cambridge 2013 (ifm) - implementing supply chain visibility to promote fisheries sustainability

8/14/2019 Cambridge 2013 (IfM) - Implementing Supply Chain Visibility to Promote Fisheries Sustainability

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3

F`pad`ditfin ]uppay Mjcfi vfsfhfafty tk prk`ktd

ofsjdrfds sustcfichfafty

Fschda Bucrtd bd Ca`dfbc3, L.@. _facs-Hkcs bc ]favc

8,=, Aufs @fnuda B.O. Odrrdfrc

2,

Muicca Eu`cr Jcrlfvci8

3Tifvdrsfbcbd Ausfcbc, (FAFB-TA),

Xuc bc Luiqudfrc 3::-36:, 3=26-773 Afshkc, Wkrtunca

Ocx< +=43 83= ?=: =7>5 D-`cfa 6?2 >375 D-`cfa7 8345 D-`cfa


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Ofnurd 3. Xdsdcrmj qudstfkis

Idvdrtjdadss, tjdsd kpdrctfkis sjkuab cask tcrndt tjd mrdctfki ko mk`pdtftfvd cbvcitcnd

cib prkoftchad rdsuats. Rk su` up, tjd khldmtfvds ko tjd rdsdcrmj crd, cs okaakws< (f) tk

uibdrstcib cib dxpacfi tjd purpksd ko mkrpkrctd sustcfichad prcmtfmds5 (ff) tk cbbrdss tjdtkpfm pksftfkidb wftjfi ci fitdnrctdb mkitdxt hy mkisfbdrfin fts dmkik`fm,

divfrki`ditca, cib skmfca bf`disfkis5 cib, (fff) tk koodr mkrpkrctd bdmfsfki `cedrs

rdafchad nufbcimd tkwcrbs `krd sustcfichad husfidss kpdrctfkis fi ofsj rdtcfafin.

C mcsd stuby strctdny fs pursudb fi tjd rdtcfadr, fi krbdr tk cmjfdvd tjd rdsdcrmj

khldmtfvds. Jkwdvdr, dstchafsjfin tjd rdsdcrmj mkitdxt fs sk f`pkrtcit tjct c bdsmrfptfvd

survdy hcsdb ki c sjkrt qudstfkiicfrd fs cask cppafdb tk tjd mkisu`drs. Rjfs `kstay

qucitftctfvd qudstfkiicfrd cf`s ct mkaadmtfin tjd pdrmdptfkis ko c odw rdprdsditctfvd

mkisu`drs cs rdncrbs c odw dmkik`fm, divfrki`ditca, cib skmfca bf`disfkis ko tjd

mkitdxt. Rjd survdydb mkisu`drs wdrd purpksdouaay mjksdi c`kin tjd mustk`drs ko tjd

stkrd wjdrd tjd dxpakrctkry mcsd stuby tkke pacmd. Rjfs sc`pad fs mkistrcfidb hy tjdburctfki cib tjd akmctfki ko tjd stuby tjct wdrd sdt hy tjd jypdr`credt spkiskr.

^jfad tjd qudstfkiicfrd sdts c rfmj mkitdxt okr tjd sftuctfki, tjd mcsd stuby dichads ci fi

bdptj uibdrstcibfin ko tjd rdqufrd`dits okr sustcfichad ofsj rdtcfafin. Rjdrdokrd,

skmfcaay cmmdptchad kpdrctfkis sunndst tjd bdsfni ko c wkrefin tkka tjct `fnjt dichad tjd

trcmdchfafty ko tjd suppafdrs cmtfvfty mkimdrifin tjd sdvdrca ofsj spdmfds. Hy usfin c

bctchcsd f`pad`ditdb fi c sprdcbsjddt, rdpkrts prkvfbfin nufbcimd tk `cicndrscmtfki

mci hd ndidrctdb cs c sfnifofmcit kutmk`d. Rjdsd rdpkrts trdct, krncifsd, mkiskafbctd cib

su``crfzd bctc mkaadmtdb hy khsdrvctfki, fitdrvfdws cib fitdrica bkmu`dit cicaysds.

Dxtdrica bctc skurmds, sumj cs Nrddipdcmd rdpkrts, d.n. sjfp kwidrshacmeafsts, crd cask

usdb. C trcoofm-afnjt systd` (RA]) (Mcbby, 8778) fs f`pad`ditdb tk macssfoy tjd ofsj

mcpturd odcturds, hcsdb ki tjd sprdcbsjddt bctchcsd. Rjd RA] wcs cask usdb tk prkvfbd

vdry madcr fiokr`ctfki tk tjd mkisu`dr chkut jkw mrftfmca fs tjd sustcfichfafty stctus ko

dcmj ofsj spdmfds. Fi tjfs sftuctfki, tjd tcxkik`y fs hcsdb ki tjd Nrddipdcmd rdb afst

wjfmj fiokr`s chkut tjd spdmfds ct rfse.

Ft sjkuab cask hd cbbdb tjct tjd rdpkrtdb qudstfkiicfrd fs suppkrtdb ki c tjkrkunj

aftdrcturd rdvfdw fi krbdr tk f`prkvd fts mkistrumt vcafbfty. @krdkvdr, ft fs vcafbctdb hy c

pfakt stuby. Ki tjd ktjdr jcib, tjd rdafchfafty ko tjd mcsd stuby fs f`prkvdb hy eddpfin

tjd nctjdrdb bkmu`ditctfki fi c ofad, cs wdaa cs hy mrdctfin c mcsd prktkmka (Vfi, 3662), cib tjd

cppdcrcimd ko sk mcaadb bdcb-zkids jcs brfvdi tjd sjfotfin ko cttftubds (]mjrkpd,

877?). ]k, fibfoodrdimd cs rdncrbs tjd `crfid divfrki`dit fs ik akindr ci kptfki,

pcrtfmuacray wjdi wd mkisfbdr tjd doodmts ko tjd kvdrdxpakftctfki ko ofsjdrfds (]jcekurf

dt ca., 8737).

Fibddb, c nrkwfin nakhca pkpuactfki kvdr > hfaafki, jcs adb tk ci dvdr-rfsfin bd`cib okr

sdcokkb cib cask tk c rdsuatfin fimrdcsd fi ofsjfin dookrt. Rjd actdst OCK ofnurds rdpkrt

tjct =8% ko `crfid ofsjdrfds crd kvdrdxpakftdb, bdpadtdb kr rdmkvdrfin ork` bdpadtfki,

jcvfin fimrdcsdb ork` 37% fi 36>7 (vfbdofnurd 3). C ourtjdr 4=% ko ofsjdrfds crd hdfindxpakftdb ct tjdfr `cxf`u` advda cib, `ciy ko tjd`, wftjkut tjd `cicnd`dit `dcsurds

fi pacmd tk prdvdit kvdr-dxpakftctfki (OCK, 8737).

Ofnurd 8. Rjd fimrdcsd fi ofsjdrfds dxpakftctfki sfimd 36>7. ]kurmd< OCK (8737< :)

]tfaa cmmkrbfin tk OCK bctc, tjd rd`cfifin =8 paus 34 pdrmdit ko ofsjdrfds fs ikt dikunj

tk kvdrmk`d tjd dxmdss ofsjfin prdssurd cib ft yfdabs adss tjci tjdfr `cxf`u` pktditfca

prkbumtfki. Fi su``cry, tjd fimrdcsfin trdib fi tjd pdrmditcnd ko kvdrdxpakftdb,bdpadtdb cib rdmkvdrfin stkmes cib tjd bdmrdcsfin trdib fi uibdrdxpakftdb cib

`kbdrctday dxpakftdb stkmes prkvfbd c sdrfkus mcusd ko mkimdri.

8.8 Dmkik`fm, skmfca cib dmkaknfmca cicnd`dit ko ofsjdrfdsOfsjdrfds rdprdsdit tjd acst `clkr fitdrictfkica fibustry hcsdb ki tjd mjcsfin cib

nctjdrfin ko wfab cif`cas. Ft fs idftjdr prf`ftfvd ikr fiikmukus, cib ofsjfin rd`cfis cs

ci dssditfca dad`dit ko okkb suppafds tjct fs vftca okr tjd wdaa-hdfin ko juibrdbs ko

`faafkis ko pdkpad (Wcuay dt ca., 877=).

Ikwcbcys, tjd jfnjdr bd`cib advdas ko ofsjfin crd c `clkr tjrdct tk tjd strumturca cib

ouimtfkica (rd)krncifzctfki ko `crfid dmksystd`s< bfrdmt doodmts rdncrb tjd rdbumtfki ko

=% Tibdrdxpakftdb

38% Chad tk prkbumd `krdtjdi murrdit mctmjds

8:% Kvdrdxpakftdb

=% Bdpadtdb

3% Fi bdpadtfki

Ouaay dxpakftdb Kvdrdxpakftdb, bdpadtdb kr Tibdrdxpakftdb krrdmkvdrfin ork` bdpadtfki `kbdrctday dxpakftdb


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hktj tjd td`pkrca cib spctfca bfstrfhutfki ko tjd tcrndt spdmfds, jchftct bc`cnd cib c

sjcrp brkp fi tjd cvdrcnd sfzd ko mcpturdb ofsjds (Cibdrsdi dt ca., 877:). Fibfrdmt kids

mkimdri mcusfin kr dijcimfin mjcinds fi tjd ofsj mk``uifty strumturd kr bfoodrditfca

doodmts ki sjkca ouimtfkica nrkups (Nrddistrddt dt ca., 3666). Dookrts crd murrditay hdfin

`cbd tk uibdrstcib tjd wfbdr doodmts ko ofsjfin, tk `dcsurd tjd` (Wcuay dt ca., 877=)

cib tk sdt quktds mkimdrifin ofsj stkmes (OCK, 87375 ]jcekurf dt ca., 8737), hdmcusd tjd

fimrdcsfin dvfbdimd ko tjd mkaacpsd ko `ciy spdmfds.

Rjd mkaadmtfki ko sumj bctc fs kotdi quftd dxpdisfvd cib ft rdqufrds c mkitfiukus rdsdcrmj

dookrt wftj ci cbdquctd `kiftkrfin systd` cib, dxpdrtfsd tjct fs ikt cawcys cvcfachad.

Rjd kutmk`ds ko tjfs rdsdcrmj `ust hd rkhust dikunj tk suppkrt tjd `cicnd`dit ko

ofsjdrfds ki c sustcfichad hcsfs cib tk prk`ktd jfnjdr sustcfichad advdas ko hktj ofsj

stkmes cib mctmjds. Ofsjdrfds crd mkrd suhldmts okr tjd hcacimd ko ofsj stkmes fi `crfid

dmksystd`s, cib jdcatjy dmksystd`s crd c edy dad`dit tk tjd mkitfiufty ko tjd ofsjdrfds

husfidss, afed ci dmkik`fm-dmkaknfmca vfrtukus mfrmad.

Ofsjdrfds cask fivkavd `krd skmfk-dmkik`fm khldmtfvds, mk`fin ork` ofsjfin rdvdiud

sfimd tjdy prkvfbd d`paky`dit okr `faafkis ko pdkpad, wkrabwfbd, ork` ofsjdr`ci tk

cqucmuaturd prkbumdrs cib, ork` trcbdrs cib fitdr`dbfcrfds tk wjkadscadrs. Rjfs sdmtkr

`fnjt pacy c ouibc`ditca rkad fi prdvditfin cib rdbumfin pkvdrty, fi bdvdakpfin

mkuitrfds (OCK, 8737). Jkwdvdr, sustcfichay `cicndb ofsj stkmes jcvd tk rday ki lust

36% ko tjd tktca ofsj stkmes (vfbd Ofnurd 8) tk disurd tjd akin tdr` odcsfhfafty ko caa

tjdsd afvdafjkkbs. Fi tjfs wcy, tjd rd`cfifin stkme fs hdfin rdmkvdrdb.

Rjd prknrdss `cbd hy Nkvdri`dit Cndimfds (NC), Tifvdrsftfds, Xdsdcrmj Mditrds cib

Iki-nkvdri`ditca krncifzctfkis (INK) fs ndttfin rdsuats fi rdbumfin dxpakftctfki rctds

cib, rdstkrfin hktj kvdrusdb ofsj stkmes cib `crfid dmksystd`s (Rfaa cib @creus,

8738). Rjd cbkptfki ko tjd Mkbd ko Mkibumt okr Xdspkisfhad Ofsjdrfds (3664) faaustrctds

tjfs fssud.

Mkitrka `dcsurds okr faadnca ofsjfin ki tjd jfnj kmdci, wjdrd ik stctd jcs cutjkrfty, bk

dxjfhft sdrfkus brcwhcmes cs rdncrbs tjd acw diokrmd`dit (DLO, 8738). Cmmkrbfin tk

Nrddipdcmd (873=), tjd `kst prkhad`ctfm crdcs crd akmctdb crkuib ^dst Corfmc wjdrd

tjd pfrctds faadncaay mctmj tkiids ko ofsj, bdstrkyfin tjd dmkik`fds ko idcrhy

mkuitrfds. Dcmj ydcr, faadnca ofsjfin fi tjd wctdrs ko suh-]cjcrci Corfmc fs dstf`ctdb fi3.8 hfaafki Durks. Kotdi, muaprfts crd Mjfidsd, Ekrdci cib Rcfwcidsd vdssdas tjct jcvd

afmdisds tk ofsj fi kid zkid hut, tjdi, dxpakft ciktjdr kid (^caa ]trddt Lkurica, 877>).

@kst faadnca mctmjds crd dxpkrtdb tk Durkpd tjrkunj tjd ]pcifsj pkrt ko Acs Wca`cs.

Ofsj faadncaay mcunjt crd trcisjfppdb ct sdc kitk acrnd rdorfndrctdb mcrnk vdssdas, wjdrd

tjdy crd `fxdb wftj adnca mctmjds hdokrd hdfin trcispkrtdb tk tjdfr ofica bdstfictfki pkrt

(DLO, 8738).

^ftj rdncrb tk mk`hctfin Faadnca, Tirdpkrtdb cib Tirdnuactdb (FTT) ofsjfin, rdfiokrmdb

mkitrkas jcvd hddi bdvdakpdb, sumj cs< (f) tjd dachkrctfki ko ci fitdrictfkica adncaay-

hfibfin fistru`dit (MK@, 877:) ki pkrt `dcsurds tk prdvdit cib daf`fictd FTTofsjfin5 tjfs fs `cfiay bud tk fitdrictfkica mkkpdrctfki, `kiftkrfin cib mkitrka `dcsurds


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cppafdb tk tjd wjkad mjcfi ko ofsjfin cib rdactdb cmtfvftfds5 (ff) c nkvdri`ditca

pcrtidrsjfp orc`dwkre tjct bdvdakps c sustcfichad ofsjdrfds pkafmy cib rdspkisfhad

dxpakftctfki ko ofsjdry rdskurmds (OCK, 8737)5 cib, (fff) tjd sdcrmj okr jcr`oua ofsjfin

`dtjkbs (d.n. afed tjd hkttk`-trcwa), pcrcaada trcbfin cib acme ko mk`pafcimd wftj

stcibcrbs rdactfin tk `fif`u` sfzd ko mcpturdb spdmfds (Lcmqudt & Wcuay, 877>).

Ki tjd ktjdr jcib, INK Nrddipdcmd,tk prdvdit faadnca ofsjdry kutmk`d ork` ditdrfin

tjd suppay mjcfi, bdvdakpdb cib rdmk``dibs tjd okaakwfin twk fiftfctfvds< (f) tjd

trcmdchfafty ko ofsjdry prkbumts5 cib, (ff) tjd usd ko Nrddipdcmd Hacmeafsts, f.d. afsts ko

hkcts tjct crd ikt cutjkrfzdb tk ofsj kr tjct jcvd cardcby hddi puifsjdb okr faadnca

ofsjfin cmtfvftfds. Caa Hacmeafsts mkimdrifin ofsjfin vdssdas cib ofsj trcispkrt vdssdas,

fimaubfin tjdfr kwidrs kr kpdrctkrs cib mk`pcifds, wjdrd mk`pfadb ork` tjd Koofmfca

Fitdrictfkica Hacmeafsts. Rjfs fiokr`ctfki fs hcsdb ki tjd koofmfca rdnfstrfds ko FTT

ofsjfin tjct crd puhafmay cvcfachad cib cmmdssfhad fi Nrddipdcmd (873=)wdhpcnd.

Bdvdakpfin orc`dwkres okr cmjfdvfin rdspkisfhad sustcfichfafty fs f`pdrctfvd tk

kpdrctfkicafsd eikwadbnd cib tk diokrmd nkkb prcmtfmd cmrkss tjd suppay mjcfi, ork`

ofsjdr`di tk rdtcfadrs (OCK, 8737). Rjdsd orc`dwkres sjkuab dichad c trcisftfki tk

sustcfichad ofsjdrfds `cicnd`dit fi tjd okr` ko suppkrt okr ofsjdrfds f`prkvd`dit

prkldmts, bd`cib okr mdrtfofdb krfnfi ko sdcokkb cib fts trcmdchfafty up tjd suppay mjcfi.

Wrfvctd sdmtkr sjkuab cask hd ouaay mk``fttdb tk tjdsd cmtfkis fi krbdr tk mkitrfhutd tk c

qufme rdmkvdry ko sjkcas ork` dxtrd`day akw pkpuactfki advdas.

8.= Xdtcfadrs cib ]uppay Mjcfi ]ustcfichfaftyFi tjd ofsj suppay mjcfi tjd mcpturdb ofsj fs sdit tk `credt tjrkunj prkmdsskrs,bfstrfhutkrs cib rdtcfadrs hdokrd dibfin up ki mkisu`drs jcibs (Ofnurd =). Rjd dookrt ko

tjd prkbumdr (ofsjfin oaddt) fs bdpfmtdb cs prkvfbfin oddbhcme tk tjd dmksystd` `kbda hy

f`pcmtfin ofsj chuibcimd cib mctmjds ko hktj tcrndt cib iki-tcrndt spdmfds (vfbd cask

Rjrcid dt ca., 8776). Cqucmuaturd uifts mci cask hd fimkrpkrctdb cs prkbumdrs kr

prkmdsskrs cs hdst suftdb fi fibfvfbuca cppafmctfkis (Mjrfstdisdi dt ca., 8733). Fi tjfs

wcy, tjd afchfafty tk disurd tjd mjcfi sustcfichfafty hy ci divfrki`ditcaay-orfdibay

pkafmy (Acxd, 8737) hdakins tk caa tjd pcrtfmfpctfin pcrtfds, fi tjd husfidss kpdrctfkis

cmrkss caa tjd suppay mjcfi (vfbdXSf).

Ofnurd =. ]mjd`ctfm vcaud mjcfi oakws ork` sdc tk mkisu`dr okr c sfinad ofsj

spdmfds. ]kurmd< Mjrfstdisdi dt ca. (8733)


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Divfrki`ditca prdssurds mkistftutd brfvfin okrmds tk f`prkvd tjd sustcfichfafty ko

suppay mjcfis (Afiidiaudmed cib Nrfooftjs, 87375 \ju dt ca., 8733). @ciy tf`ds,

divfrki`ditca bc`cnds crd ikt cmeikwadbndb kimd tjct (f) tjdy bk ikt f`pcmt `credt

prfmd okr`ctfki fi dcray stcnds ko uihcacimd5 (ff) tjdy kmmur tkk ocr cwcy ork` tjd

`credtpacmd5 cib, (fff) prkbumt fs ikt ydt smcrmd. Rjus, c madcr afie hdtwddi suppay mjcfi

strdintj cib ofr` divfrki`ditca pdrokr`cimd hdmk`ds dxpafmft (_cmjki cib @ck,877:) cib suppay mjcfis `ust hdmk`d fitdnrctdb hy mkisfbdrfin hktj upstrdc` cib

bkwistrdc` stcedjkabdrs (XSf). Mkiikaay cib Mcoordy (8733) sunndst tjd dxfstdimd ko

cbbftfkica tfdrs hktj upstrdc` cib bkwistrdc` ikt sjkwi fi Ofnurd = (d.n. Ofnurd 2). Fi

ocmt, husfidss prkmdssds cib `cicnd`dit mk`pkidits ko tjd suppay mjcfi crd maksday

fitdr-rdactdb wftj tjd bdpfmtdb strumturd (Ac`hdrt dt ca., 366:).

Ofnurd 2. ]mjd`ctfm ko c ndidrcafzdb suppay idtwkre. ]kurmd< Mkiikaay cib Mcoordy

(8733)

Fi tjfs mkitdxt, bud tk tjdfr strctdnfm pksftfki cib `credt fioaudimd, rdtcfadrs pacy c mkrd

rkad fi brfvfin suppay mjcfi divfrki`ditca sustcfichfafty (Bcvfb-]tyads dt ca., 87385

@fitdi dt ca., 8776). Fibddb, rdtcfadrs crd brfvdrs tk Ocfr Rrcbd, koodrfin suhstcitfca

mkitrfhutfkis okr cmjfdvfin sustcfichad bdvdakp`dit (MK@, 8778), hy tjd prkvfsfki ko

fiokr`ctfki, usdr-orfdibay tkkas cib sprdcb ko sustcfichad prcmtfmds (XSff). Xdtcfadrs

usucaay cvkfb rfse sfimd tjdy crd vdry sdisftfvd tk skmfca kr divfrki`ditca prkhad`s ko

mkisu`drs. @krdkvdr, cmmkrbfin tk Nrddipdcmd (877:) tjd jfnj cib uiprdbfmtchad prfmd

ko bc`cnfin tjd `crfid hfkbfvdrsfty jcs adb tk c nrkwfin skmfca cwcrdidss tjct jcs hddi

bd`cibfin tjd sustcfichfafty ko tjd ofsj spdmfds hdfin mkisu`db. Rjus, rdtcfafin jcs

prknrdssdb tkwcrbs stkppfin tk koodr tjrdctdidb ofsj spdmfds, rdousfin faadnca ofsjfin,

mrftfmfzfin bdstrumtfvd mcpturd `dtjkbs cib koodrfin `krd orfdibay catdrictfvds (XSf).

Jkwdvdr, tjd rdsuats ko tjd Nrddipdcmd survdy ki ofsj prkmurfin pkafmfds cbkptdb hy

`clkr rdtcfadrs, fi Wkrtunca, brdw strkin mrftfmfs` tk caa tjd cbbrdssdb Wkrtunudsd

jypdr`credts. Fi ocmt, stfaa fi 877:, strctdnfds mkimdrifin ofsj prkmurd`dit wdrd ikt

`cbd cvcfachad tk tjd puhafm, kr tjdy dvdi wdrd `fssfin, bdspftd tjdfr f`pkrtcimd fi tjdrdtcfa acibsmcpd (Nrddipdcmd, 877:). Oficaay, cmmkrbfin tk Mcifctk dt ca. (8738) suppay


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mjcfi `cicnd`dit (]M@) `fnjt cask jdap mk`pcifds tk pursud divfrki`ditca

rdspkisfhfafty. Jkwdvdr, odw stubfds jcvd cicaysdb tjd rdadvcimd ko ]M@ fi

mkitrfhutfin tk divfrki`ditca sustcfichfafty (XSf).

8.2 Xkhust @cicnd`dit ko Ofsjdrfds< kiftkrfin, fiokr`fin cib diokrmfinMadcr stcibcrbs crd jdapoua tk sdt `fadstkids, cnrdd ki dib-khldmtfvds cib prk`ktdrdspkisfhfaftfds bdofiftfki okr pcrtidrs upstrdc` tjd suppay mjcfi. Xdtcfadrs mkuab cppay

sdvdrca strctdnfds tk brfvd divfrki`ditca f`prkvd`dit fi tjd ofsj suppay mjcfis, sumj

cs< ofsj trcmdchfafty5 prkbumt mdrtfofmctfki5 divfrki`ditca mrftdrfc okr suppafdrs5

bfssd`fictfki ko hdttdr prcmtfmds cmrkss suppafdrs5 prk`ktfin mcpturdb ofsj dmk-

achdaafin5 akmca skurmfin5 cib, kptf`fzctfki ko aknfstfms (Mcifctk dt ca., 8738). ]dmkibay,

tjd `credt-hcsdb cpprkcmjds ko rdtcfadrs `fnjt pusj cib d`pkwdr mustk`dr mjkfmd fi

sustcfichad mkisu`ptfki. Fi turi, tjfs mjcind fi tjd mkisu`dr cttftubd `fnjt fioaudimd

cib hd trcisodrrdb upstrdc` tjd suppay mjcfi tk tjd rd`cfifin stcedjkabdrs, fimrdcsfin

tjd fimditfvd tk ditcfa strctdnfds fi tjd bd`cib okr sustcfichad sdcokkb (_czqudz-Xkwd

dt ca., 8738) (XSfff).

8.4 Wrkbumt mdrtfofmctfki, dmk-achdaafin cib Rrcoofm Afnjt ]ystd` (RA])Dmk-achdas crd sdcas ko cpprkvca nfvdi tk prkbumts tjct crd adss jcr`oua tk tjd

divfrki`dit tjci sk`d sf`facr mk`pdtftkrs (vfbdcask KDMB 3663 p.38). Rjd prfimfpca

khldmtfvd ko dmk-achdaafin fs tk mrdctd c `credt-hcsdb fimditfvd okr sustcfichad

`cicnd`dit ko ofsjdrfds hy mrdctfin mkisu`dr bd`cib okr sdcokkb prkbumts ork` wdaa-

`cicndb stkmes. Ft fs pkssfhad tk bfstfinufsj hdtwddi twk suhmctdnkrfds ko `uatfpad

cttrfhutd achdas5 kid tjct `cfiay okmusds ki tjd ofsjfin stcnd, (crrkws 3=, fi Ofnurd 4)

cib ciktjdr kid tjct cbbrdssds tjd divfrki`ditca f`pcmts fi tjd wjkad afod mymad ko tjd

prkbumts (vfbdcrrkws 34, fi Ofnurd 4) (Rjrcid dt ca., 87765 Mjrfstdisdi dt ca., 8733).

Ofnurd 4. Divfrki`ditca f`pcmts ct bfoodrdit afod mymad stcnds ko sdcokkb prkbumts.

]kurmd< Rjrcid dt ca. (8776)

Rypd FF divfrki`ditca achdas ko tjd Fitdrictfkica Krncifzctfki okr ]tcibcrbfzctfki (F]K)

crd hcsdb ki sdao-bdmacrdb kr sdao-mdrtfofdb divfrki`ditca macf`s hy prkbumdrs,

f`pkrtdrs cib rdtcfadrs ki prkbumts cib sdrvfmds ki c vkauitcry hcsfs (vfbd cask FF]B,

873=5 DDM, 873=), hcsdb ki tjdfr kwi prkbumt stcibcrbs. Rjd stcibcrbs `fnjt hd hcsdb

ki sustcfichfafty mrftdrfc rdactdb tk spdmfofm divfrki`ditca fssuds cncfist wjfmj c ofsjdry

fs tk hd dvcauctdb.


9/24

6

Wrkbumt mdrtfofmctfki cib dmk-achdaafin jcvd f`pkrtcit bfoodrdimds cs murrditay cppafdb

fi ofsjdrfds, wjfad fitdrrdactdb cib sdrvfin tjd sc`d nkca. Wrkbumt mdrtfofmctfki fs

mk``kiay c `dcsurd `cibctdb hy nkvdri`dits, kotdi `utucaay cnrddb upki hy

rdnfkica ofsjdrfds `cicnd`dit krncifzctfkis, fi krbdr tk disurd tjct kiay adncaay

jcrvdstdb cib rdpkrtdb ofsj acibfins mci hd trcbdb cib skab fi tjd bk`dstfm kr

fitdrictfkica `credts. Wrkbumt mdrtfofmctfki bkds ikt idmdsscrfay fivkavd c prkbumt achdact tjd rdtcfa advda (^dssdaas dt ca., 8773).

Rjd RA] (Mcbby, 8778) wcs okuib cs c usdoua vfsuca tkka, tk kpdrctfkicafsd doodmtfvd`kiftkrfin cib rdpkrtfin, fi c rcpfb cib mjdcp `ciidr. Ft suppkrts tjd bdmfsfki `cefin

prkmdss hy< (f) bdsmrfhfin tjd prdssurds coodmtfin tjd dmksystd`5 (ff) caakwfin tf`day rfse

cicaysds cib nakhca cssdss`dits mkimdrifin ofsjdrfds `cicnd`dit5 (fff) upbctfin

rdtcfadrs ki ofsjdrfds mcpturd cib trcbd fssuds fi c sustcfichad `ciidr5 (fv) trcmefin

prknrdss tkwcrbs `ddtfin `cicnd`dit khldmtfvds5 cib, (v) hy madcray mk``uifmctfin

hktj trdibs fi mk`padx kutmk`ds cib `cicnd`dit prkmdssds, tk c iki-spdmfcafst ofica

mkisu`dr cubfdimd.

Fi su``cry, tjdrd fs c nrkwfin cwcrdidss tjct rdtcfadrs jcvd c vftca rkad tk pacy fi

prk`ktfin `krd sustcfichad pcttdris ko mkisu`ptfki. cib, fi Wkrtunca, >7% ko tjd ofsj

fs skab fi jypdr`credts (Nrddipdcmd 877:). @krdkvdr, tjd vcst `clkrfty ko mkisu`drs

vfsft okkb rdtcfa kutadts ki ci ca`kst bcfay hcsfs (@fitda, 877:, 8737) (XSf). ]k, okkb

rdtcfadrs sjkuab bdsfni smjd`ds tk prkvfbd mkisu`drs wftj `krd cib hdttdr fiokr`ctfki

tk `ced bdmfsfkis wjdi purmjcsfin sdcokkb (XSff). Ki tjd ktjdr jcib, rdtcfadrs crd tjd

cmtfvd fitdr`dbfcrfds hdtwddi prf`cry prkbumdrs, `ciuocmturdrs cib mkisu`drs cib sk,

tjdy mci hd sddi fi c sfinuacray cib pkwdroua pksftfki tjct brfvd sustcfichad

mkisu`ptfki (XSfff).


10/24

37

= Mcsd stuby fi c acrnd rdtcfadrRjd rdsdcrmj spkiskr fs c adcbfin rdtcfadr mk`pciy tjct kwis supdr cib jypdr`credts

sprdcb caa kvdr Wkrtunca. Rjd mk`pciy hdafdvds tjct tcefin `dcsurds tk prdsdrvd tjd

divfrki`dit fs c bfstfimtfvd mk`pdtdimd tjct `fnjt mkitrfhutd tk tjd husfidss

sustcfichad bdvdakp`dit cib sk, tk ]kmfca Xdspkisfhfafty. Rjdrdokrd, ft jcs hddibdvdakpfin c ofsj prkmurd`dit pkafmy tk rdmkvdr ork` fiftfca mk`pdtftfvd bfscbvcitcnd

hy bdofifin hktj rdspkisfhad cib sustcfichad trcbfin husfidss prcmtfmds tcrndtfin tk stkp

sdaafin tjd spdmfds fi rfse (Nrddipdcmd, 877:h).

Rjdrdokrd, tjd spkiskr pkafmfds jcvd hddi brfvdi hy c akin-tdr` cpprkcmj tk rfse

`cicnd`dit, fi wjfmj, cs `ciy uimdrtcfitfds cib tjrdcts cs pkssfhad `fnjt hd

mkitrkaadb. Okr fistcimd, tjd spkiskr fs tcefin tjd ofrst stdps fi tjfs bfrdmtfki hy rdbumfin

fi 37% ofsj mcunjt hy trcwafin cib mk``fttfin ftsdao tk daf`fictfin faadnca ofsjfin hy

stkp bkfin husfidss wftj tjd Nrddipdcmd hacmeafstdb ofr`s. Mkiokr`cimd wftj tjdsd

mrftdrfc wcs mjdmedb dvdry ydcr. Rjfs strctdny fs dxpdmtdb tk mkitrfhutd tk hktj husfidsssustcfichfafty cib vcaud mrdctfki.

Rjd bdsmrfhdb pfakt-tdst wcs mcrrfdb kut fi tjd ofsjdry bdpcrt`dit ko c stkrd mjksdi hy

tjd spkiskr cs rdprdsditctfvd, rdncrbfin sfzd, crdc, akmcafzctfki, pkpuactfki cib prkbumt

csskrt`dit. Fivdstfnctdb prkbumts mkimdridb ordsj (sdc wctdrs cib cqucmuaturd), orkzdi

cib brfdb (mkb) ofsj.

=.3 Bctc mkaadmtfkiBctc wdrd mkaadmtdb ork` sdvdrca mrftfmca skurmds, cs okaakws< (f) bkmu`dits, bctchcsds

cib tjd spkiskr wdhsftd wdrd sdcrmjdb okr `ktfvctfkis, cbvcitcnds cib nkcas ko tjdspkiskr ofsjdry pkafmy, fi krbdr tk ofib kut tjd prdvfkus sustcfichfafty strctdnfds ko tjd

mk`pciy5 (ff) tjd rciefin ko tjd spkiskr cib ktjdr rdtcfadrs wcs sdcrmjdb ork` tjd

Nrddipdcmd wdhsftd tk hdimj`cre tjd sustcfichfafty advdas cib jdcatjy mk`pdtftfki5 (fff)

Bkmcpdsmc bd @ctksfijks cib Bkmcpdsmc bd Wdifmjd wdrd twk ko tjd vfsftdb

suppafdrs tk trcmd tjd skurmds ko tjd suppafdb ofsj5 (fv) suppafdrs hacmeafsts wdrd

bkwiakcbdb ork` tjd Nrddipdcmd wdhsftd5 tjdsd wdrd mrkss-mjdmedb wftj tjd spkiskrs

suppafdrs tk daf`fictd tjd hacmeafstdb kids5 (v) tjd ^jkad Okkbs @credt wcs vfsftdb, fi

Akibki, fi krbdr tk uibdrstcib cib cssdss fts bdmfsfki `cefin systd`5 twk pkrtcas 3wdrd

cask mkisuatdb5 (vf) 34= purpksdouaay mjksdi mustk`drs ko tjd spkiskr wdrd survdydb5

tjd cppafdb qudstfkiicfrd wcs chkut sdcokkb purmjcsfin hdjcvfkur, chfafty tk fbditfoy

tjd spdmfds fi dxtfimtfki rfse cib divfrki`ditca prktdmtfki pkafmfds< rdcmtfkis cibpdrmdptfkis5 tjd rdsuats mk`fin ork` tjd WC]^ ]tctfstfms ]kotwcrd wdrd suoofmfdit tk

bdofid c vdry ofrst dxpakrctkry mkisu`dr prkofad, wjfmj dichadb tjd spkiskr tk okmus fts

pkafmfds.

=.8 Xdsuats cicaysfs=.8.3 ]urvdytjd mkisu`dr pdrmdptfkis chkut sdcokkb sustcfichfafty34= spkiskr mustk`drs sdadmtdb hy mkivdifdimd sc`pafin wdrd fiqufrdb hy okaakwfin c

strumturdb fitdrvfdw. Rjd stkrd, stuby burctfki cib wkrefin sjfot wdrd mjksdi hy tjd

spkiskr. ]k, rdsuats ndidrcafzctfki wcs mk`prk`fsdb. Fi tjfs dxpakrctkry survdy bdspftd

3jttp


11/24

33

bctc hdfin qucitftctfvd, tjd cicaysfs wcs qucaftctfvd, hdmcusd stctfstfmca sfnifofmcimd wcs

ikt cbbrdssdb. Rjdrdokrd, tjd cvdrcnd vcauds rdnfstdrdb fi tjd nrcpjfms `fnjt kiay hd

fitdrprdtdb fi c qucaftctfvd wcy.

Tibdrstcibfin tjd mkisu`dr pdrmdptfki wcs ci f`pkrtcit brfvdr ko c outurd mkisu`dr

mc`pcfni tjct wcs qudstfkidb fi tjrdd wcys, cs okaakws< (f) rdadvcimd ko mcpturd `dtjkbcib rfse spdmfds cs purmjcsfin mrftdrfc5 (ff) ndidrca mkisu`dr hdjcvfkur tkwcrbs

sustcfichfafty prcmtfmd, f.d. prfmds vcrfctfkis kr spdmfds koodr5 cib (fff) mkisu`dr

hdjcvfkur wjdi purmjcsfin pkpuacr spdmfds.

c) Wurmjcsfin mrftdrfcRjd cvdrcnd f`pkrtcimd caakmctdb tk dcmj purmjcsfin mrftdrfc hy rdspkibdits fi c smcad

rcinfin ork` 3 (ikt f`pkrtcit) tk 2 (vdry f`pkrtcit) wcs bdpfmtdb fi Ofnurd ?.

Ofnurd ?. Cvdrcnd f`pkrtcimd caakmctdb tk dcmj purmjcsfin mrftdrfc.

]ustcfichfafty mrftdrfcmcpturd `dtjkb cib rfse spdmfdssjkwdb c rdadvcit qucaftctfvd

s`caadr bdnrdd ko f`pkrtcimd pdrmdptfki wjdi mk`pcrdb wftj ktjdrs. Jkwdvdr,

rdspkibdits stfaa sjkwdb jfnj sdisftfvfty, f.d. twk tjfrbs ko tjd smcad ( 8,> kut ko 2),

wjfmj `fnjt `dci tjct ciy pktditfca mkisu`dr mc`pcfnis tkwcrbs sustcfichfafty wkuab

jcvd sk`d efib ko f`pcmt.

h) ]ustcfichfafty prcmtfmd cib ndidrca rdspkibdits hdjcvfkurRjd cvdrcnd cnrdd`dit caakmctdb tk dcmj husfidss prcmtfmd hy rdspkibdits fi c smcad

rcinfin ork` 3 (tktcaay bfscnrdd) tk 2 (tktcaay cnrdd) wcs bdpfmtdb fi Ofnurd >.

=,68 =,:?

=,82

=,>

8,?: 8,?>

7

3

8

=

2

Bdnrddkof`pkrtcimd

(wdfnjtdbcvdrcnd)


12/24

38

Ofnurd >. Cvdrcnd cnrdd`dit caakmctdb tk dcmj sustcfichfafty prcmtfmd,

Kid `fnjt iktfmd qucaftctfvd bfoodrdimds c`kin tjd cvdrcnd smkrds caakmctdb tk twk

nrkups ko prcmtfmds. Ourtjdr`krd, `ciy rdspkibdits cnrddb tjct rfse spdmfds sjkuab ikt

hd skab kr, ct adcst, fts koodr sjkuab bdmrdcsd. Jkwdvdr, cs `ciy rdspkibdits stfaa

tjkunjt tjct fo tjd spdmfd wcs hdfin mcpturdb hy sustcfichad ofsjdrfds, ft sjkuab hd `cbd

cvcfachad, dvdi fo ft wcs ct rfse. Wdrjcps, sk`d fiokr`ctfki tk tjd mkisu`dr wcs hdfin

rdqufrdb sfimd tjd qucaftctfvd bfoodrdimds c`kin tjd cvdrcnd smkrds wdrd iktfmdchad. C

sfnifofmcit iu`hdr ko rdspkibdits crnudb okr rfse spdmfds hdmk`fin `krd mkstay. Kiay

jcao ko tjd rdspkibdits cnrddb tjct rfse spdmfds sjkuab mk`d ork` cqucmuaturd, wjfmj

sjkwdb c rdadvcit f`prkvd`dit kppkrtuifty.

m) ]pdmfofm rdspkibdits hdjcvfkur wjdi purmjcsfin pkpuacr spdmfdsXfse spdmfds pcrt ko trcbftfkica ictfkica bfdt wdrd mjksdi ork` c afst hufat hy Nrddipdcmd

(877:h) (rdb, fi tjd spdmfds RA]) cib tjd kids rdnuacray purmjcsdb wdrd fbditfofdb

(yds/ik). ]pdmfds rfse stctus wcs kiay pdrmdfvdb hy 36% ko tjd rdspkibdits. ]uppayfin

sk`d fiokr`ctfki mkuab jcvd `ktfvctdb rdspkibdits tk mjcind tjdfr mkisu`fin

pcttdris, d.n. jkabfin tjd bdsfrd, chstcfifin tk mkisu`d, rdpacmfin tjd rfse spdmfds,

mjkksfin cqucmuaturd.

=,?4

8,>=

=,86

8,83

=,=?

7

3

8

=

2

Bdmrdcsdkoodr ko

spdmfds ct rfse

]pdmfds ct rfse`krd mkstay

Bk ikt koodrspdmfds ct rfse

Koodr focqucmuaturd

Koodr fosustcfichad

ofsjdrfds

Mkimkrbcimdbdnrdd

(wdfnjtdb

cvdrcnd)


13/24

3=

Ofnurd :. Xdspkibditseikwadbnd chkut sdcokkb spdmfds ct rfse hdfin koodrdb cib

purmjcsdb

Bfoodrdit `ktfvctfkis okr jfnj mkisu`ptfki rctds wdrd fbditfofdb sfimd mkb ofsj wcs

mkisfbdrdb c ictfkica bfsj, jced wcs vdry pkpuacr ofsj hdmcusd ft mkuab hd mkkedb fi

sdvdrca wcys, ft wcs mjdcp, jdcatjy cib rdmk``dibdb hy tjd iutrftfkifsts, sjrf`p jcs

hdmk`d pkpuacr actday hdmcusd tjd fimk`d advda rksd sjcrpay cib sca`ki wcs mkisu`db

bud tk c prfmd brkp (cqucmuaturd). Rjdrd wdrd twk `fsuibdrstcibfins, cs okaakws< tjd

spdmfds ct rfse wcs tjd kmdcifm sca`ki cib ordsj tuic mkisu`ptfki wcs kiay jfnj cs c

mciidb prkbumt. Rk su` up, sk`d bfoofmuatfds `fnjt hd citfmfpctdb cs rdncrbs tjd mjcindko tjd mkisu`ptfki pcttdris ko mkb, jced, sjrf`p cib tuic fi Wkrtunca.

b) Kvdrcaa cicaysfs ko tjd survdy rdsuatsMkisu`drs8cppdcrdb tk jcvd hddi huyfin c rdadvcit c`kuit ko sdcokkb wftjkut hdfin

cwcrd ko tjd rfse stctus ko tjd spdmfds. Ofnurd 6 bdsmrfhds tjrdd dxpdmtdb hdjcvfkur

typds, fo mkisu`drs wdrd `krd cwcrd ko tjd sustcfichfafty fssuds mkimdrifin tjd spdmfds

(XSff).

Bdofifin c rdtcfadr pkafmy cmmkrbfin tk tjdsd tjrdd mkisu`dr prkofads `fnjt rdsuat fitkhdttdr `ctmjfin tjd mkisu`dr purmjcsfin hdjcvfkur. Rjus, ft wkuab hd f`pkrtcit tk

bdsfni c `krd rkhust survdy cs rdncrbs mkistrumt vcafbfty. Rjdi, tjd chkvd fbditfofdb

mkisu`dr prkofads mkuab hd rdofidb tjrkunj ci fi bdptj skmfk-bd`knrcpjfm

mjcrcmtdrfsctfki. Rjfs sjkuab hd okaakwdb hy c tjkrkunj bdofiftfki ko tjd cbdquctd

vcrfchads tk cssurd sdcokkb sustcfichfafty, cs prdvfkusay dxd`pafofdb fi tjd dxpakrctkry

survdy. @krdkvdr, fitdrica vcafbfty sjkuab cask hd tcedi fitk mkisfbdrctfki hy sdttfin

strkindr rdactfkisjfps c`kin tjd vcrfchads.

8

Ft fs rdmknifsdb tjct tjfs ndidrcafzctfki ork` rdspkibdit tk mkisu`dr iddbs tk hd mjdmedb. Ork` ikwki mkisu`dr wfaa hd usdb tk cvkfb sd`citfms mk`padxfty, sfimd tjct tjdrd crd dxprdssfkis afed

mkisu`dr mc`pcfnis tjct sjkuab ikt hd rdpacmdb.

7%

87%

27%

?7%

:7%

377%

Wdrmditcnd

`d

`f

inas

Eikwi rfse stctus Ofsj purmjcsd


14/24

32

Ofnurd 6. Bdofiftfki ko mkisu`dr prkofads

Fi tjfs wcy, hktj hdttdr bfsmrf`fictfki hdtwddi tjd sdvdrca `dcsurdb mctdnkrfds cib

stctfstfmca rdadvcimd `fnjt dijcimd tjd dxpacictkry pkwdr. Rjdrdokrd, tjd mjksdi rdtcfadr

pkafmfds mkimdrifin sustcfichad sdcokkb mkisu`dr mc`pcfnis wkuab hd okmusdb ki tjd

mkisu`dr prkofads tjrkunj c mrdbfhad fivdstfnctfki. Rjdsd mc`pcfnis `fnjt cask cafni

tjd prkbumdr wftj c sustcfichad fitdnrctdb pkafmy tk tjd wjkad suppay mjcfi, wjfmj

wkuab hd brfvdi hy tjd `credtpacmd.

=.8.8 Bdsfni ko c bctchcsd tk f`pad`dit c trcmdchfafty pkafmyMkisu`dr prkofads (ff) cib (fff) `ditfkidb tjd rdqufrd`dit okr sustcfichad ofsjdry, f.d.

mcpturd `dtjkbs cbdquctdidss cib/kr hacmeafsts sjfp-kwidr mk`pafcimd. Rjus, spdmfds

tjrdcts wkuab bdmrdcsd, rfse spdmfds stkmes wkuab tdib tk rdmkvdr cib tjd ktjdrs wkuab

hd `krd prktdmtdb.

Fi tjfs wcy, bctc tjct wdrd mkaadmtdb, trdctdb cib rdmkrbdb fi c bctchcsd dichadb jfnjdr

mkitrka cib ci dcsfdr cmmdss tk tjd krncifsdb fiokr`ctfki mkimdrifin tjd trcmdchfafty ko

hktj ofsj mcpturfin cib sk`d prkmdssfin cmtfvftfds, cmmkrbfin tk Nrddipdcmd

rdmk``dibctfkis (Nrddipdcmd Fitdrictfkica, 877:). Rjd bdvdakpdb bctchcsd wcs `cbd

up ko tjd cttrfhutds mkisfbdrdb fi tjd ofdabs ko tjd `kbda dxprdssdb fi Rchad 3.

(f) Ikt sdisftfvd Bdofiftfki< mkisu`dr ikt sdisftfvd tk tjd spdmfds rfse,

cotdr jcvfin hddi fiokr`db

Bdsmrfptfki< fo tjd spdmfds cvcfachfafty fs rdbumdb,

nkds kut ko tjd prkbumt csskrt`dit, kr prfmd

fimrdcsds, tjfs mustk`dr fs dxpdmtdb tk rui cwcy tk

tjd mk`pdtftfki

(ff) Ouaay bdvktdb Bdofiftfki< mkisu`dr ouaay bdvktdb tk tjd spdmfds

prktdmtfki, cotdr jcvfin hddi fiokr`db

Bdsmrfptfki< fo sustcfichfafty fs pursudb tjfs mustk`dr

`fnjt dxjfhft c prkcmtfvd hdjcvfkur5 ft fs dxpdmtdb tk

stkp mkisu`fin kr tk rdpacmd c rfse spdmfd dftjdr hy c

iki-rfse, kr hy cqucmuaturd

(fff) @d tkk Bdofiftfki< mkisu`dr tjct fs `krd cib `krd cwcrd ko

tjd spdmfds rfse, hut kiay cotdr c mkitfiukus

fiokr`ctfki dookrt

Bdsmrfptfki< fo spdmfds crd mcpturdb hy sustcfichad

ofsjdrfds, tjfs mustk`dr `fnjt cmmdpt tk purmjcsd ft

cib ft `fnjt hd rdtcfidb hy cmtfkis tcrndtfin tjd

akycaty f`prkvd`dit


15/24

34

Rchad 3. Bctchcsd `kbda tk f`pad`dit c trcmdchfafty pkafmy cbkptdb hy tjd spkiskr

RA] ko tjd

Mcpturd

@dtjkb

]uppafdr Wrkbumt]mfditfofm

Ic`d

Mcpturd

\kid

Ofsjfin

@dtjkbHkct Afst Kwidr

]tctd`dit

ki

tjd fssud

ko quktcs

Wkrt Afst

Z3 ]ICWWDX

Wcnrus

pcnrusCtacitfmIkrtj

Akinafifin

MXF]RFCIK V3Mctmj

MdrtfofmctdXfk bdLcidfrk

Z8JKX]D

@CMEDXDARrcmjurus

trcmjurusCtacitfmIkrtj

Wursdsdfids

MCXAK]CWCXMFK

V8Mctmj

MdrtfofmctdWdifmjd

Z8 JCED@draummfus

pcrcbkxusCtacitfmIkrtj Rrcwa NCACRCBC

V=Mctmj

Mdrtfofmctd Mcirfcs

Iktd< ]uppafdrs, hkct cib mk`pciy ic`ds jcvd hddi bfsnufsdb okr mkiofbditfcafty rdcskis.

Rjd mkakur mkbds usdb fi tjd tchad mc`d ork` trdctfin cib mctdnkrfzfin tjd sdvdrcaspdmfds cmmkrbfin tk tjd `dtjkb ko ofsjfin cib ourtjdr f`pad`ditfin c RA]

`dtjkbkakny tk cmmdpt kr rdldmt c suppafdr. ^jfad tjd rdb mkimdridb trcwafin mcpturd,

tjd nrddi fimaubdb `ciuca ofsjfin, akin afifin, jkkes ki hrcimj afids (sikkbs), Bcifsj

sdfids, ofsjfin wftj mrddas cib humedts. Oficaay, tjd ydaakw macssfofmctfki rdncrbdb ktjdr

mcpturd `dtjkbs rctjdr tjci tjd `ditfkidb kids cib cask, `uatf-`dtjkb ko ofsjfin put

tkndtjdr fi tjd sc`d hkct.

^jfad c odw suppafdrs jcvd crnudb okr mkiofbditfcafty, ktjdrs rdpkrtdb bfoofmuatfds bud tk

tjdfr pksftfkifin fi tjd suppay mjcfi cs dxmusds tk bdiy tjd rdqufrdb fiokr`ctfki.

Wdrjcps sk`d diokrmd`dit tjrkunj c mkitrcmtuca macusd cs c qucafoyfin mrftdrfki wkuab

jdap tk kvdrmk`d tjdsd bfoofmuatfds tkwcrbs tjd nrddi suppay mjcfi adb hy tjd rdtcfadr.

=.8.= Wrkbumt mdrtfofmctfki cib dmk-achdaafin okr ofsjdrfds sustcfichfaftyRjd sdao-bdmacrctfki/sdao-mdrtfofmctfki ko tjd scodty, qucafty cib sustcfichfafty ko suppafdb

ofsj cssurdb tjd krfnfi ork` sustcfichad ofsjdrfds fi tjd achda, hy mkrrdmtay bdsmrfhfin tjd

spdmfds wftjkut rd-achdaafin, hy stctfin tjd mcpturd bctd cib tjd spdmfds rfse, hy cssurfin

trcmdchfafty wftjfi tjd mjcfi ko mustkby cib sk, tjct tjdrd wcs ik trcisjfp`dit ct sdc ko

faadncaay mcunjt ofsj. Bdspftd, tjd dmk-achda kiay okmusdb ki tjd ofsjfin stcnd, f.d. fi tjd

tcrndt spdmfds (vfbdcrrkw 3, Ofnurd 4), mkisu`drs ct tjd WK]=wdrd bfrdmtdb tk purmjcsd

prkbumts tjct jcb odwdr dmkaknfmca f`pcmts. Rjus, dmk-achdas kpdrctfkicafsdb c `credthcsdb cpprkcmj tjct cttd`ptdb tk fiudimd mkisu`dr hdjcvfkur tkwcrbs `krd

sustcfichad sdcokkb. Ki tjd ktjdr jcib, tjd prfimfpca khldmtfvd ko prkbumt mdrtfofmctfki

cib mctmj bkmu`ditctfki wcs cmmk`pafsjdb, f.d. tk prdvdit, bfsmkurcnd cib daf`fictd

FTT ofsjfin (OCK, 8773) sfimd tjct kiay adncaay jcrvdstdb cib rdpkrtdb ofsj acibfins

mkuab hd trcbdb.

Fi su``cry, tjd rdtcfadr fioaudimdb hktj skurmfin hy prkbumt sdao-mdrtfofmctfki cib

trcbfin hy dmk-achdaafin. Ft `fnjt hd crnudb tjct sustcfichad prcmtfmds cakin tjd suppay

mjcfi jcvd hddi f`pad`ditdb hy tjfs cssfni`dit (XSf).

=WK]Wkfit ko ]cads


16/24

3?

=.8.2 Husfidss f`pcmtNrddipdcmd rciefinKur spkiskr jcs prknrdssdb ork` tjd okurtj pksftfki (877:), fi tjd Nrddipdcmd

]updr`credt Xciefin, tk tjd

sdmkib kid, fi 8737 (Ofnurd 37).

Rjd rdpkrtdb rdsdcrmj wcs

mcrrfdb kut burfin 8737 cib sk,ft bfb cask pacy c rdadvcit rkad fi

tjd bdofiftfki ko c `krd

sustcfichad pkafmy okr ofsj

prkmurd`dit cib trcbfin fi tjd

spkiskr, cs rdncrbs dxmaubfin

FTT ofsjfin, sdcokkb trcmdchfafty

cib dmk-achdaafin, prdsdrvctfki

ko rfse spdmfds, ]M vfsfhfafty

f`prkvd`dit.

Rjd pksftfki kmmupfdb hy tjdspkiskr jypdr`credts jcb

rdsuatdb ork` tjd

cmmk`pafsj`dit ko mrftdrfc,

dstchafsjdb hy Nrddipdcmd, cotdr

tjd Mkbd ko Mkibumt okr

Xdspkisfhad Ofsjdrfds (OCK,

3664) tcrndtfin tjd rdmkvdr ko

tjd nakhca stkme advda ko sdcokkb

uitfa 8734.

Rjdsd rdsuats sunndstdb tjct tjd

rdtcfadr jcb hddi pursufin c skmfcaay cmmdptchad ofsj rdtcfafin pkafmy. Ft wcs hktj madcr

cib mkiofr`db tjct fts f`cnd jcb f`prkvdb idcr tjd mkisu`drs cib cask hy INKs, afed

tjd Nrddipdcmd (XSfff).

=.= Xdsuats bfsmussfki=.=.3 ]pkiskrs pksftfkifin ct tjd Nrddipdcmd rciefin okr Wkrtunudsd rdtcfadrs@ciy fistftutfkis crd wkrefin tkndtjdr tk bdvdakp strctdnfds tcrndtfin tjd mkisu`ptfki

pcttdris mjcind tjrkunj tjd `credtpacmd, fi cbbftfki tk nkvdri`dit rdnuactfki tk

f`prkvd ofsjdry prkbumtfki (Fads, 877>). Rjd spkiskr f`prkvdb fts pksftfkifin ct tjdNrddipdcmd qucaftctfvd rciefin okr tjd Wkrtunudsd rdtcfadrs (Ofnurd 37) hy vkauitcry

mkpfin wftj fts nufbcimd. Fi ocmt, supdr`credts mci hd tjd brfvfin okrmd tk pusj akmca

ofsjdrfds tkwcrbs sustcfichfafty ct c ocstdr rctd tjci fs murrditay hdfin pursudb hy

nkvdri`dit (TIDW, 8776).

=.=.8 Wrkbumt mdrtfofmctfki cib dmk-achdaafin okr ofsjdrfds sustcfichfaftyRjd usdb Xdb Afst ko Nrddipdcmd okr ofibfin kut tjd spdmfds ct rfse `fnjt hd

qudstfkidb, fi tjd sc`d wcy tjct lust afsts ko rdmk``dibctfkis, wdhsftds cib rdpkrts crd

usdb tk bfoodrditfctd hdtwddi sustcfichad cib uisustcfichad spdmfds (Fads, 877>).

@krdkvdr, Mjrfstdisdi dt ca. (8733) sunndst tjct ofsjfin quktcs sjkuab hd cs byic`fm, cssjkcas hdjcvfkur, hd pdrfkbfmcaay rdvcauctdb cib fimaubd hktj iki-tcrndt spdmfds cib tjd

Ofnurd 37. Xdsuats ko tjd Rjfrb ]updr`credt

Xciefin (Nrddipdcmd, 8737)


17/24

3>

dmksystd`, cs c wjkad. Rjd dmk-achdaafin mcrrfdb kut fi tjfs rdsdcrmj, kiay okmusdb ki

tjd tcrndt spdmfds (crrkw 3, Ofnurd 4) ko tjd Xdb Afstadcvfin ci f`prkvd`dit `crnfi.

Mjrfstdisdi dt ca. (8733) faaustrctd tjd rdqufrdb jkafstfm cpprkcmj hy mkisfbdrfin tjd

doodmt ko ci dvdituca kvdrofsjfin ko c pcrtfmuacr prdbctkr fi c okkb wdh (d.n. Ruic), ki

tjd pkpuactfki ko tjdfr prdys (d.n. @cmedrda), cib dvdi, tjd doodmt ko tjd mkisdquditpkpuactfki fimrdcsd ko tjfs prdy, cs c prdbctkr ftsdao, kvdr ktjdr spdmfds (d.n. @cmedrda,

ki Mac` pkpuactfki). Rjdy cask brcw up tjd dmkik`fm f`pcmt ko tjd dmksystd` hcacimd

ki lkh mrdctfki (Ofnurd 33). ]k, stkppfin kvdrofsjfin cib caakwfin tjd stkmes tk rdhufab

wkuab fimrdcsd tjdfr prkbumtfvfty cib ft wkuab `cxf`fzd rdvdiuds tk tjd fibustry cib

mk``drmd fi tjd akin rui (]jck, 8776). Rjus, tjd spkiskr pctj mkuab hd f`prkvdb hy

eddpfin trcme ko tjd oakw ork` prkbumtfki tk trcbd wftjfi c hrkcbdr mkitdxt (skmfca,

dmkik`fm cib dmkaknfmca).

Ofnurd 33. Iu`hdr ko lkhs cs c ouimtfki ko tjd dookrt ko tjd tuic oaddt. ]kurmd). Fads cask crnuds tjct `ciy fitdrica pkafmfds cib cmtfvftfds crd ikt trcispcrdittk kutsfbdrs. Oficaay, tjd @]M cbvkmctds c hkct tk pactd cpprkcmj tk mdrtfofmctfki

wjfmj f`pafds c rdqufrd`dit okr trcmdchfafty (Lcmqudt cib Wcuay, 8737).

Ft akkes uiqudstfkichad tjd mcaa okr tjd fivkavd`dit ko caa stcedjkabdrs fi c sjcrdb

jkafstfm vfdw okmusdb ki tjd mustk`dr (Ofnurd 38). @krdkvdr, prkvfbfin vfsfhfafty

advdrcndb hy fiokr`ctfki tdmjikakny wcs okuib cs sfnifofmcit stdps tkwcrbs trust cib

sk, tk hufab up c mrdbfhad cpprkcmj tk sustcfichfafty. Ft wcs ikt dikunj lust tk cmmdpt tjd

wkrb ko tjd suppafdrs chkut tjdfr sustcfichad prcmtfmds, cs ci cmt ko purd ocftj. Rjd

spkiskr sjkuab `ced surd tjct tjdrd wcs dvfbdimd cib vfsfhfafty ko tjd upstrdc`

cmtfvftfds suppkrtdb hy pdrfkbfm rcibk` cubfts, hy mrdbfhad tjfrb pcrtfds cib, cask, hy

cbdquctd rdcatf`d F]/FR skautfkis, sfimd tjct pcpdrwkre wcs hdmk`fin fimrdcsfinayqudstfkichad.

Ofnurd 38 Xdb squcrd< sc`pad ko sdc ofsjdry okr mkisu`ptfki suppay mjcfi. ]kurmd) cib cmtfin cs bd`cib rdnuactkrs, f.d. cmmdptfin sdao-f`pksdb af`fts ki ofsj

mkisu`ptfki, stkppfin purmjcsds ko mdrtcfi spdmfds, kr stkppfin tk huy sustcfichay

mcunjt spdmfds (Fads, 877>).


19/24

36

2 MkimausfkisRjfs pcpdr cbbrdssdb tjd stctd ko tjd crt ko ofsj rdtcfafin prcmtfmds, fi krbdr tk cmjfdvd

hdttdr `cicnd`dit ko `crfid rdskurmds. Rjd rdsdcrmj summddbdb tk uibdrstcib tjd

mkisu`dr vfdw cib tk fitrkbumd ofsj trcmdchfafty tk sk`d dxtdit, sfimd idftjdr MWOX

cpprkcmjds, ikr F]/FR skautfkis crd fi pacmd.

Rjd rdsdcrmj purpksd wcs dxpakrctkry cib c pfakt-stkrd wcs mjksdi hy tjd spkiskr, cs

rdprdsditctfvd. 34= mustk`drs wdrd fiqufrdb cib sdadmtdb hy mkivdifdimd sc`pafin

`dtjkb. Rjus, c hrkcb ndidrcafzctfki ko tjd rdsuats wcs ikt pkssfhad. Rjd cvdrcnd vcauds

pakttdb fi tjd nrcpjfms wdrd fitdrprdtdb fi c qucaftctfvd wcy. ]k, stctfstfmca sfnifofmcimd

wcs ikt cbbrdssdb. Ourtjdr wkre tk kvdrmk`d sk`d ko tjd stuby af`ftctfkis wcs

fbditfofdb, cs okaakws< tk `ced tjd pfakt-tdst `krd rkhust, cs rdncrbs, ci diacrndb

burctfki, mjkksfin tjd tdst pdrfkb fi krbdr tk fimaubd/dxmaubd spdmfca sdcskis kr dvdits,

mkvdr ktjdr stkrds kr f`prkvfin mrftfmca stkrd prkmdburds. Jkwdvdr, hdokrd tjct, tjd

dxfstfin bctc mkuab hd qucitftctfvday cicaysdb hy usfin tkkas ork` `uatfvcrfctd stctfstfms,f.d. ocmtkrfca cicaysfs cib maustdr cicaysfs, tk `ced c prdaf`ficry mkiofr`ctfki ko tjd

`cfi purmjcsfin mrftdrfc cib, cask, ko tjd mkisu`dr prkofads tjct wdrd fbditfofdb.

Rjd dxpakrctkry survdy bfsmaksdb tjd pktditfca mkisu`dr cwcrdidss ko purmjcsfin

mrftdrfc maksd tk sustcfichfafty. Fi tjd outurd, c rfnkrkus stctfstfmca survdy sjkuab hd

mcrrfdb kut, tk mjdme tjd chskautd advda ko f`pkrtcimd ko tjdsd mrftdrfc okr tjd mkisu`drs.

Mkisu`dr mc`pcfnis mkuab hd rdfiokrmdb cib `uatfpafdb cmmkrbfinay. Fo tjd mrftdrfc,

wjfmj mkimdri sustcfichfafty, bk ikt sjkw ciy rdadvcimd, tjdi mkisu`drs `fnjt iddb tk

hd dbumctdb cib tk hdmk`d sdisftfvd tk tjd prkhad`, ofrst ko caa (XSff).

@krdkvdr, tjd qudstfkiicfrd rdvdcadb tjct mkisu`drs cppdcrdb tk hd kpdi tk sk`dcmtfki rdncrbfin spdmfds ct rfse, sumj cs rdbumfin koodr, fimrdcsfin prfmd, kr prcmtfsfin

sustcfichad ofsjdry. Cmtfki sjkuab hd tcedi tk `ced cqucmuaturd `krd pkpuacr, cs ft

cardcby jcppdidb wftj spdmfds afed sca`ki, sdc hrdc` cib hcss (XSff). Wdrjcps, tjfs

jcb kmmurrdb fi tjd sc`d wcy wftj mjfmedi, hut, ikwcbcys, prcmtfmcaay dvdryhkby crd

jcppy tk dct tjd chuibcit, jcao-prfmdb jdis mk`fin ork` tjd pkuatry ocr`fin fibustry.

Rjd pksftfvd pkfit wcs tjct rdspkibdits cppdcrdb tk hd prdpcrdb tk cmmdpt c oficimfca

pdicaty, cs rdncrbs mkisu`fin sdcokkb spdmfds ct rfse, dxcmtay tjd sc`d wcy mkisu`drs

pcy bkuhad-prfmd okr ordd rcind mjfmedi.

Oficaay, tjd survdy jfnjafnjtdb tjd mkisu`dr cvcfachfafty tk purmjcsd spdmfds ct rfse tjct

wdrd mcpturdb hy sustcfichad ofsjdry, wjfmj ndidrctdb wjct cppdcrdb tk hd c madcrbd`cib ki fiokr`ctfki. Mkisu`drs cppdcrdb tk jcvd ik fiokr`ctfki mkimdrifin tjd

rfse stctus ko `ciy pkpuacr spdmfds tjct wdrd koodrdb hy tjd spkiskr. Rwk cmtfkis wdrd

tcedi fi krbdr tk prkvfbd `krd fiokr`ctfki tk tjd mkisu`dr, cs okaakws< (f) c ofrst

Rrcoofm Afnjt ]ystd` (RA]), mkimdrifin tjd sustcfichfafty ko tjd ofsjdrfds, wcs

suppkrtdb hy c purpksdouaay mkistrumtdb bctchcsd hcsdb ki Nrddipdcmd hacmeafst5 (ff) c

sdmkib RA] wcs hufat tk macssfoy tjd spdmfds ct rfse hcsdb ki tjd rdb afsts ko

Nrddipdcmd. Rjd ofsjfin quktc mkuab jcvd hddi cbbrdssdb bdpdibfin ki tjd pdrfkbfm

byic`fms ko sjkcas cib ft sjkuab cask jcvd fimaubdb tjd iki-tcrndt spdmfds cib tjd

dmksystd`, fi cbbftfki tk tjd tcrndt spdmfds. Bdspftd tjd bctchcsd suppkrtdb hypcrtidrs

sdao-dvcauctfki hdfin c murrdit prcmtfmd fi tjd fibustry, strkin mrftfmfs` wcs crfsfin cs

rdncrbs tjd trcispcrdimy ko tjd prkmdss fi tjd mjcfi ko mustkby. Fi ocmt, tjd f`pad`ditdbsmjd`cs tk kpdrctfkicafsd tjd fioaudimd ko tjd rdtcfadr ki skurmfin cib trcbfin


20/24

87

sustcfichad prcmtfmds (XSf) wdrd okuib fisuoofmfdit. Rjus, rdmk``dibctfkis wdrd `cbd,

cs rdncrbs tjd prknrdss tkwcrbs dmk-achdaafin hcsdb ki tjfrb pcrty mdrtfofmctfki, fi wjfmj

mkitdxt tjd rkad ko tjd @crfid ]tdwcrbsjfp Mkuimfa (@]M) wcs bfsmussdb, cs c pkpuacr

cib mrdbfhad mdrtfofdr ditfty. Oficaay, c suppay mjcfi cpprkcmj advdrcndb hy fiokr`ctfki

tdmjikakny, cs c prk`ktdr ko vfsfhfafty cib sk, ko trust, wcs cask bfsmussdb cs c `krd

sustcfichad vfdw.

Rjd hkct tk pactd @]M cpprkcmj tk mdrtfofmctfki suppkrtdb hy `kbdri FR systd`s tk

trcme hktj vdssdas cib cmtfvftfds cmrkss tjd suppay mjcfi, fi rdca-tf`d, wcs prkpksdb.

Rjfs sjkuab prkvfbd hktj trcispcrdimy cib dvfbdimd ko sustcfichfafty prcmtfmds, cf`fin

ct bdcafin wftj `kbdri mkisu`dr prdssurd wftjfi c MWOX divfrki`dit. Rjd mkisu`drs

sjkuab cask hd dbumctdb tk cmtfin cs bd`cib rdnuactkrs, tk mkisu`fin cqucmuaturd ofsj

rctjdr tjci wfab-mcunjt sdcokkb, tk sdao-f`pksfin mkisu`ptfki af`fts, tk stkp huyfin

rfse spdmfds cib tk hd prdpcrdb tk pcyfin `krd okr tjd wfab spdmfds. Ft fs crnudb tjct

rdtcfadrs bfb cppdcr tk jcvd c mkrd rkad cs rdnuactkrs ko tjd suppay mjcfi, sfimd tjdy

mkuab cmt cs pdrodmt `drndrs ko tjd upstrdc` cib bkwistrdc` fitdrdsts, hy krmjdstrctfin

hktj mkisu`dr cib prkbumdr mkivdrndit mc`pcfnis (XSf). Fi tjfs wcy, tjd rdtcfadr rkadsjkuab nk ocr `krd hdykib tjci lust prk`ktfin tjd prknrdss tkwcrbs hcacimdb `crfid

dmksystd`s hcsdb ki ci dookrt tk stkp sdaafin tjd spdmfds fi rfse kr, `drday daf`fictfin

tjd hacmeafstdb ofsjdrfds (XSfff).

Cs rdncrbs tjd dmkik`fm bf`disfki, kid crnuds tjct tjdrd fs c rdadvcit mkitrfhutfki tk

tjd prcmtftfkidr, f.d. tjd spkiskr. Fi ocmt, tjrdd typds ko mkisu`dr hdjcvfkur wdrd

citfmfpctdb, fo tjd advda ko mkisu`dr cwcrdidss fimrdcsdb, cs okaakws< ikt sdisftfvd, ouaay

bdvktdb cib `d tkk. Rjfs mkisu`dr sdn`ditctfki iddbs tk hd mkiofr`db hy bdsfnifin c

`krd rkhust survdy, wjdrd ci fi bdptj skmfk-bd`knrcpjfm mjcrcmtdrfsctfki wkuab hd

mcrrfdb kut, cs wdaa cs, c tjkrkunj bdofiftfki ko hktj tjd cbdquctd vcrfchads tk cssurd

sdcokkb sustcfichfafty cib tjdfr rdactfkisjfps. Fi tjfs wcy, tjd rdtcfadr `fnjt hd chad tk

bdsfni `krd mustk`fsdb pkafmfds tk bdca wftj bfoodrdit mkisu`dr iddbs, fi krbdr tk

cssurd tjdfr akycaty hy cblustfin tjd mkisu`dr mc`pcfnis (XSfff). Cs c mkisdqudimd, c

pksftfvd f`pcmt fi prkoftchfafty `fnjt hd dxpdmtdb, ikt kiay bfrdmtay mkimdrifin tjd

purmjcsfin ko sdcokkb, hut cask fi ktjdr typds ko prkbumts.

Ct acst, ft fs crnudb tjct tjd khldmtfvds ko tjfs rdsdcrmj wdrd ouaay cmjfdvdb, sfimd tjct tjd

murrdit mkrpkrctd sustcfichad prcmtfmds wdrd uibdrstkkb cib dxpacfidb (f), tjd tkpfm wcs

cbbrdssdb cotdr c trfpad hkttk` afid cpprkcmj (ff) cib tjdrd wcs c rdadvcit mkitrfhutfki tk

prcmtfmd, dichafin tjd ofid tuifin ko husfidss prcmtfmd (fff), burfin tjfs dxdrmfsd ko

prk`ktfin sustcfichfafty fi ofsjdrfds hy bfsmussfin tjd f`pad`ditctfki ko vfsfhfafty fisuppay mjcfi.


21/24

83

]dadmtdb Xdodrdimds

Cfrkabf, A. cib Hdme, ^. (877>). Akss, stctus cib trdibs okr mkcstca `crfid jchftcts ko

Durkpd. Kmdciknr. @cr. Hfka. Ciiu. Xdv., 24, pp. =24274.

Cibdrski, @.L., Nkrady, X.I. cib Macred, E.X. (877:). WDX@CIK_C + okr WXF@DX-:?2.

Mkbd ko Mkibumt okr Xdspkisfhad Ofsjdrfds (3664). Crtfmad 38.3:.

MK@ (8778). Mkrpkrctd ]kmfca Xdspkisfhfafty< C husfidss mkitrfhutfki tk ]ustcfichad

Bdvdakp`dit. rdtrfdvdb @crmj, 3?, 873=, ork`< jttp


22/24

88

Nrddipdcmd (877:c). T`c rdmdftc pcrc k bdscstrd< k cpdtftd fiscmfvda bks

supdr`drmcbks pkr pdfxd, Nrddipdcmd Fitdricmfkica, L.I.348, C`stdrbc`.

Xdtrfdvdb @crmj, 3?, 873=, ork`< jttp,

pp. 8:-6.

Ecra, J. cib Krwct, M. (3666). Dmkik`fm cspdmts ko divfrki`ditca achdafin. Fi< Oka`dr,

J., Rfdtdihdrn, R. (Dbs.), Rjd Fitdrictfkica Vdcrhkke ko Divfrki`ditca cib

Xdskurmd Dmkik`fms 3666/8777. Dbwcrb Dancr, Mjdatdijc` (TE), pp. 37>

3>7.

Ac`hdrt, B., Mkkpdr, @. cib Wcnj, L. (366:). ]uppay mjcfi `cicnd`dit.

Afiidiaudmed, @. cib Nrfooftjs, C. (8737). Mkrpkrctd sustcfichfafty cib krncifzctfkica

muaturd.Lkurica ko ^krab Husfidss, 24, pp. =4>=??.

Lcmqudt, L., Wcuay, B. , Cfiady, B., Jkat, ]., Bcytki, W. cib Lcmeski, L. (8737). ]dcokkbstdwcrbsjfp fi mrfsfs.Icturd, 2?8(8), pp. 8:-86.
http://www.greenpeace.org/portugal/%20PageFiles/51829/1-ranking-supermercados.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/portugal/%20PageFiles/51829/1-ranking-supermercados.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/portugal/%20PageFiles/51829/1-ranking-supermercados.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/portugal/Global/portugal/report/2008/6/lista-vermelha-peixes.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/portugal/Global/portugal/report/2008/6/lista-vermelha-peixes.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/portugal/Global/portugal/report/2008/6/lista-vermelha-peixes.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/%20portugal/PageFiles/51810/ranking3.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/%20portugal/PageFiles/51810/ranking3.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/%20portugal/PageFiles/51810/ranking3.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/%20portugal/PageFiles/51810/ranking3.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/%20international/en/campaigns/oceans/pirate-fishing/Blacklist1/http://www.greenpeace.org/%20international/en/campaigns/oceans/pirate-fishing/Blacklist1/http://www.greenpeace.org/%20international/en/campaigns/oceans/pirate-fishing/Blacklist1/http://www.iisd.org/business/markets/eco_label_iso14020.aspxhttp://www.iisd.org/business/markets/eco_label_iso14020.aspxhttp://www.iisd.org/business/markets/eco_label_iso14020.aspxhttp://www.greenpeace.org/%20international/en/campaigns/oceans/pirate-fishing/Blacklist1/http://www.greenpeace.org/%20international/en/campaigns/oceans/pirate-fishing/Blacklist1/http://www.greenpeace.org/%20portugal/PageFiles/51810/ranking3.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/%20portugal/PageFiles/51810/ranking3.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/portugal/Global/portugal/report/2008/6/lista-vermelha-peixes.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/portugal/Global/portugal/report/2008/6/lista-vermelha-peixes.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/portugal/%20PageFiles/51829/1-ranking-supermercados.pdfhttp://www.greenpeace.org/portugal/%20PageFiles/51829/1-ranking-supermercados.pdf


23/24

8=

@crtfi , ].@., Mc`hrfbnd, R.C. , Nrfdvd, M , If``k, O.I. cib Cnidw, B.L. (8738). Ci

Dvcauctfki ko Divfrki`ditca Mjcinds ^ftjfi Ofsjdrfds Fivkavdb fi tjd

@crfid ]tdwcrbsjfp Mkuimfa Mdrtfofmctfki ]mjd`d. Xdvfdws fi Ofsjdrfds

]mfdimd,878:-

3>23.

KDMB (3663). Divfrki`ditca Achdaafin fi KDMB Mkuitrfds, KDMB, Wcrfs)

Wcuay, B., Cabdr, L., Hdiidtt, D., Mjrfstdisdi, _., Rydb`drs, W. cib ^ctski, X. (877=).

Rjd outurd okr ofsjdrfds. (]tctd ko tjd Wacidt), ]mfdimd, _ka.=78(4?26),

pp.3=46-3=?8.

Wjfaafpski, L. (8778). ^fbdifin tjd Idt. Wrkspdmts okr Ofsjdrfds Mk-@cicnd`dit,

jttp.

]tyads, B., ]mjkdihdrndr, J. cib Ncavdz-@crtks, L. (8738). Divfrki`ditca

f`prkvd`dit ko prkbumt suppay mjcfis< Wrkpksdb hdst prcmtfmd tdmjifquds,

qucitftctfvd fibfmctkrs cib hdimj`cres ko dxmdaadimd okr rdtcfadrs. Lkurica

ko Divfrki`ditca @cicnd`dit,337, pp. 3=4-347.

Rjrcid, @., \fdnadr, O. cib ]kidsski, T. (8776). Dmk-achdaafin ko wfab-mcunjt sdcokkb

prkbumts.Lkurica ko Madcidr Wrkbumtfki, 3>, pp. 23?28=.

Rfaa, @. cib @creus, ]. (8738). Rjd Acw cib Wkafmy Hdjfib tjd Tpmk`fin Xdokr` ko

tjd Mk``ki Ofsjdrfds Wkafmy. Lkurica okr Durkpdci Divfrki`ditca &

Waciifin Acw, _ka. 6 (=-2), pp. 84>-8:2.

TIDWTiftdb Ictfkis Divfrki`dit Wrknrc``d (8776). Rjd Xkad ko ]uppay Mjcfis fi

Cbbrdssfin tjd Nakhca ]dcokkb Mrfsfs, BRF/383:/WC, jttp


24/24

hrkcbdifin divfrki`ditca cssdss`dit okr sdcokkb prkbumtfki systd`s

Rrdibs fi Okkb ]mfdimd & Rdmjikakny, 8:, pp. 33?-3=3.

_dssda Rrcmefin Nakhcaay (AXFR) Durkpdcci @crftf`d ]codty Cndimy (873=). Xdtrfdvdb

@crmj, 3?, 873=, ork`, rdtrfdvdb @crmj, 3?, 873=, ork`

cambridge 2013 (ifm) - implementing supply chain visibility to promote fisheries sustainability

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