Faculty

Program

Results

Results

DBMS

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What are the differences between High Level Languages (HLL) and Structured Query

Language (SQL)?

HLL SQL

High level programming languages are

very powerful languages. They abstract the

details of the computer.

The more abstraction the language presents

the more the language became user-

friendly.

High level programming features like more

generic data structures, run-time

interpretation and intermediate code files

often result in slower execution speed,

higher memory consumption and larger

binary size

SQL is considered data-oriented language

which provide powerful ways of

searching and manipulating the relations

that have been described as entity

relationship tables which map one set of

things into other sets.

SQL is also considered as declarative

language, which describes the problem

rather than defining the solution.

It minimize the effort done by the

programs and let them cover only what is

required not how it is going to be done.

HLL has 3 models of execution:

(1) Interpreted

Interpreted languages are read and

then executed directly, with no

compilation stage.

(2) Compiled

Compiled languages are

transformed into an executable

form before running. There are two

types of compilation:

- Intermediate representations

- Machine code generation

(3) Translated

A language may be translated into a

low-level programming language

for which native code compilers are

already widely available. The C

programming language is a

common target for such translators.

SQL is divided into three query

languages:

1. DDL : Data Defintion Language

which used to define the structure

of the DB

2. DML : Data Manipulation

Language which used to

mainpulate and deal with the data

stored inside the DB

3. DCL: Data Control language

which used to control the access

to data on the DB

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How the data stored in The DB using SQL?

The data stored in the db as tables and for example the figure below shows a simple DB that

includes information about the students and their departments

Where

1.Student_Id, Student-Name, Student_Age, Student_Address,Dept_Id,Dept_Name are

called table fields or attributes

2. Each table must have a Primary Key that uniquiley indentifies

each table record and this PK must stasfies both uniquiness and Not Null condtions

as here Student_Id and Dept_Id

3. In the table student the Dept_id is considered as a Forigen Key

Which represents the relation between student and department

tables, FK can accept null but must have the values that are only included in its

master table(i.e Dept_id can not be equal 5)

Note: if we included Student_Id in the department table as a FK

instead of including Dept_id in the student table will violate the

uniqueness condition for Student_Id as a PK

Student

Student Id (PK)

Student _Name

Student _Age

Student_Address

Dept_id (FK)

Department

Dept Id (PK)

Dept _Name

Dept_Id Dept_Name

1 CS

2 IT

3 IS

4 OR

Column

Row/record

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2. Introduction on SQL Server 2008

2.1 Installation:

There are several DBMS such as Oracle, MySql, and Microsoft SQL Server our choice. **Steps for SQL Server 2008 Setup …. Will be sent to the students in their materials**

There is no need to make them in the lab. Just inform the students that it will be sent for

them in the materials that I’ll send it to them on their group

2.2 Running SQL Server 2008:

To ensure that our server is working, open “Sql Server Configuration Manager” File All Programs Microsoft Sql Server 2008 R2 Configuration Tools

To manipulate the databases, tables, data … open” Sql Server Management Studio”

File All Programs Microsoft Sql Server 2008 R2 Sql Server Management Studio

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3. Installing Sample Databases: (we will work on Northwind database) Sample Databases used in this course are “Northwind and Pubs”

*Follow the following steps if you are using MS SQL 2008:

1. Run the executable file “SQL2000SampleDb.msi”

2. Follow the wizard by clicking next till the end

3. A folder will be created on the C:\ drive named “SQL Server 2000 Sample Databases”. *Adding

Sample databases could be done by several methods: (Read the READ ME file in the created

folder for more information)

4. Right click on the Database Folder in the “SQL Server Management Studio” and choose

“Attach”

5. Press on the ADD button to add the MDF file of the Sample Databases

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6. Perform this process twice, one for the Northwind MDF and the second for Pubs MDF

7. Wait for seconds until installation is finished and click on “Finish”

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4. How to Access Sample Databases 1. Now open “Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio” and connect

2. Explore on the left side to view the structure of the databases

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5. Installing and filling MiniUniversity Sample DB 1. Right click on Databases folder in the Management Studio and click create “new Database”

2. Name the Database “MiniUniversity”

3. Open the .sql file named “MiniUniversity Sample Database.sql”

4. Select Database name “MiniUniversity” from the list box in the top left corner of the screen.

5. Press Execute button.