cal-in activated carbon
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(c) 2008 CAL-IN Technology Transfer, L.L.C.
CAL-IN Technology Transfer, L.L.C. | (916) 367-7630 |www.calintec.com
CAL-INs Activated
Activated carbon isrich in history
dating back to thetimes of the ancientHindus, Egyptians
and Greeks.
Proven, modern, state of the art technologyfor a multitude of purification needs
PURIFICATION BYACTIVATED CARBON
PRINCIPLES RICH IN HISTORY
The use of carbon extends back far in time.
Charcoal was used for drinking water filtration
by the ancient Hindus in India, and carbonized
wood was used as a medical adsorbent and
purifying agent by the Egyptians as early as
1500 BC.
Continued on Page 2
HOW DOES ACTIVATED CARBON WORK
The purifying function of activated carbon is
based on this same principle of adsorption
onto carbonized materials.
Continued on Page 3
APPLICATIONS
A wide choice of activated carbons assure the
best fit for your specific process. Whether you
are looking for bulk applications, or for a tailor
made process in fine chemicals production,
CAL-IN can help you select the most
economical solution.Continued on Page 4
CAL-INs line ofactivated carbonsproudly stand up
among theindustrys best
Carbon - Standing up to the test of time
CONTACTUS:
CAL-INTECHNOLOGYTRANSFER
www.calintec. comTELEPHONE
(916)367-7630 FACSIMILE(916)367-7638
Highest rate of adsorption
Egyptians used carbonized wood as a medical adsorbent Coconut shell carbon sweetens
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Activated carbon was first generatedindustrially at the first part of the 20th
century, when carbon activated from
vegetable material was produced for use in
sugar refining.
Powered activated carbon was firstproduced commercially in Europe in the
early 19th century, using wood as a raw
material. This carbon found widespread usein the sugar industry.
In the United States, the firstproduction of activated carbon used black
ash as the source, after it was accidentally
discovered that the ash was very effective in
decolorizing liquids. Activated carbon has
since been used extensively for this purpose
in many industries. In particular, it has been
commonly used for the removal of organic
dyes from textile wastewater.
The first documented use of activated
carbon in a large scale water treatment
application was in 19th century England,
where it was used to remove undesirable
odors and tastes from drinking waters. Use
in the United States for similar purposes
closely followed. In recent years, the use of
activated carbon for the removal of priority
organic pollutants has become very
common. Today, CAL-IN offers numerous
types of activated carbon for a variety of
purposes.
SUMMARY OF ITS USES
The largest market for activated carbon
is currently in the municipal water
purification industry, where charcoal beds
have been used for the dual purpose of
physical filtration and sorption. In fact,
activated carbon filters are used today in
drinking water treatment to remove the
natural organic compounds (i.e., tannins)
that produce carcinogenic chlorinated by-
products during chlorine
disinfection of water. In
wa s t ewa t e r t r ea t ment ,
activated carbon is usually
used as a filter medium intertiary treatment processes. In
these applications, carbon
filters are usually quite
effective in removing low
concentrations of organic
compounds, as well as some
inorganic metals.
In addition to its drinking
water and wastewater applications,
activated carbon is used today for many
other purposes. Some common uses
include: corn and cane sugar refining, gas
adsorption, dry cleaning recovery processes,
pharmaceuticals, fat and oil removal,
electroplating, and alcoholic beverage
production.
The beneficial behavior of carbonized
materials is caused by the phenomenon that
contaminants, organic compounds in most
cases, tend to accumulate on surfaces - a
process commonly referred to as
adsorption. It was adsorption of organic
compounds from water that impeded thegrowth of bacteria in water barrels the
sailors used. Likewise, it was adsorption of
toxins emitted by invading bacteria that
lessened the effects of food poisoning on
Greek intestines.
Columbus sailorshad already learned
that water wouldstay fresh much
longer byblackening theinside of water
barrels with fire.
The ancient Greeksdescribed the use of
charcoal to softenthe effects of food
poisoning longbefore it was used in
modern times.
CAL-IN presents a brief historyof Activated Carbon
Columbus sailors blackened the insides of water barrels
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ADSORPTION
The purifying function of activated carbon
is based upon this same principle of
adsorption onto carbonized materials. It is
the nature of the surface that makes
adsorption occur but, in activated carbon, it
is the sheer size of the surface that makes it
so highly effective; the size of the surface
activates the carbon.
The surface area of activated carbon is
impressive, 500 to 1500 m2/g or even
more; a spoonful of activated carbon is the
same size as the surface area of a soccer
field.
It is in the activation process that this
surface area is created. The most common
process is steam activation; at around 1000
C steam molecules selectively burn holes
into the carbonized raw material, thus
creating a multitude of pores inside the
carbonaceous matrix. In chemicalactivation, phosphoric acid is used to build
up a porous system at a lower temperature.
The prime application of activated
carbon is in purification. It is the vast
porous structure in a carbonaceous matrix
that allows activated carbon to catch
unwanted contaminants from all sorts of
flows, liquid as well as gaseous, in a cost-
effective way. But the unique porous
structure has led to other uses than just
purification alone. for instance, as a catalyst
carrier. Or in gold extraction. And new uses
are still being found today.
RAW MATERIAL USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF
ACTIVATED CARBON Activated carbon is produced from a variety of carbon-rich raw materials,
including wood, coal, peat, coconut shells,
nut shells, bones and fruit stones. CAL-IN
monitors new materials under investigation
as sources for new activated carbon
materials. Almost any organic matter with a
large percentage of carbon could
theoretically be activated to enhance its
sorptive characteristics.
The raw material from which a given
activated carbon is produced often has a
large effect on its porosity distribution and
surface area. Activated carbons produced
from different raw materials may have
much different absorbent qualities. Contact
CAL-IN to learn more about this topic.
Bansal defined
activated carbon,
which includes a
wide range of
amorphous carbon-
based materials
prepared to exhibit a
high degree of
porosity and anextended
interparticulate
surface area.
These qualities impart
activated carbon with
excellent adsorbent
characteristics that
make carbon very
useful for a variety of
processes, includingfiltration, purification,
deodorization,
decolorization,
purification and
separation.
Nutshells, including coconut shells and pecan shells, produce activated carbons with high micropore volumes Wood - most common source of carbon
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FOOD AND BEVERAGE
CAL-IN offers and sells food grade
carbons of controlled purity in a wide
array of applications. Whatever you
eat, there is a chance that CAL-INs
activated carbon was used in producing
it. Our strictly food grade carbons are
successfully applied at any scale of
operation you may have, from large
bottling plants to small wineries. CAL-
INs experience in potable water
purification has led to a balanced and
tailor made series of activated carbon
types.
PHARMA In pharmaceutical industries,reliability, continuity and partnerships
are the central themes. CAL-IN strives
to deliver just that, by offering a range
of carbons in the highest purity,
meeting any pharmaceutical industry
standard and quality control under
GMP procedures, backed by dedicated
application support.
CHEMICALS
A wide choice of activated carbons
assure the best fit for your specific
process. Whether you are looking for
bulk applications, or for a tailor made
process in fine chemicals production,
CAL-IN can help you select the most
economical solution.
WASTEWATER
Price/performance and easy-to-
use solutions are CAL-INs focal points
in the wastewater purification markets.
Our focus on cost-effectiveness in
environmentally sound solutions is
further stressed by our reactivation
services, where purification is
optimized while minimizing carbon
consumption.
CAL-IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, LLC
CAL-IN supplies products,
installations and services for the water,
beverage, food, gas-air, automotive,
mining, chemical and pharmaceutical
industries. We offer a wide variety of
activated carbons to meet your specific
needs. Contact us today for a free
quotation to serve your application.
CAL-IN has offices in The United
States and Mexico. Our parent
company has served clients since 1963.
CAL-IN offers both powder and granularactivated carbon for various applicationsCONTACT CAL-IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TODAY FOR A QUOTATION
Knowing how to preserve art with distilled water I can trust...thanks CAL-IN Ancient sailors valued carbon
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