campus growth and planning history

MCGILL UNIVERSITY MASTER PLAN: PLANNING BASE WORKING PAPER* 13DSAI/DTAH*prepared by consultants for discussion purposes - has not been endorsed by McGill University

CAMPUS GROWTH AND PLANNING HISTORY

MCGILL UNIVERSITY MASTER PLAN: PLANNING BASE WORKING PAPER*14 DSAI/DTAH*prepared by consultants for discussion purposes - has not been endorsed by McGill University

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The 1846 Campus Burnside Place Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

In 1811, James McGill bequeathed 10,000£ and his 19 ha (46 acre) estate, which stretched from Dr. Penfield Avenue to Cathcart Street, to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning, which then governed the Quebec education system.1 Chartered in 1821, McGill College officially opened in 1829 in the late McGill’s house, Burnside Place, which was named after a nearby brook.

In 1837, the Royal Institution and McGill’s new Board of Governors decided to erect the first buildings on campus. In 1839, British-born Montreal architect John Ostell won the competition to design the building and, after much strife between the Institution and the Board, construction began.1

In 1843, the central and east portions of the McGill College Building (now the Arts Building) were officially opened, creating approximately 2500 m2 of gross floor area for the 20 enrolled students. Due to budgetary constraints not alleviated by the decision to sell McGill’s land south of Sherbrooke Street, the planned portico for the central wing, the west wing, and the connecting corridors were not constructed.2

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The 1859 Campus

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Arts Buildings, circa 1859 Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Arts Buildings Sketch, circa 1859 Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

When Sir William Dawson became principal in 1855, he found the campus in a state of disorder. Because the Arts buildings had never been properly finished, the roof began to leak, the rooms were cold and dimly lit, there were numerous rats in the walls, and several windows were broken. In 1852, the city started blasting for the McTavish Reservoir, sending large rocks through the roof of the nearby McGill College Building; the staff and students sought refuge elsewhere.1 Dawson later recalled, “I first saw [the college] in October 1855. Materially, it was represented by two blocks of unfurnished and partly ruinous buildings, standing amidst a wilderness of excavators’ and masons’ rubbish, overgrown with weeds and bushes. The grounds were unfenced and pastured at will by herds of cattle... The only access from town was by a circuitous and ungraded cart-track, almost impassable at night. The buildings had been abandoned...”.2 He thereby took it upon himself to landscape the campus and repair its buildings, formalizing the central drive and fencing the grounds, among other improvements. At this time, there were approximately 70 students enrolled.3

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McGill Campus circa 1900 Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

The 1910 Campus

McGill Campus, circa 1875 Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Redpath Library, circa 1893 Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

The next 50 years saw significant growth at McGill; in addition to the construction of university buildings, several new faculties were established, female students were admitted in 1884, and the name "McGill University" was adopted in 1885. Built projects include the Redpath Museum (1880), Macdonald Physics Building (1893), Redpath Library (1893), the Macdonald Chemistry Building (1896), the Macdonald Engineering Building (1907), and the Strathcona Medical Building (1907 - now the Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building).1 By 1910, the campus’s gross floor area had grown to approximately 85,000 m2 with a total enrollment of almost 1500 students.3

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The 1946 Campus

McGill Campus, circa 1920's Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Percival Molson Stadium, 1919 Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Douglas Hall sketch Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

In spite of the two wars which claimed the lives of 650 McGill students and alumni, the university continued to grow, more than doubling its pre-WWI enrollment.3 Significant built additions to the campus include the Percival Molson Stadium, the Pathological Institute, the Pulp & Paper Research Centre, Douglas Hall and the Sir Arthur Currie Memorial Gymnasium-Armoury. Several additions and renovations also added to the residential and academic capacity of the university such as the reconstruction of the Arts Building, the new wing of the Redpath Library, and the new wing of Royal Victoria College. These additions and renovations brought the gross floor area of the campus to approximately 160,000 m2.

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The 1966 Campus Gardner Hall Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Steven Leacock Building Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Otto Maass Chemistry Building Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Post-WWII was a period of rapid expansion of the university; physically, financially, and academically. What began as a surge in enrollment due to the influx of veterans, became a permanent increase in the size of the student body.2 This increase necessitated a suite of solutions: building expansions and additions, such as those to the Montreal Neurological Institute & Hospital and Royal Victoria College; and building purchases or gifts, such as Morrice Hall, Peterson Hall, and Chancellor Day Hall. When the resources became available, university specific buildings were constructed, such as the McConnell Winter Stadium, Otto Maass Chemistry Building, Steven Leacock Building, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, Stewart Biology Building, and the suite of residences, McConnell, Molson, and Gardner Halls. By 1959, the gross floor area had reached approximately 220,000 m2 and by 1966 the total almost doubled to reach 400,000 m2.

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The 1980 Campus

Burnside, Otto Maass and Roddick Gates Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Rutherford Physics Building Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

In the 1970’s, the provincial government became the school’s main funding source. Growth slowed, buildings constructed within this period were built according to government standards, and the contraction of the holdings of McGill was recommended by the province, which led to the partial sale of Macdonald campus to John Abbott College. At the same time, the city began to enforce preservation standards due to McGill’s proximity to the mountain, as well as due to the campus’ historical and architectural significance. By 1980, the total gross floor area of the university totaled 525,000 m2.

Lady Meredith Building Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

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The 2005 Campus

Due to a focus on the renovation of existing building and infrastructure, there were relatively few new buildings in the 1980's. However, in the 1990's several key projects were completed, such as the Wong Building, Brown Student Services, and the Gelber Law Library. The Genome and Trottier Buildings were constructed in the past five years and the Music Building is nearing completion. During this time, the gross floor area of the campus increased to over 660,000 m2. The future Life Sciences Complex, currently in the detail design stage, will add 17,000 m2. A proposed new Arts building, still in the concept stage, will add 14,000 m2.

Wong Building Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Brown Student Services

Gelber Law Library Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

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Downtown Chart 3

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References1 http://cac.mcgill.ca/campus/buildings/Molson_Arts_Dawson.html.

2 Frost, Stanley. McGill University for the Advancement of Learning 1. McGill-Queen’s University Press. 1980.

3 http://www.historyofmcgillproject.mcgill.ca/1821-1884.html.

4 http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/bourke/arch672/fall2002/master.htm.

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31. John Ostell's plan for the division of the lower portion of McGill's estate Source: McGill University for the Advancement of Learning 1

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Ostell's original design Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

1839 Plan

In 1839, John Ostell’s plans for the first McGill College building were approved. He was also asked to propose the layout of the college grounds, which had been envisioned as “avenues, ornamental gardens and kitchen gardens”.1 The building was to be located on the 17 acres north of Sherbrooke Street, with the southern portion of the McGill property to be divided and sold to raise money for construction. Unfortunately, due to lack of funds, the central and east buildings were never properly finished, a proposed two-storey porch was never built, and the remainder of the grounds were left to pasture, in various states of disrepair.1 A central track was laid out, but not formalized until the 1850’s, from which time improvements and additions were made to the grounds and buildings, but without an official master plan.

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Plan for a World War I Memorial and Convocation Hall, 1919 Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Proposal for a residence north of Percival Molson Stadium, 1918 Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Percy Nobbs' 1904 Campus Plan Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

1904 Plan

In 1904, after teaching at the McGill School of Architecture for a year, Percy Nobbs’ proposed a master plan for the campus, which was never carried out. It included residences along Sherbrooke Street, a gym on McTavish Street, and a World War I Memorial and Convocation Hall on the corner of Sherbrooke and University Streets. Nobbs made other proposals, built and unbuilt, in addition to his overall vision of the campus. His first design was the McGill University Student Union building on Sherbrooke Street, which is now the McCord Museum. In 1908, he designed a new Medical Building, on the site of the present-day James Administration Building, to replace the one that had burned down in 1907. He also proposed a residence for the site just north of the Percival Molson Stadium, currently the site of Douglas Hall.2

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1961 Master Plan

The Senate Committee on Physical Development Committee (SCPD) was formed in 1961 in response to increasing development pressure and as a result of criticisms from the Association of University Teachers on the University’s centralized physical planning processes. Through this committee, the first Master Plan for physical development of the campus was established.

The first Progress Report of the SCPD in 1961 stated that “it was essential to provide an image of spatial disposition of the elements of the University, functionally in a proper and orderly way.”3 This report helped to guide the major expansion of the campus during a time when construction of new facilities was required to meet the increase in student population. Although the Plan had no formal status within the University, it was followed for most planning decisions regarding physical development. All subsequent plans for the campus have basically been revisions of this document. Five key policies set out in this document became the foundation of future plans:

• The University Precinct and Acquisition of Land

• Physical Pattern of the University

• Location of Buildings for Development

• Vehicular and Pedestrian Traffic

• Improvement of Grounds

1967 Master Plan Revision

The Fourth Progress report of the SCPD recorded a major revision of the Master Plan which updated its principles and targets for future growth and reviewed the progress made in both building and renovation projects on the campus.

1972 Master Plan Revision

The Eighth Progress report of the SCPD recorded a second revision of the Master Plan which continued the process of reviewing the progress made in both building and renovation projects on the campus, with a shift towards interest in conservation and preservation of existing structures.


1977/78 Master Plan Revision

In 1978, a new, more defined Master Plan was prepared with a focus on the preservation of heritage structures within McGill’s boundaries. This focus was enabled by an audit of all its buildings, the findings of which are recorded in the 1976 Report on Building Preservation (or Bland Report). This report is a detailed study of building preservation in terms of the architectural value of buildings in the university precinct. This report has been not been updated since 1976.3

The 1978 Master Plan reiterated the main guiding principle of the 1961 plan; providing an image of "spatial disposition of the elements of the university, functionally in a proper and orderly way.”3 Significant recommendations include preserving and promoting campus green spaces, promoting a pedestrian-friendly campus, and imposing a moratorium on construction, with some exceptions for new construction and renovations to existing infrastructure. This guide for the university’s planning process is summarized below, highlighting key principles, relationships, and guidelines.

Government and Administrative Relationships• Any development is subject to the scrutiny of the City government

to maintain a quality of life standard, as well as an enforcement of preservation standards.

• The City's building standards specify a maximum height of 23 m (75 ft.) (with exception of mechanical services), minimum width of 5.5 m (18 ft.), and a maximum length of 53 m (175 ft.). A maximum of 60% of total campus space can be used for building (By-law 3722).

• The Province required that the growth and quantity of new developments be highly controlled and restricted based on projected enrollment.

• The Senate Committee on Physical Development is given authority to approve development projects, with four Sub-committees; Architectural Advisory, Gardens and Grounds, Space Allocation, and Visual Arts.

Definition of Current Campus State• The campus is divided into different development areas; Arts, Engineering

and Science, Law and Education, Medicine, Residential, Music, Athletics, Administration, Student Services, Staff Services, and Lower Campus.

• Green space on lower campus is deemed the most important amenity that the university possesses. Constant care and improvements are recommended for the preservation of green space.

Building Preservation Recommendations, SCPD Report, 197636.

Grounds: Areas of Concern, 1978 Master Plan Revision37.


Precinct boundary and development areas and sites, 1978 Master Plan Revision38.


• A “precinct” is defined within which the focus is on the maintenance of existing property rather than on investment in new buildings. Unused buildings outside the precinct shall be sold or leased on a long-term basis, while unused buildings within the precinct shall only be leased on a long-term basis.

Planning StrategiesBuilding/ Physical Patterns• A general building height limit of 4 storeys is established to better

complement the existing buildings, resulting in a lower building density and a greater flexibility in designing green spaces.

• 50% of existing open areas surrounding existing buildings on university property should remain as open spaces and should be promoted as green spaces (planting flowers, bushes, etc.). The Gardens and Grounds sub-committee will oversee and cultivate these spaces.

Circulation• Campus roads should give priority to pedestrians.

• Above-grade parking is to be slowly eliminated as more below grade parking is designed.

• McTavish Street was proposed to be a pedestrian-oriented road with wider sidewalks, dense vegetation, and the elimination of roadside parking.

• Extensions were proposed to the existing underground pedestrian system which never fully materialized: to 688 Sherbrooke, to Bronfman / Scotia Bank / Métro and a north-bound path to connect the two present systems with the Strathcona Biology building and everything in between.4

1992 Master Plan Update

In 1992 the University produced a Master Plan as an update to the earlier development plans which McGill had produced. This document outlined the major physical construction and renovation priorities to be pursued by McGill between 1992 and 2002. Among the proposals were plans for the new Music, Arts, and Law buildings, and the creation of a pedestrian mall along McTavish. The Plan includes projected enrollment figures for 10 years, as well as the outlining of space requirements and new construction projects such as the Law Library, the extension of the Pulp and Paper centre, the Brown building, and Redpath Museum renovations. This document, active until 1998, was created with the intention of being used as a fundraising tool in order to receive grants from private donors and the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI).3


2000 Master Plan Update

Following up on the 1992-2002 Development Plan is the 2000-2010 Plan, which revisited some of the projects that had not yet been funded or approved based on the earlier plan.

Planning Strategies• The focus of the new Master Plan is a list of priority projects for the next

ten years, both new construction and the updating of existing infrastructure. The list includes the Music, Arts, Information Technology, and CFI Genome Buildings; Residences; CFI Brain Imaging Project; and the Library Information Commons.

• The Master Plan no longer defines green spaces, building zones, regulations, etc. since previous Master Plans have already placed emphasis on these aspects.

• The Federal government has joined in funding projects for the University, despite its supposed intrusion on Provincial responsibilities.

Proposed Development Projects, Master Plan Update 199239.


• The Quebec government has reaffirmed the University as an important Institution for the Advancement of Learning and has provided major funding for construction projects for the new century.

• Any new projects are subject to the scrutiny of three committees (two municipal, one University) in order to minimize the intrusion on the aesthetic harmony of the campus.4

References1 Frost, Stanley. McGill University for the Advancement of Learning 1 McGill-Queen’s

University Press 1980.

2 http://cac.mcgill.ca/campus/might_have.html

3 University Planning Office. Master Plan 2005 - 2025: Preliminary Report - Phase 1: Physical Analysis: Existing Property. 2004

4 http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/bourke/arch672/fall2002/master.htm

Priority Construction Projects, Master Plan Update 2000 - 201040.


Second Stage Development, Master Plan Update 2000 - 201041.


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The 1910 Campus Main Building, Macdonald College 1908 Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Between the years 1904 and 1906, Sir William Macdonald purchased and donated to the University six large farms and several residential properties in Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue for the purpose of establishing a College for Agriculture, Household Science, and Education. This land, more than 162 ha (400 acres), extended from St. Louis Lake to the present Trans-Canada highway. In 1907, Macdonald College officially opened with the Main Building, Chemistry Building, Biology Building, and the student residences (Brittain and Stewart Hall), with the Agriculture and Poultry Buildings following soon after.1 Houses had also been purchased as homes for staff, and a residence, Glenaladale, built for the principal2. At this time the gross floor area of the campus was approximately 27,000 m2 with a total enrollment of 215 students.

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44. The 1950 CampusMacdonald Campus Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Macdonald continued to purchase farmland and residential properties in the area and donate them to the College. After Macdonald's death in 1917, Walter Stewart, Macdonald’s heir, continued to donate to the College, taking care to maintain the ambiance of the main campus. From 1942 to 1945, the College became the chief training centre for the Canadian Women’s Army Corps. New functional facilities, such as the Physical Plant and extensions to Brittain and Stewart Hall, were constructed. In 1945, the 364 ha (900 acre) Stoneycroft Farm was purchased, and was renamed the Morgan Arboretum, after its former owners James and Harold Morgan. This acquisition brought the total area of the College to more than 648 ha (1600 acres).3 By this time the total gross floor area of the Macdonald Campus reached approximately 43,000 m2.

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The 1977 Campus Centennial Centre Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

Laird Hall

During the years following World War II, the Soil Science Building was extended and the Centennial Centre, Laird Hall, the Main Building Library, and the Biology Building were constructed to accommodate student population growth. In the 1960's, financial problems plagued the College. These eventually led to the relocation of the Faculty of Education to the downtown campus in 1971 and in 1976, the leasing of a section of campus to John Abbott College, a West Island CEGEP with approximately 4000 students. The remaining portion of the campus retained its use for the Faculty of Agriculture.4 Also in 1976, the Report on Building Preservation on the Macdonald Campus was published, recommending a hierarchy of preservation priority for the campus buildings. By 1977 the gross floor area of the campus had reached approximately 80,000 m2.

Preservation Priorities, 1976 Report on Building Preservation

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The 2005 Campus

Donald McQueen Shaver Poultry Complex

Macdonald campus Source: http://cac.mcgill.ca

In 1979, the Macdonald Stewart Raymond Complex was completed to serve as the main teaching facility for the School of Agriculture, which in 1990 became the Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Science (FAES). In 2002, a portion of the campus and most of the original buildings were sold to John Abbott College. Several other buildings have been added to the Macdonald campus, mostly for specific research purposes, with the gross floor area of the campus reaching approximately 105,000 m2 by 2005. The most recent addition is the Donald McQueen Shaver Poultry Complex. Enrollment is continuing to increase, reaching approximately 1300 students in 2005.5

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References1 Senate Committee on Physical Development. Report on Building Preservation – The

Gault Estate and Macdonald College. 1977. Pp. 8.

2 Frost, Stanley. McGill University for the Advancement of Learning II. McGill-Queen’s University Press. 1980, pp. 66

3 Senate Committee on Physical Development. Report on Building Preservation – The Gault Estate and Macdonald College. 1977. Pp. 8.

4 Senate Committee on Physical Development. Report on Building Preservation – The Gault Estate and Macdonald College. 1977. Pp. 8,10.

5 Committee for the Strategic Positioning of the Macdonald Campus, Planning for the Future of the Macdonald Campus. June 2005.

Macdonald Chart 4

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1966 Campus Plan

In 1965, the Senate Development Committee authorized H.W. Blanchford to prepare a master plan for the Macdonald College campus. This plan was intended to chart the development of the campus over the next 25 years, during which time the Faculties of Arts and Sciences would be moved to the campus. The enrollment was expected to be approximately 10,000, with 2500 students in residence.

The plan divides the campus into areas for each faculty, establishing basic principals regarding uses of land and communication between buildings.1 Within each area, the first area of construction for each program (residence, academic, athletics etc...) is indicated, along with recommended height limits, roads, covered passages, and parking for a maximum of 7000 cars. The master plan also includes a report from consulting engineers concerning the service appreciation that would be required to increase the capacity of the Macdonald campus.

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Landscape units, 1977 Campus Landscape Plan

Campus Landscape Plan, 1977

1977 Campus Landscape Plan

In 1974, G. Sam Kingdon prepared a study entitled, "Report on the Implications of Joint Use of the Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue Campus by McGill University and John Abbott College (JAC)", which led to the lease of a section of the campus in 1976. In response to the new situation on the campus, in which three institutions (Macdonald College, JAC, and Macdonald High School) would be sharing the same spaces, D.W. Graham and Associates Limited were engaged to prepare a long range plan for the Macdonald Campus. The plan included the investigation of planning problems and opportunities relating to the entire holdings, with a focus on the southern portion of the campus.2

The plan divides the entire campus into landscape units based on their primary function; Morgan Arboretum; Farmlands; Marginal Lands; and Institutional Developments. It then focused on the southern portion of the campus and the new agriculture campus to the east of the JAC campus. Critical concerns included sightlines and planting, potential building sites, circulation, common open space, and buffer zones. In support of the final concepts for the campus plan, an extensive landscape inventory and analysis was performed which highlighted key issues which needed to be addressed by the plan.

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Morgan Arboretum Master Plan Revision, 1992

Morgan Arboretum Sugar Bush

1992 Morgan Arboretum Master Plan Revision

The intent of this revision was to reconfirm the aims and objectives of the Arboretum and to provide a framework for its future development.3 The document summarizes the history, aims and objectives, and planning issues of the Arboretum. The plan also provides a physical and use-specific analysis that informs a series of updated objectives and associated guidelines for future development. These objectives relate to use, facilities, trail development, access, security, program development, forest management, public relation, and financial considerations. The final plan divides the Arboretum into zones of increasing intensity of use: from 1, at the most intense, to 4, at the least.

2000 – 2010 Master Plan Update

The Macdonald campus update is a small section of the 2000 – 2010 (McGill) Master Plan Update. The plan lists priority projects for the next ten years and their projected costs. Listed projects include a new third floor for the Macdonald Stewart Building and a new Molecular Biology Research Building on the site of the old Parisitology building. Renovation projects include the Barton Building, the Poultry Facilities, and the Raymond Building.

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References1 H.W. Blachford. Macdonald College – Campus Planning, Second Presentation, June 9,

1965.

2 D.W. Graham and Associates Limited. Campus Landscape Plan. 1977.

3 Office of Physical Resources, McGill University. Morgan Arboretum Master Plan Revision, January 1992.


McGill currently maintains 112 facilities for academic and investment purposes spread over the downtown and Macdonald campuses, the Gault estate, and other locations. The University Planning Office has identified the breakdown of space use within the primary facilities (based on 2003 date):

The total 34,000 square meters of net space is allocated as follows:

Faculties: 45%

Staff and Student Services: 15%

Residences: 13%

Admin/Support: 9%

General purpose classrooms: 9%

Libraries: 9%

The 15,300 square meters occupied by the twelve Faculties, which include special classrooms and seminar rooms, teaching and research labs, offices and support space, is distributed as follows:

Ag. and Env. Sciences: 10%

Arts: 10%

Continuing Education: 1%

Dentistry: 1%

Education: 3%

Engineering: 18%

Law: 2%

Management: 1%

Medicine: 24%

Music: 4%

Religious Studies: 1%

Science: 23%

In general terms, the UPO has commented that while the academic space is adequate for current requirements, there are significant variations between units in terms of the adequacy of their spaces. Furthermore, a notable percentage of available net space has been determined to be vacant or underused, primarily because of substandard quality, maintenance deferred too long, lack of funding for renovations and up-grades, or the inappropriate matching of functions with spaces and services.

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The Space Audits completed over the last two years have assessed in detail the functional distribution of spaces within buildings and their current occupancies, in relation to both the efficiency of their use and their entitlements, and made recommendations for more efficient use of facilities.

The next stage in assessing space accommodation will involve further meetings with the faculties to review Space Audit findings and recommendations, current accommodations, and proposed developments set out in the Academic Plan. Effective programme juxtaposition, appropriate programme location, and space configuration with respect to use require additional discussion and analysis.

campus growth and planning history

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