Cambridge Venture ProjectDigital Preservation and Long Term Access Functionality

Group 12: Yunghan Au, Rizik Kandalaft, Ming Kuang, Savita NairThursday, December 9, 2010

Disclaimer: This work has been undertaken as part of a student educational project and the material should be viewed in this context. The work does not constitute professional advice and no warranties are made regarding the information presented. The Authors, Cambridge Judge Business School and its Faculty do not accept any liability for the consequences of any action taken a result of the work or any recommendations made or inferred.

Agenda

Introduction Digital Preservation Open Planets Foundation

Project Objectives

Research Methodology

Secondary Research

Primary Research: Healthcare Industry

Summary & Recommendations

?

Open Planets Foundation

Independent, not-for-profit organization, derived from EU funded Planets Project

Commitment to an open-source framework

Membership mainly Memory Organizations

Migration & emulation services to actively prevent data format obsolescence

Promotion of digital preservation practices for homes and businesses

Project Objectives

Investigate global demand for digital preservation Global market size > $1 Bn

Identify a target industry in the corporate market Healthcare

Primary research and analysis of Healthcare Industry 92% interested in long-term data access 80% estimate cost of data loss to be high

Consultancy interest in OPF offerings Interested if established as an industry standard

Market Size (1 of 2)

1 Gantz, J.F. (2008) The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe, IDC White Paper, March. Available at: http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/diverse-exploding-digital-universe.pdf (Accessed: 3 November 2010).2 EB = 1,024 PB; PB = 1,024 TB; TB = 1,024 GB3 Schofield, J. (2010) Google finally enters the online storage arena with a free 1GB. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/jan/12/google-docs-storage-cloud-gdrive (Accessed: 8 December 2010).

~ $10 Tn / year

Volume of Data Generation = 1,530 EB1,2

% Data Preservation = 35%1

2011 Forecasted Data

Preservation Cost

$0.25 / GB3

Market Potential

1,530 EB * 0.35 = 530 EB

Volume of DataPreservation

Market Size (2 of 2)

Data Generation

Third party storage industry

DataPreservation

Expected Market Size

In 2011

$1.62 Bn1

Minimum Market Size

in 2011

~ $1 Bn

* 60 - 70%2

1 Market Size in 2010 ($1.45 Bn) * CAGR (11.7%) Source: IDC. (2009) Worldwide Archiving Software 2009-

2013 Forecast. Available at:

http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=219114

2 Phone conversation with Jing Wang, Strategic Business Manager, EMC

Data Storage

Preservation and Access

Research Methodology

Financial Services• Strict data retention regulations around transaction data

Aerospace & Defense• Digital Earth observation data vital to future research; Product lifecycle vs. deployment cycle

Industry Specific Considerations

Oil and Gas• 3D Seismic data monitored for on-time decision making

Manufacturing• Product life cycle (5-20 years) vs. technology lifecycle (4-5 years)

Healthcare• Electronic patient records (EPRs), including family medical history

Refer to Appendices 2-7 for detailed analyses of the industries mentioned in this slide.

Potential Drivers of Demand

Digital Preservation

Software Spend

Data Storage

Cost of Data Loss

Cost of Data Replacement

Industry Standards

Regulations

- Fines- Reputation- Rework / Lower

productivity- Customer

dissatisfaction- Loss of irrecoverable

data

- Reverse engineer- Recreate lost

information

Weighted Relative PointsFinancial Services

HealthcareAerospace & Defense

Oil & Gas

Manufacturing

Cost of data replacement 18 12 6 12 18Cost of data loss 15 25 25 20 10Regulations 8 20 4 4 4Industry standards 3 3 9 6 15Data storage 10 8 0 10 6Software spend 5 1 0 0 4Total 59 69 44 52 57

Relative PointsFinancial Services

HealthcareAerospace & Defense

Oil & Gas

Manufacturing

Cost of data replacement 3 2 1 2 3Cost of data loss 3 5 5 4 2Regulations 2 5 1 1 1Industry standards 1 1 3 2 5Data Storage / Archiving 5 4 0 5 3Software Spending 5 1 0 0 4Total 19 18 10 14 18

Weight

654321

Secondary Research Findings

*

Regulations

5 years

6 years

3 years

5 years

5 years

5 years

6 years

6 years

Indefinite5 years

2 years

7 yearsIndefinite

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Basel II Accord

SEC 17a(3,4)

NASD 2210, 2711, 3010, 3110

MiFID

USA Patriot Act

Bank Secrecy Act / AML

Financial Services Authority

HIPAA

UK Dept of Health

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

Data Retention Directive

US firms in litigation US listed cos. Telecom Energy Healthcare Financial Services

Maximum Retention Period

Telecommunication

IndustryRegulation

Energy

Healthcare

Financial Services

US listed companies

US firms in litigation

Healthcare Records

Source: Records Management, NHS Code of Practice, Part 2 (2nd Edition). Available at: http://www.dh.gov.uk/ (Accessed: 7 December 2010)

15

20

25

26

30

50

Indefinite

Clinical trials, Drug trials, Research records, Standard operating procedures

Scanned documents, Mental health, Utrasound records, Physiotherapy

Maternity, Children and young people, Clinical protocol (GP)

Controlled drug documentation

Human DNA, Blood bank register, Transplantation, Genetic records, Oncology

Human fertilization records, Research records

Electronic patient records (EPRs), X-ray reports, Mammography screens, Diagnostic Image Data,

Environmental monitoring results

Retention (Years)

Healthcare (1 of 2)

Surveyed (24)

Archived 80%

6 – 10 years

21+ years

Long-term access

92%

6 – 10 years

21+ years

MillionsHundreds of ThousandsThousands

80% estimated the cost of data loss at hundreds of thousands or millions of

pounds

Healthcare (2 of 2)

Inability to access

73%

Long-term access (22)

6 – 10 years

21+ years

Present

Future

In-house

Third-Party

May pay for a service if available

May use OPF’s tools quickly with further awareness

Harder sell, tied in to current solutions

May integrate OPF’s technology with further awareness

SWOT Analysis

Target MarketSimilar Differe

nt

Product

Similar

Different

STRENGTHS

1. Non profit foundation

2. Flexible service offering

3. Alliance with memory institutions

1. First to market2. Infant market3. High expected

growth in demand

WEAKNESSES

OPPORTUNITIES

THREATS

1. Lack of brand recognition

2. No standardized product

3. Reliance on non-OPF personnel for service delivery

1. Perceived instability of open-source technology

2. Cutbacks 3. Competitors

Consultant Talk

Proprietary formats may not be open to conversion

Open XML is not compatible with every data format

Appealing to clients if established as an industry standard “How do I know this technology will meet the

regulatory requirement?”1

Prerequisites to “buy” Technology stability Commercial viability

1Phone conversation with Satish Babu, President and Co-founder, InApp Source: See Appendix 13

Summary

Global market size greater than $1 Bn

Healthcare industry shows high potential High cost of data loss Regulatory requirements

38% willing to pay for third-party solutions

Consultancies reluctant to adopt OPF technologies without established industry standards

Recommendations

Create an industry standard for digital preservation of specific data formats

IEEE Standards Association (http://standards.ieee.org/) Dr. Sorel Reisman, IEEE Computer Society President (2011)

Establish alliance with organizations committed to digital preservation and open source technology

ESA-ESRIN InApp – Satish Babu, President and Co-founder, InApp Healthcare Information & Management Systems Society (HIMSS)

Attend events organized by healthcare organizations and introduce the idea of a pilot project

HIMSS Conference – February 20-24, 2011 (Orlando, United States) NHS Innovations Council – Prof. Alan Barrell, Chairman NHS Innovation

Council East of England

A world leading school for business at the heart of Cambridge

Appendix 1: Data storage

Worldwide archiving market size = $1.3 Bn1

Industry expert opinion on global storage trends Yue Zhu – Senior Finance Manager, Honeywell

China Jing Wang – Strategic Business Manager, EMC

China

1 IDC. (2010) Worldwide Archiving Software 2009 Vendor Shares. Available at: http://www.idc.com/research/viewdocsynopsis.jsp?containerId=223466&sectionId=null&elementId=null&pageType=SYNOPSIS (Accessed: 7 December 2010)

Appendix 2: Financial Services

Key consideration: Transaction records Large fines and penalties for lost customer

information Regulations require record retention for only 3-

6 years "Financial services industry accounts for just

6% of the digital universe today and will fall to 3% by 2011."1

1Gantz, J.F. (2008) The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe, IDC White Paper, March. Available at: http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/diverse-exploding-digital-universe.pdf (Accessed: 3 November 2010).

69% healthcare organizations expect data volumes to grow1

Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) EPR files Scanned documents, primarily PDF

UK Department of Health: “EPRs must not be destroyed, or deleted, for the foreseeable future”2

7/24/365 accessibility crucial

Potential size of market is uncertain Lifetime of EPR expected to be 125 years3

Appendix 3: Healthcare

1Research Diagnoses the Underlying Causes of Healthcare Data Upsurge, www.bridgeheadsoftware.com2Records Management, NHS Code of Practice, Part 2 (2nd Edition). Available at: http://www.dh.gov.uk/ (Accessed: 7 December 2010)3Scott, R.E. (2007) ‘e-Records in health – Preserving our future’, International Journal of Medical Informatics, 76 (2007), pp. 427-431. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed: 4 November 2010).

Appendix 4: Aerospace

Key consideration 1: Digital Earth observation data

High cost of lost data for future generations Climate change effects on Earth’s topography

No definition of retention time period Primarily dependent on government budgets

Short term administrations unlikely to invest in long term preservation

Understands the need for digital preservation, struggles to articulate value -> Alliance with OPF?

Appendix 5: Defense

Key consideration 2: Deployment cycle A useful life of 10 years or more are expected

from storage systems “Some military mission flight recorders (black

boxes) from the late 1970s are still in service”1

Data loss is not an option Irreplaceable data Highly sensitive applications

1Howard, C.E. (2009) ‘Secure information storage: military and aerospace equipment designers have a wealth of online options available to fill the ever-increasing need for secure data storage in the field’, Military and Aerospace Electronics, Volume 20, Issue 12. Factiva [Online]. Available at: http://global.factiva.com (Accessed: 4 November 2010).

Appendix 6: Oil & Gas

Key consideration: 3D Seismic data Sensors monitor activity at exploration

point and transfer information to headquarters to enable effective decision making

Chevron accumulates 2 TBs a day1

Geological data set for an oil field = 200 TB1

1Gantz, J.F. (2008) The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe, IDC White Paper, March. Available at: http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/diverse-exploding-digital-universe.pdf (Accessed: 3 November 2010).

Appendix 7: Manufacturing(1 of 2)

Key consideration: Product life cycle Long term use of product data is “hampered by

the ephemeral nature of CAD file formats and the applications that work with them”

Several applications used in different phases of the product lifecycle

Expected amount of data to be preserved* = 80 EB1

* For 10 years or more

1Gantz, J.F. (2008) The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe, IDC White Paper, March. Available at: http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/diverse-exploding-digital-universe.pdf (Accessed: 3 November 2010).

Appendix 7: Manufacturing(2 of 2)

Key consideration: Product life cycle

Products forced into obsolescence Software support often unavailable for products in the

Field Support stage Files in older versions cannot be accessed by the latest

application tools

Product Life

Cycle

Technology Life Cycle

Up to 20 years

Field SupportProductionDesign

T T T T

T Technology changes

Financial Services Recover transaction

information and customer trust

Manufacturing Reverse engineering

costs The need for digital

preservation is higher in industries where the lost data cannot be replaced Healthcare Aerospace & Defense

Appendix 8: Cost of Data Replacement

Finan

cial S

ervice

s

Health

care

Aerosp

ace &

Defense

Oil & Gas

Manufac

turing

0

5

10

15

20

25

Wei

ghte

d Re

lativ

e Po

ints

Healthcare Medical history

irrecoverable if electronic patient records (EPRs) are lost

Software obsolescence found to be especially challenging for diagnostic images

Aerospace & Defense High cost of lost climate

change data for future generations

Appendix 9: Cost of Data Loss

Finan

cial S

ervice

s

Health

care

Aerosp

ace &

Defense

Oil & Gas

Manufac

turing

0

5

10

15

20

25

Wei

ghte

d Re

lativ

e Po

ints

Financial Services24%

Public Sector18%

Manufacturing18%

Retail

Communications

Other*

Healthcare

Appendix 10: Software Spend

*Agriculture, Mining, Construction, Services, Utilities, and Transportation

IT spending highest in US and Europe, Financial Services

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/rsink/gartner-report-it-spending-2010 (no date). (Accessed: 1 November 2010)

Appendix 11: Primary Research

Double click to open

Appendix 12: Competitors

Company Introduction VisionBusiness

Model

Chronopolis

Chronopolis is a national center organization for the management, long-term preservation, and promulgation of national digital assets.

Chronopolis addresses this critical problem (digital information) and provide the service of long-term data preservation and access

Non-for-profit; membership

InApp

InApp provides reengineering & migration services to software and hardware. It helps customers reengineer legacy systems, upgrade current products to a new platform, architecture, OS and / or language.

InApp is committed to be a world class business solution provider delivering exceptional value to the customer leveraging on an organization culture that promotes innovation and excellence.

For-profit and offer service

ESA-ESRIN

The largest European earth observation (EO) data provider and operates as the reference European centre for EO payload data exploitation.

Many users are calling for the need to preserve the EO data and ensure long-term accessibility.

Non-for-profit; membership

EMCNo.1 company for data storage service and start researching on preservation

Offer the best service on data storage and access

For-profit and offer service

Appendix 13: Consultant Advisors

Satish Babu – President and Co-founder, InApp Jing Wang – Strategic Business Manager, EMC

China Joseph Abraham – Senior Vice President, HCL

America

Appendix 14: Regulation & Formats

Finance

Cross-sector

Government

Source: Watson Hall Ltd. UK Data Retention Requirements. Available at: https://www.watsonhall.com/methodology/uk-data-retention-requirements.pl (no date) (Accessed: 6 December 2010).

Appendix 15: References (1 of 4)

1. Business Insights. (2009) ‘Key Players in Enterprise Security – Strategy, performance and SWOT analysis’, Datamonitor 360 [Online]. Available at: http://360.datamonitor.com/ (Accessed: 1 November 2010).

2. Eastwood, G. (2006) ‘The IT Services opportunity in vertical sectors’, Datamonitor 360 [Online]. Available at: http://360.datamonitor.com/ (Accessed: 1 November 2010).

3. http://www.slideshare.net/rsink/gartner-report-it-spending-2010 (no date). (Accessed: 1 November 2010).

4. Mohammed, A. (2007) ‘Retention challenge’, Computer Weekly, Oct 16, 2007, pp. 26, 28. ABI/INFORM Trade & Industry [Online]. Available at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1381419601 (Accessed: 1 November 2010).

5. Dr. Gishner, B. (2006) The Role of ISO 10303 (STEP) in Long Term Data Retention. Available at: http://edge.cs.drexel.edu/LTKR/Gischner%20-%20STEP%20Presentation%20on%20LTKR.pdf (Accessed: 4 November 2010).

6. Harada, R. (2003) ‘Are you prepared for long-term data preservation? - first in/first out’, Computer Technology Review, Oct 2003 [Online]. Available at: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BRZ/is_10_23/ai_111062977/ (Accessed: 2 November 2010).

7. Ex Libris Ltd. CASE STUDY: DIGITAL PRESERVATION AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NEW ZEALAND. Preservation: A Forward-Looking Mission. Available at: http://www.exlibrisgroup.com/files/CaseStudy/SunPreservationandNLNZ.pdf (Accessed: 29 October 2010).

8. Gantz, J.F. (2008) The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe, IDC White Paper, March. Available at: http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/diverse-exploding-digital-universe.pdf (Accessed: 3 November 2010).

9. Iron Mountain Incorporated. (2010) New Insights in Records Management Compliance. Available at: http://www.ironmountain.com/webcasts/New-Insights-in-Records-Management-Compliance.html (Accessed: 29 November 2010).

10. Caldwell, F. (2010) Magic Quadrant for Enterprise Governance, Risk and Compliance Platforms. Available at: http://www.gartner.com/technology/media-products/reprints/metricstream/vol3/article2/article2.html (Accessed: 2 November 2010).

11. InTechnology Ltd. (2004) Making Sense of Data Law, InTechnology Managed Services White Paper, April. Available at: http://www.intechnology.co.uk/documents/whitepapers/MakingSense_DataLaw.pdf (Accessed: 2 November 2010).

Appendix 15: References (2 of 4)

12. Bleicher, P. (2002) Diamonds May Be Forever, But Data? – Applied Clinical Trials. Available at: http://appliedclinicaltrialsonline.findpharma.com/appliedclinicaltrials/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=87252 (Accessed: 1 December 2010).

13. Covington & Burling LLP. (2006) White Paper on Data Retention of Voice mail for Regulated and Unregulated Industries in the U.S. and E.U. Microsoft Corporation. Available at: http://download.microsoft.com (Accessed: 30 October 2010).

14. Clark, E. (2004) ‘Data retention regulations: keeping it legal’, Network Magazine, Mar 2004, 19 (3), pp. 24-30. ABI/INFORM Trade & Industry [Online]. Available at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1381419601 (Accessed: 7 November 2010).

15. Brooks, P.K. (1997). ‘Records Retention: Producing value from compliance’, ABA Bank Compliance, May/Jun 1997, 18 (5), pp. 42. ABI/INFORM Global [Online]. Available at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1381419601 (Accessed: 7 November 2010).

16. NetIQ Corporation. (2006) Addressing Regulatory Compliance in the Healthcare Industry. Available at: http://download.netiq.com/CMS/WHITEPAPER/NetIQIndustryWP_HC.pdf (Accessed: 7 November 2010).

17. Furness, V. (2007). ‘The future of regulatory compliance - Strategies for a second wave of regulation’, Datamonitor 360 [Online]. Available at: http://360.datamonitor.com/ (Accessed: 1 November 2010).

18. Harris, R. (2010) ‘100 year data preservation’, ZDNet, 22 September. Available at: http://www.zdnet.com/blog/storage/100-year-data-preservation/1093?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ZDNetBlogs+%28ZDNet+All+Blogs%29 (Accessed: 15 November 2010).

19. Crandall, W. (2008) ‘Best Practices in ECM Backup and Recovery’, Business TechEdge, August 2008 [Online]. Available at: http://techedgemag.com/content/ContentCT.asp?P=275 (Accessed: 17 November 2010).

20. MessageSolution, Inc. Compliance - Regulations Overview. Available at: http://www.messagesolution.com/resources.htm#frcp (no date) (Accessed: 17 November 2010).

21. CA Technologies. (2010) The Avoidable Cost of Downtime, CA Technology Research Report. Available at: http://www.arcserve.com/files/supportingpieces/acd_report_100908_244254.pdf (Accessed: 5 November 2010).

Appendix 15: References (3 of 4)

22. University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine. Data retention: Selected requirements by data type – Information Technology – Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami. Available at: http://it.med.miami.edu/x1312.xml (no date) (Accessed: 27 November 2010).

23. http://www.metricstream.com/solutions/ferc_compliance.htm (no date) (Accessed: 27 November 2010).

24. Raffo, D. (2010) Disaster recovery/business continuity planning top spending priority, according to Forrester. Available at: http://searchstorage.techtarget.co.uk/news/article/0,289142,sid181_gci1519940,00.html (Accessed: 27 November 2010).

25. Lyman, P. (2002) ‘Archiving the World Wide Web’, Building a National Strategy for Digital Preservation, April. Available at: http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub106/web.html (Accessed: 8 November 2010).

26. FaceTime Communications, Inc. Instant Messaging and Social Media Regulatory Requirements. Available at: http://www3.facetime.com/solutions/regulatoryrequirements.aspx (no date) (Accessed: 27 November 2010).

27. ALSTON + BIRD LLP. What are the HIPAA rules? Available at: http://www.klsecurity.com/hipaa_regulation.htm (no date) (Accessed: 27 November 2010).

28. Moffet, B.L. (2004) Timeframes for Document Retention. Available at: http://www.gfrlaw.com/pubs/GordonPubDetail.aspx?xpST=PubDetail&pub=96 (Accessed: 3 December 2010).

29. Breaux, T.D. (2008) ‘Analyzing Regulatory Rules for Privacy and Security Requirements’, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, VOL. 34, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2008 [Online]. Available at: http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/TSE.2007.70746 (Accessed: 6 December 2010).

30. Swartz, N.. (2007). ‘UK Stores Phone Data for One Year’, Information Management Journal 41, no. 6: 17.  Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost [Online]. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=27569860&site=bsi-live (Accessed: 1 November 2010).

31. Lee, J.J. (2005) ‘The Compliance Imperative: Managing Record Retention in a Rapidly Changing Regulatory Environment’, DM Review, 15(6), pp. 38-41. ABI/INFORM Trade & Industry [Online]. Available at: : http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1381419601 (Accessed: 6 December 2010).

32. Watson Hall Ltd. UK Data Retention Requirements. Available at: https://www.watsonhall.com/methodology/uk-data-retention-requirements.pl (no date) (Accessed: 6 December 2010).

Appendix 15: References (4 of 4)

33. Preimesberger, C. (2008) ‘ON THE BRINK OF DISASTER. (cover story).’, eWeek, 25, no. 22, pp. 31-38. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost [Online]. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=33986023&site=bsi-live (Accessed: 1 November 2010).

34. Nettleton, E., and Watts, M. (2007) ‘Assessing the costs of data retention in the UK’, Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, 15, no. 1, pp. 56-59. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost [Online]. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=30050546&site=bsi-live (Accessed: 1 November 2010).

35. Lior, A. (2010) ‘Protecting Critical Data’, Dataquest, November 2. Factiva [Online]. Available at: http://global.factiva.com (Accessed: 6 December 2010).

36. Smith, E.M. (2009) ‘Storage management: What radiologists need to know’, Applied Radiology, Volume 38, Issue 5. Factiva [Online]. Available at: http://global.factiva.com (Accessed: 2 November 2010).

37. Mitchell, D.R. and Mitchell, J.A. (2006) ‘Status of clinical gene sequencing data reporting and associated risks for information loss’, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 40 (2007), pp. 47-54. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed: 4 November 2010).

38. Howard, C.E. (2009) ‘Secure information storage: military and aerospace equipment designers have a wealth of online options available to fill the ever-increasing need for secure data storage in the field’, Military and Aerospace Electronics, Volume 20, Issue 12. Factiva [Online]. Available at: http://global.factiva.com (Accessed: 4 November 2010).

39. Naccarati, P. (2003) Data Storage: Managing Obsolescence, Adtron Marketing, June. Available at: http://www.adtron.com/pdf/AdtronMO030606.pdf (Accessed: 3 November 2010).

40. Harris, R. and Olby, N. (2001) ‘Earth observation data archiving in the USA and Europe’, Space Policy, 17 (2001), pp. 35-48. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed: 4 November 2010).

41. Scott, R.E. (2007) ‘e-Records in health – Preserving our future’, International Journal of Medical Informatics, 76 (2007), pp. 427-431. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed: 4 November 2010).

42. Ball, A., Ding, L., and Patel, M. (2008) ‘An approach to accessing product data across system and software revisions’, Advanced Engineering Informatics, 22 (2008), pp. 222-235. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed: 4 November 2010).