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Juraj Jánošík- “Slovak national hero”

He was born in January, 1688 in the village of Terchová, in middle Slovakia. Young Juraj enteredthe army of František II Rákoczy during the uprising against the emperor. At first he served thereas a volunteer guard of the castles in Žilina and surroundings. During the battle at Trenčín (in1708), when the armies of František were defeated by the emperor, Juraj got imprisoned togetherwith other 500 of his companions. Two years later, while working as a guard in a jail, he met TomášUhorčík, his future outlaw fellow, who was imprisoned there. Probably Juraj was the one whohelped him escape. Then Juraj left the army and returned to his village.The first robbery attack of Jánošík was the raid against rich Jewish traders in 1711, by which he andhis gang gained 800 golden coins. Then a long list of robberies followed. Poor servile people perceivedJánošík as their hero and defender, as he was attacking mainly rich aristocracy and landlords, whowere soaking them. It was also said that Juraj often divided part of his raid between poor people.Jánošík and Uhorčík were first imprisoned in 1712. However, thanks to embraceries they managedto escape. When they were captured in 1713 again, they stayed in jail and were accused for manycrimes, including murder. Juraj was sentenced to death, which was preceded by a torture. He wasexecuted on March the 17th by hanging on a hook. This happened near the town of LiptovskýMikuláš. The theme of Jánošík has become source for numerous literary works as well as for severalmovies and some musical works.

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881–10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer in the Ot-

toman military, revolutionary statesman, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being

the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was

granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament.

Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in

World War I, he led the Turkish in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provi-

sional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns led

to victory in the Turkish War of Independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political,

economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern,

secular, and democratic nation-state. Under his leadership, thousands of new schools were built,

primary education was made free and compulsory, and women were given equal civil and political

rights, while the burden of taxation on peasants was reduced. The principles of Atatürk's reforms,

upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism.

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The Puerta del Sol (Gate of the Sun) is one of the best known and busiest places in Madrid. Thesquare contains the famous clock whose bells mark the traditional eating of the Twelve Grapeson the 31st of December to celebrate the New Year.The Puerta del Sol originated as one of the gates in the city wall that surrounded Madrid in the15th century. Outside the wall, medieval suburbs began to grow around the Christian Wall of the12th century. The name of the gate came from the rising sun which decorated the entrance, sincethe gate was oriented to the east.Between the 17th and 19th centuries, the area was an important meeting place.The Puerta del Sol contains a number of well known sights associated both domestically and in-ternationally with Spain. On the south side, the old Post Office serves as the office of the Presidentof Madrid, the head of the regional government of the Autonomous Community of Madrid. Also onits south side, the square holds a mounted statue of Charles III of Spain, nicknamed "el rey alcalde"("the mayor-king") due to the extensive public works programme he set in motion. On the eastside lies a statue of a bear and a madrone tree (madroño), the heraldic symbol of Madrid.The kilómetro cero is a plaque on the ground directly north of the main building serving as thesymbolic centre of Spain. It is the centre (Km 0) of the radial network of Spanish roads and signalsthe basis of numbering in the Spanish road system.


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Saints Cyril and Methodius were 9th-century Byzantine Greek brothers born in Thessalonica,Greek Macedonia, in the Byzantine Empire. They were the principal Christian missionaries amongthe Slavic peoples, introducing Orthodox Christianity and writing to the illiterate, pagan Slav mi-grants into parts of the Balkans. They were born Konstantinos and Michael but changed theirnames into Cyril and Methodius when they became monks. Cyril's mastery of theology and com-mand of both Arabic and Hebrew made him eligible for his first state mission taking an active rolein relations with the other two monotheistic religions, Islam and Judaism. The second mission (862AD), requested by the Byzantine Emperor Michael III and the Patriarch of Constantinople Photius(a professor of Cyril's at the University and his guiding light in earlier years) after the request ofPrince Rastislav of Great Moravia, was a missionary expedition to the Slavs. Through their workthey influenced the cultural development of all Slavs, for which they received the title "Apostles ofthe Slavs". They are credited with devising the Slavic alphabet. After their deaths, their pupils con-tinued their missionary work among other Slavs. Both brothers are venerated in the OrthodoxChurch as saints with the title of "equal-to-apostles". In 1880, Pope Leo XIII introduced their feastinto the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared them co-pa-tron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of Nursia.


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Saint Patrick (AD 385–461) was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century into a wealthy Romano-British family. At the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to GaelicIreland. It is said that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he"found God". The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would bewaiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity andused the three-leaved shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity to them. The Declaration says that hespent many years evangelizing in the northern half of Ireland and converted "thousands". The17th March, the day of Saint Patrick’s death is a cultural and religious holiday celebrated annuallyin Ireland and in other places where Irish populations live. On St Patrick's Day it is customary towear shamrocks and green clothing or accessories. The day commemorates Saint Patrick andthe arrival of Christianity in Ireland, as well as celebrating the heritage and culture of the Irish ingeneral. Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, and the wearing of green at-tire or shamrocks. Christians also attend church services.


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The Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork is the largest castle in the world by surface area, and thelargest brick building in Europe. It was built in Prussia by the Teutonic Knights, a German Roman Catholicreligious order of crusaders, in a form of a fortress. The Order named it Marienburg (Mary's Castle).The town which grew around it was also named Marienburg. Its main purpose was to strengthen theOrder’s own control of the area. It was completed in 1406. The favourable position of the castle on the river Nogat allowed easy access by barges and trading ships ar-riving from the Vistula and the Baltic Sea. During their governance, the Teutonic Knights collected river tollsfrom passing ships, as did other castles along the rivers. They controlled a monopoly on the trade of amber. The castle was expanded several times to house the growing number of Knights. Soon, it became thelargest fortified Gothic building in Europe, on a nearly 52-acre site. The castle has several subdivisionsand numerous layers of defensive walls. It consists of three separate castles - the High, Middle andLower Castles, separated by multiple dry moats and towers. The castle once housed approximately3,000 "brothers in arms". In the summer of 1410, the castle was besieged following the Order's defeatby the armies of Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas the Great. In 1466 both castle and town becamepart of Royal Prussia, a province of Poland. During the Thirty Years' War, in 1626 and 1629 Swedishforces occupied the castle. At the end of World War II the city of Marienburg (Malbork) and castle becameagain a part of Poland. The castle has been mostly reconstructed. Malbork Castle is one of Poland's of-ficial national historic monuments. It is one of two World Heritage Sites in the region with origins in the TeutonicOrder. The other is the "Medieval Town of Toruń", founded in 1231 as the site of the castle Thorn (Toruń).


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The Voroneț Monastery is a medieval monastery in the Romanian village of Voroneţ It is one of the most fa-mous painted monasteries. The monastery was constructed by Stephen the Great in 1488 over a period of 3months and 3 weeks to commemorate the victory at the Battle of Vaslui. Often known as the "Sistine Chapelof the East", the frescoes at Voroneț feature an intense shade of blue, known in Romania as "Voroneț blue."The monastery is located to the south of Gura Humorului in Suceava County, in the valley of the Voroneț River.The legend of the origin of the church unites two men central to Romanian history: the founder of the monastery,Stephen the Great, and Saint Daniil the Hermit, the first abbot of the monastery. The tomb of Saint Daniil is lo-cated within the monastery. The church is one of the painted churches of Moldavia listed in UNESCO's list ofWorld Heritage sites. The katholikon (main church) of Saint George at Voroneț Monastery is possibly the most famous church inRomania. It is known throughout the world for its exterior frescoes of bright and intense colours, and for thehundreds of well-preserved figures placed against the renowned azurite background. The small windows,their rectangular frames of crossed rods and the receding pointed or shouldered arches of the interior door-frames are Gothic. The whole west façade is without any openings, which indicates that the intention was fromthe beginning to be reserved for frescoes.On the north façade is still visible the original decoration of the church, the rows of ceramic discs in yellow,brown and green, decorated in relief. These include heraldic motifs, such as the rampant lion and the aurochs'head of the Moldavian coat of arms, and creatures inspired by Western European mediaeval literature, suchas two-tailed mermaids. The fragmented roof probably follows the shape of the original roof, which doubtlesswas made with shingles.


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Astrid Lindgren is a Swedish born author. She was born in 1907, in Vimmerby, in Southern Swedenwhere she grew up on a farm. She died in January 2002. Her books are loved all around the world andshe has sold more than 144 million books!Pippi Longstocking (Pippi Långstrump), one of the most loved books, has been translated into 60 lan-guages. Pippi was named by Lindgren's then nine-year-old daughter, Karin, who requested a get-wellstory from her mother one day when she was home sick from school.Nine-year-old Pippi is unconventional, assertive, and has superhuman strength, being able to lift herhorse one-handed without difficulty. She frequently mocks adults she encounters, an attitude likely toappeal to young readers; however, Pippi usually reserves her worst behavior for the most pompous ofadults. Like Peter Pan, Pippi does not want to grow up.Many films have been made based on stories by Astrid Lindgren. She was also known as a person whodared to express her opinion. In 1994, she received the Right Livelihood Award "...For her commitmentto justice, non-violence and understanding of minorities as well as her love and caring for nature."

Some of her best-known books are: • Karlsson-on-the-Roof series (Karlsson på taket) • Seacrow Island (Tjorven Vi på Saltkråkan)• Emil of Lönneberga (Emil i Lönneberga) • The Six Bullerby Children /The Children of• Bill Bergson series (Mästerdetektiven Blomkvist) Noisy Village (Barnen i Bullerbyn)• Madicken • Mio, My Son • Ronia, the Robber's Daughter (Ronja rövardotter) • The Brothers Lionheart (Bröderna Lejonhjärta)


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Passau is an independent university town in the district of Lower Bavaria in eastern Bavaria. It

lies on the border with Austria and at the confluence of the rivers Danube, Inn and Ilz and is there-

fore called "City of Three Rivers". With nearly 50,000 inhabitants Passau is the second largest

city of the region of Lower Bavaria.

The Celtic settlement on the promontory Boiodurum later became the Roman province of Raetia.

At the site of the present cathedral the Roman fort Batavis was established, from which the name

“Passau " evolved.

St. Stephen's Cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Passau. It goes back to a church that already

existed at 450 AD. The Episcopal Church was first mentioned in 730 and was since 739 AD, Cathe-

dral of the Diocese. In the cathedral square, the monument to the Bavarian King Max I Joseph

rises. It was erected in remembrance that the Principality of Passau was to become the newly

formed Kingdom of Bavaria after the secularization in 1803. On high cubic granite pedestal, which

symbolizes the Bavarian constitution, stands the bronze statue of the king in his coronation robes

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Alexander III of Macedonia or Alexander the Great was born in 356 BC in Pella, Macedonia, inNorthern Greece. He was the son of King Phillipos II and Queen Olympiada. He studied mathe-matics, geometry and music and later was educated by the famous Greek philosopher, Aristotlewho taught him medicine, philosophy and social sciences. It was during that time that he managedto tame his horse, Voukefalas. The horse was very wild and he was the only one who realizedthat it was afraid of its shadow, so he placed it opposite the sun.From a very early age he showed great political and military skills. At 20, after his father’s murderhe became king. From the age of 22 till his death at 33, he conquered most of the known world,Asia Minor, Persia, Egypt reaching as far as India.The Persians were his major enemies. Although Alexander didn’t have a strong navy, he managedto beat them in many battles using different tactics, either attacking their ports or capturing theirleader, Darius, forcing them to surrender.Alexander wanted to control the lands he had conquered. In order to do so, he founded new townsand asked his troops to live there and get married to local women. This way the ancient Greek culture,civilization and language spread to those lands. The biggest of these towns was Alexandria in Egypt. After his death he became a mythical figure form India up to the Atlantic. His face was depictedon coins, statues, mosaics just like in the famous “Battle at Issus” found in Pompeii, Italy. His lifehas inspired a lot of artists, writers and film producers.


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