cambridge international examinations cambridge ... · hdi is a composite indicator of development...
TRANSCRIPT
This document consists of 27 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 Insert.
DC (NH/SW) 154450/5
© UCLES 2018 [Turn over
*0245013764*
GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
Paper 1 October/November 2018
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Calculator
Ruler
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Write your answer to each question in the space provided. If additional space is required, you should use the
lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question number(s) must be clearly shown.
Answer three questions, one from each section.
The Insert contains Figs. 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 for Question 2, Figs. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.4 for Question 4, and Fig. 6.2 for
Question 6.
The Insert is not required by the Examiner.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries
This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.
Cambridge International ExaminationsCambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
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Section A
Answer one question from this section.
1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, which shows information about the population in the Lesser Antilles, a group of islands in the Caribbean.
Barbados
Trinidad
& Tobago
25 000
0 100
km
200
1 000 000
2 500
250 000
2 500 000
Number of inhabitants
St.Vincent &
the Grenadines
St.Lucia
Dominica
Montserrat
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Antigua
& Barbuda
Atlantic Ocean
Caribbean Sea
Lesser Antilles
St. Kitts
& NevisPuerto Rico
Virgin Islands Anguilla
St. Maarten
SabaSt. Eustatius(US)
(GB)
St. Martin St. Barthélemy
Grenada
1 – 30
31 – 100
101 – 150
151 – 200
201 – 250
Population density per km2
Key
251 – 300
301 – 400
401 – 500
501 +
N
Fig. 1.1
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(i) What is measured by population density? Tick the one statement in the table below which is correct.
Tick [3]
How closely together people live
How large the population of an area is
The amount of land in the area
The wealth of an area
[1]
(ii) Calculate the population density of St. Lucia using the following data:
Area of land = 616 km2
Total population = 167 000
You should show your calculations in the box below.
.............................. per km2
[2]
(iii) Identify the following from Fig. 1.1:
– the largest island ........................................
– the island with the largest total population ........................................
– the island with the highest population density ........................................ [3]
(iv) Suggest four reasons why the islands shown in Fig. 1.1 all have different population densities even though they all have similar climates.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
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(b) Study Fig. 1.2, which shows information about the world’s population.
Only 5% of the total population of
the world lives in the shaded areas.
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of Cancer
Fig. 1.2
(i) The areas shaded on Fig. 1.2 are sparsely populated. Describe the global distribution of these areas.
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(ii) Explain how climate influences population distribution.
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(c) For a named country you have studied, explain why it has a high natural population growth rate.
Name of country .......................................
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2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, which shows information about the world’s population living in urban areas.
above 75%51 – 75%25 – 50%below 25%
percentage of totalpopulation living inurban areas
Key
Ethiopia
India
Brazil
South Africa
Fig. 2.1
(i) Tick the one feature in the table which is typical of an urban area.
Tick (3)
Few sources of employment are available
Low population density
Large amounts of housing, shops and entertainment
Large areas of open space
Most land is used for farming
[1]
(ii) Using Fig. 2.1, complete the table below by inserting the names of the following four countries.
The countries should be arranged in rank order of the percentage of their total population living in urban areas.
Brazil Ethiopia India South Africa
Largest percentage living in urban areas
Smallest percentage living in urban areas
[2]
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(iii) Compare the distribution of countries where the largest percentage (above 75%) and smallest percentage (below 25%) of their population live in urban areas.
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(iv) Explain why a greater percentage of the population live in urban areas in MEDCs than in LEDCs.
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(b) Study Figs. 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 (Insert), which are photographs taken in an urban area in an LEDC.
(i) Using evidence from Figs. 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 only, identify three pull factors attracting people to urban areas in LEDCs.
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(ii) Describe the problems faced by migrants who have recently moved to urban areas in LEDCs.
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(c) For a named urban area you have studied in an LEDC, describe the strategies used to improve the living conditions of people in squatter settlements.
Name of urban area .......................................
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[Total: 25]
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Section B
Answer one question from this section.
3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which shows information about the weather at midday on 29 March and 31 March 2016 at Poole Harbour in the UK.
0
0 10020 80
40 60
humidity %
cloud base
1000
2000metres
3000
4000
5000 NW
N
S
SW
NE
2520 30
15
10 40
5
35
45
500SE
W E
1002 mb
air pressure
29 March 2016
401.00.90.80.70.60.5cm
wind direction wind speed (knots)
0.40.30.20.1
0
rainfall temperature
30
20°C
10
0
–10
0
0 10020 80
40 60
humidity %
cloud base
1000
2000metres
3000
4000
5000 NW
N
S
SW
NE
2520 30
15
10 40
5
35
45
500SE
W E
1014 mb
air pressure
31 March 2016
401.00.90.80.70.60.5cm
wind direction wind speed (knots)
0.40.30.20.1
0
rainfall temperature
30
20°C
10
0
–10
Fig. 3.1
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(i) Define weather.
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(ii) Describe how wind direction is measured.
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(iii) Identify from Fig. 3.1 the weather characteristic measured by the following instruments.
Anemometer .........................................................
Barometer .............................................................
Thermometer ......................................................... [3]
(iv) Describe four differences between the weather at Poole Harbour on 29 March and 31 March 2016.
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(b) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the annual rainfall on the island of Viti Levu, in Fiji.
0 25 50
km
N
isohyet (line joining placesof equal annual rainfall in mm)
Key
31003750
3750
3750
3100
5000
31001750
1750 20
00
2500
2500
2250
2000
2250
Suva
LautokaViti
Levu
5000
2500
Fig. 3.2
(i) Describe the location of the area with an annual rainfall of over 5000 mm in Viti Levu.
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(ii) Describe how data on rainfall can be collected using a rain gauge. You should refer to where the rain gauge should be sited and how it is used.
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(c) For a named river you have studied, describe the hazards for people caused by flooding.
Name of river ..................................................
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[Total: 25]
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4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1 (Insert), which shows some countries where coastal erosion and deposition occur in Europe, along with Fig. 4.2 (Insert) which is a photograph showing a coastline shaped by erosion.
(i) What is meant by coastal erosion?
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(ii) Using evidence from Fig. 4.1 only, explain why coastal erosion occurs at X but coastal deposition occurs at Y.
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(iii) Describe the main features of the cliff and wave-cut platform shown in Fig. 4.2.
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(iv) Explain how the wave-cut platform shown in Fig. 4.2 was formed by coastal erosion.
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(b) Study Fig. 4.3, which shows methods of protecting coasts from erosion, along with Fig. 4.4 (Insert), which shows an area where a cliff has collapsed.
methods
of
coastal
protection
gabion
revetment
groyne
sea wall
beach nourishmentrock armour
Fig. 4.3
(i) Describe any three of the methods of coastal protection which are labelled in Fig. 4.3.
Method of coastal protection Description
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[3]
(ii) Choose one method which you think should be used to protect the coastline shown in Fig. 4.4 from erosion. You can refer to any method of coastal protection, including those in Fig. 4.3.
Justify your choice of method.
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(c) For a named area of coast you have studied, describe the natural hazards faced by people.
Name of area of coast ..................................................
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[Total: 25]
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TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 5
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Section C
Answer one question from this section.
5 (a) Study Figs. 5.1 and 5.2, which show maps of Human Development Index (HDI) in South America in 2000 and 2012.
2000
PANAMA
EL SALVADOR
GUATEMALA
BELIZE
HONDURAS
NICARAGUA
COSTA RICA
VENEZUELA
FRENCH GUIANA
SURINAME
GUYANA
CHILE
ECUADOR
ARGENTINA
BOLIVIA
COLOMBIA
PERU BRAZIL
PARAGUAY
URUGUAY
above 0.8
0.7–0.8
below 0.7
no data
Key
0 1000 2000
km
2000 N
Fig. 5.1
2012
PANAMA
EL SALVADOR
GUATEMALA
BELIZE
HONDURAS
NICARAGUA
COSTA RICA
VENEZUELA
FRENCH GUIANA
SURINAME
GUYANA
CHILE
ECUADOR
ARGENTINA
BOLIVIA
COLOMBIA
PERU BRAZIL
PARAGUAY
URUGUAY
above 0.8
0.7–0.8
below 0.7
2012
Key
0 1000 2000
km
N
Fig. 5.2
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(i) What was the HDI of Uruguay in both 2000 and 2012?
.................................................. [1]
(ii) Give one example of each of the following:
– a country where the HDI has increased from below 0.7 to 0.7–0.8;
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– a country where the HDI has increased from 0.7–0.8 to above 0.8.
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(iii) Tick the three statements about HDI in the table below which are correct.
Tick (3)
All countries with a high HDI have large populations
HDI is a composite indicator of development
HDI is the same as average income
Many people who live in a country with a low HDI will be wealthy
Most people who live in a country with a high HDI will be well educated
The higher the HDI the longer people are likely to live
There will be more schools and universities where the HDI is lower
[3]
(iv) Suggest four reasons why the HDI of many South American countries increased between 2000 and 2012.
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(b) Study Fig. 5.3, which shows information about GDP per person and the use of energy per person in selected countries (GDP is an indicator of wealth).
high
highlowannual energy use per person
GDP perperson(US$)
Norway
Russia
India
United States
China
Afghanistan
Fig. 5.3
(i) Describe the relationship between GDP per person and the use of energy per person. Refer to countries in your answer.
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(ii) Explain why there is a relationship between GDP per person and the use of energy per person.
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(c) For a country you have studied, describe the advantages and disadvantages of a transnational corporation (TNC) locating there.
Name of country ..................................................
Name of transnational corporation (TNC) ..................................................
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6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1, which is a graph showing information about the employment structure of Sweden (an MEDC) and Myanmar (an LEDC).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
tertiary (percentage)
primary
(percentage)
secondary
(percentage)
60 70 80 90 100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Myanmar
Sweden
Fig. 6.1
(i) Plot a cross on Fig. 6.1 to show the following information about the employment structure of Ghana:
Primary 45% Secondary 15% Tertiary 40% [1]
(ii) Give one example of primary employment and one example of tertiary employment.
Primary ..............................................................................................................................
Tertiary ..........................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Using information from Fig. 6.1 only, compare the employment structure of Sweden and Myanmar.
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(iv) Suggest reasons for the difference in employment structure between Sweden and Myanmar.
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(b) Study Fig. 6.2 (Insert), which shows information about the car assembly industry.
(i) Use Fig. 6.2 to explain what is meant by assembly industry.
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(ii) Explain how the location of industry can be influenced by transport.
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(c) Describe the local and global environmental risks of an economic activity which takes place in a named area you have studied.
Name of area ..................................................
Economic activity ..................................................
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Additional Pages
If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown.
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