calorific value of fuel using junker’s gas calorimeter
TRANSCRIPT
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CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL USING JUNKER’S GAS CALORIMETER
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CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUELSIt is defined as the heat liberated in kJ by
complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel, solid or liquid.
For gases it is the heat liberated in kJ per cubic metre at STP.
For example:Fuel kJ/kg kCal/kg
Hydrogen 141900 33900
Butane 49200 11800
Diesel 45000 10700
Anthracite 27000 7800
Wood 15000 3600
Natural Gas 54000 13000
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TYPES OF CALORIFIC VALUESHigher Calorific Value: It is the total heat
liberated when all the products of combustion are brought back to pre-combustion temperature and in particular, condensing any vapour produced. (kJ/kg)
Lower Calorific Value: It is determined by subtracting the latent heat of vaporization of the water produced from the Higher Calorific value. (kJ/kg)
Thus, (HHV)p = (LHV)p + m hfg (HHV)v = (LHV)v + m(ug – uf)
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COMPARISON OF HCV AND LCVHere is a comparison of HCV and LCV of
some fuels.FUEL HCV (MJ/kg) HCV (kj/mol) LCV (MJ/kg)
Hydrogen 141.80 286.00 121.00
Butane 49.50 20900 45.75
Gasoline 47.30 - 44.40
Propane 50.35 2220 46.35
Anthracite 2700 - -
Kerosene 46.20 - 43.00
Paraffin 46.00 - 41.50
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THE JUNKER’S GAS CALORIMETER
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APPARATUS The apparatus mainly consists of a
cylindrical shell with copper coil arranged in two pass configuration with water inlet and outlet to circulate through the copper coil, a pressure regulator, a wet type gas flow meter & a gas Bunsen burner, temperature sensors for measuring inlet, outlet water temperature, and for flue gas temperature and a measuring jar.
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WORKING PRINCIPLE This Gas Calorimeter works on the Junker's
principle of burning of a known volume of gas and imparting the heat with maximum efficiency to steadily flowing water and finding out of the rise in temperature of a measured volume of water.
The formula, Calorific Value of Gas X Volume of Gas = Volume of water X Rise in Temperature, is then used to determine the Calorific Value of the Gas (assuming that heat capacity of water is unity).
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DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUEThis Calorimeter covers a wide range
between 120 BTU (1000 to 26000 K Cal/m3).The Calorimeter is fixed on a tripod stand
having levelling screws to keep the Calorimeter in perfectly vertical position.
A constant water head maintenance device provided in the feed water pipe along with the inlet water flow regulator is fixed to the outer housing of the calorimeter.
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PROCEDURE(Contd.)The gas source is connected to the pressure
regulator, gas flow meter and the burner respectively in series.
The water and gas flows are started to flow at a constant rate and the burner is lighted outside the calorimeter.
The gas flow is regulated at a steady state to any designed flow (volume).
The burner is inserted into the calorimeter and the outlet water is allowed to attain a steady temperature.
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PROCEDURE(Contd.)The outlet is let into a 1000mL flask and
started and the initial gas flow rate is noted.The time taken for the 1000mL flask to be
filled and the final gas flow rate is also noted.
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FORMULA TO BE USED CVg=( Vw x w x CPw x ∆T ) / Vg x gℓ ℓ
where ℓw is the density of waterVw is the volume of water
collected in litresCPw is the specific heat of water∆T is the change in temp. of waterVg is the volume of gas burnt in
litresℓg is the density of the gas burnt
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APPLICATIONSPetroleum IndustriesCoke Oven BatteriesThermal Power HousesCement IndustriesFuel Gas Producers & ConsumersSteel PlantsFertilizer Units