california is heating up, but it’s oh, so much worse in the cities

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California is Heating Up, but It’s Oh, So Much Worse in the Cities Conference on Global Modernities, California State University, Los Angeles, May 4 th , 2013 Steve LaDochy, Professor Department of Geosciences & Environment, CSULA

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California is Heating Up, but It’s Oh, So Much Worse in the Cities. Steve LaDochy, Professor Department of Geosciences & Environment, CSULA. Conference on Global Modernities, California State University, Los Angeles, May 4 th , 2013. WHAT IS THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

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During hot weather, urban temperatures retain heat well into the nighttime.

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The Urban Environment

Figure 3.29

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The phenomenon was first investigated and described by Luke Howard in the 1810s, although he was not the one to name the phenomenon.[1] The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. Seasonally, UHI is seen during both summer and winter. The main cause of the urban heat island is modification of the land surface by urban development which uses materials which effectively retain heat. Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor.[2] As a population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature. The less-used term heat island refers to any area, populated or not, which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area.[3]

Urban Heat Island-History

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Urban Heat Island Grows as Cities Grow

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HEAT KILLS•Heat kills by taxing the human body beyond its abilities. In a normal year, about 175 Americans succumb to the demands of summer heat.• Among the large continental family of natural hazards, only the cold of winter -- not lightning, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, or earthquakes -- takes a greater toll.• In the 40-year period from 1936 through 1975, nearly 20,000 people were killed in the United States by the effects of heat and solar radiation. In the disastrous heat wave of 1980, more than 1,250 people died.

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HEAT KILLS•Heat kills by taxing the human body beyond its abilities. In a normal year, about 175 Americans succumb to the demands of summer heat.•In the 40-year period from 1936 through 1975, nearly 20,000 people were killed in the United States by the effects of heat and solar radiation. In the disastrous heat wave of 1980, more than 1,250 people died.

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2003 Heat Wave: between twenty to thirty-five thousand people -- the majority dying in the hottest period during the first two weeks in August.The worst hit was France which lost more than 14,000 of it mostly elderly population in the unrelenting heat recorded as high as 104 degrees - temperatures that didn't cool down even at night. The event marks the 2003 European heat wave as the hottest summer in the northern hemisphere.

2003 KILLER HEAT WAVES CROSSES EUROPE

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About 15,000 deaths were related to the 2003 heat wave mostly in French cities where elderly were not prepared for 100+ temperatures.

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The Great Russian Heat Wave of 2010 is one of the most intense, widespread, and long-lasting heat waves in world history. Only the European heat wave of 2003, which killed 35,000 - 50,000 people, and the incredible North American heat wave of July 1936, which set all-time extreme highest temperature records in fifteen U.S. states, can compare. All of these heat waves were caused by a highly unusual kink in the jet stream that remained locked in place for over a month. The jet stream is an upper-level river of air, between the altitudes of about 30,000 - 40,000 feet (10,000 - 12,000 meters).

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St. Louis Frequency of Warm, Humid Air Masses

St. Louis experienced an average of three annualthree-day-or-longer runs of dangerously hot air massesin the 1940s. That number has more than doubled,to an average of seven such heat waves today.

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Chicago: 7.3 less DP days today than in the 1940’sSt. Louis: 3.7 less DP days today than in the 1040’s

Chicago & St. Louis Air Mass Frequency Trends: Cold Weather Type- Dry Polar (DP)

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Source: Heat in the Heartland, UCS

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Source: Heat in the Heartland, UCS

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New York City Energy Consumption rises with temperatures.

“Right now, we average about 14 days each summer above 90 degrees [in New York]. In a couple decades, we could be experiencing 30 days or more” .“So we have two forces—urban heat islands and global warming—that are reinforcing each other and are going to create hot, hot conditions for more than half the world’s population,” Gaffin explains. “How do we make cities more habitable in the future?”

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Heat Waves in Southern California: Are They Becoming

More Frequent and Longer Lasting?

Arbi Tamrazian, UC Berkeley , Steve LaDochy, California State University, Los

Angeles,Josh Willis and William C. Patzert, JPL

 

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Acclimatization to Heat Waves in Rome

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Mitigation: Trees and vegetation

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Mitigation: Cool Roofs

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Potential net energy savings from changing roof reflectivity. Savings are measured in dollars. Note that the net savings are the savings of cooling energy use less the penalties of heating energy use.

COOL ROOFS

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Mitigation: Green Roofs

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For example, researchers atthe University of California at Davis have estimatedthat for every 1,000 deciduous trees in California’sCentral Valley, stormwater runoff is reduced nearly1 million gallons—a value of almost $7,000.4 Clearly,preserving trees reduces polluted stormwater dischargesand the need for engineered controls to replacethose lost functions. When those trees are cut downand their functions are lost, those costs are passed onto municipal governments, which then pass them onto their citizens.

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Mitigation: Cool Pavements

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MITIGATION STRATEGIES

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Ecocity (sustainable city): an ecologically healthy city. It is to enhance the health and quality of life of their inhabitants and maintain the ecosystems on which they depend. It minimizes the input of energy, water and food and its wastes, output of heat, air pollution, and water pollution.

GREEN (ECO)CITIES

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http://www.harc.edu/Projects/CoolHouston/About/Video

Cool Houston

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The aerial photograph at left of Washington, DC, shows the amount of green space and vegetation present in 2002. The photo atright shows how this same area would look in 2025 after a proposed 20-year program to install green roofs on 20% of city buildingsover 10,000 square feet.

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Street planters in Portland, OR, are used inhighly developed urban areas to introducegreen space and manage stormwater runoff.

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Questions?