can we emulate early seral forest through silviculture? klaus j. puettmann edmund hayes professor in...
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Can we emulate early seral forest through silviculture?
Klaus J. PuettmannEdmund Hayes Professor in
Siviculture Alternatives
Adrian AresResearch Associate
Oregon State University
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Background– Structure – Composition– Legacies
Management of vegetation– after stand replacing disturbances– after partial disturbances
o - Thinning o - Gaps
Outline
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Early seral forestconditions after a disturbance
that removes overstory
Background
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Structure: “Open growing space”; allowing for establishment of vegetation and associated insects, animals, etc.– Shift towards “tall” canopy layers
Composition: dominance of early successional species– Shifts towards late seral species
(within and among canopy layers) Legacies from pre-disturbance
vegetation
Background
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Legacies Important for ecosystems
processes and function
Influence development of early and late seral conditions– Sprouting– Seed source– Cover that prevents
establishment of early seral species
Background
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Suislaw NF Willamette NF
From Yang et al. 2005
Structural development of plantations Conifer cover
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20 years6 years 13 years
Management – Stand replacing disturbances
ODF land OR Coast Range
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Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Management – Stand replacing disturbances
“Arrested” stand development Ceanothus after wildfire, Umatilla NF
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P. Anderson, USFS
L. Kayes L. Kayes
2nd growing season
3rd growing season
Management – Stand replacing disturbancesImpacts of legacies – Sprouts
Timbered Rock, BLM
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P. Anderson, USFS
Management – Stand replacing disturbances
Shrub removal No treatment
Hardwood control initially maintains “open” structure
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T. Harrington USFS
Management – Stand replacing disturbances
Intensive hardwood control accelerates dominance of conifers
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Unmanaged
125 snags/ha (range 21-229 )
Management – Stand replacing disturbances
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
# D
omin
ant s
eedl
ings
est
ablis
hed/
year
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Years after fire
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
10
20
30
40
50
60
2005
2005
C
2005
B
A
High elevation
Low to moderate elevation
Natural regeneration (no salvage logging or planting) suggest longer early seral phase
Management – Stand replacing disturbances
# d
om
ina
nt
se
ed
ling
se
sta
blis
he
d
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Conifer size distribution
DBH (cm)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Con
ifers
/ ha
0
50
100
150
200
1500
2000
2500 Unmanaged Managed
M. J. Lopez 2008
•Management (salvage, fuel treatment, planting, release) speeds up conifer dominance* Spatial evenness (!!)
Management – Stand replacing disturbances
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> 15 feet = gap
How many gaps are in ODF plantations?
Management – Stand replacing disturbances
Low density
Gap Road
Measurement line
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0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
YEAR planted
% a
rea
in g
ap
Puettmann and Berger 2005
Management – Stand replacing disturbances
Gaps contain early seral vegetation, but disappear as stands develop
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Spatial scale and variability
Timber production
Structural Diversity
Management – Stand replacing disturbances
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No management Management – keep gaps open
Gap - scale
Management – stand replacing disturbances
Ongoing studies:
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6% of plantation in gaps
Does wildlife notice the difference?
Gap and stand scale
Management – Stand replacing disturbances
Ongoing studies:
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YSTDS - Christy Flats
Management – Partial disturbancesThinning and gaps = managing for early seral legacies in mature forests
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Un
der
sto
ry S
pec
ies
Ric
hn
ess
(#
/ plo
t)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Late Seral Forest Omni-presentOpen / Early Seral
Control High Moderate Variable density
Modified from Berryman, unpubl.
Management – Partial disturbances
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Structural development:
Herbs take advantage of disturbance
Tall shrubs recover slow
Study Results
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
40
ControlHeavy thinningLight thinningLight thinning w/gaps
Co
ve
r (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
40
Herbs
Low shrubs
Tall shrubs
Bryophites
aabb
a
aaa
b
a
bbb
a
bb
b
a
bb
b
a
bbb
1 3 5 10 Year
a
bb
b
aabab
b
From Ares et al. 2009
Management – Partial disturbances
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Harvesting layout to protect shrubs (legacies)
Management – Partial disturbances
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0
5
10
15
20
25Ric
hnes
s (n
o. s
peci
es)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Cov
er (%
)
All herbs Forest herbs Early seral herbs Later seral herbs P = 0.04 P < 0.001
P < 0.001
P = 0.02
P < 0.001
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f) (g) (h)
A
ABB AB
AB
B B
A
B B B
AC BC BCB
A
B B B
C LC MC HC C LC MC HC C LC MC HC C LC MC HC
From Ares et al. 2009
Management – Partial disturbances
Early seral herbs are responsive: structure and composition
C = ControlLC = Low complexity thinningMC = Moderate complexity thinningHC = High complexity thinning
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Co
ver
(%)
0
15
30
45
60
A
A
AA
C LC MC HC C LC MC HC C LC MC HC
Ric
hn
ess
(no
. sp
ecie
s/p
lot)
0
15
30
45
60
A AB BC C
AB B
AB
All shrubs Forest shrubs
A AB BC C
A B B B
A B B
Early seral shrubs
B
P < 0.001 P < 0.002 P < 0.001
P = 0.03 P < 0.001
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Management – Partial disturbances
Shrub layer slow to recover and dominated by “legacies”
C = ControlLC = Low complexity thinningMC = Moderate complexity thinningHC = High complexity thinning
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Co
ver
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
b
a
a
a a
ab
CON HD MD VD300 VD200 VD100
Early seral vegetation 11-years after thinning
Management – Partial disturbances
“Long-term” impact
C = ControlHD = High densityMD = Moderate densityVD = Variable density
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Lindh and Muir 2004
Management – Partial disturbances
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Gap influence Encourages early seral
vegetation Limited to “gap” Early seral species
– Physical disturbance
– Competition for light (large gaps only)
Fahey and Puettmann, FEM 2008
CompetitorManagement – Partial disturbances
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Conclusion
– Distinction between structure and composition
– Slow vegetation development- Short-term versus medium term
impacts of management practices- Choice of legacies
– Repeated disturbancesThinning and gap creation
– Attention to scale allows early seral legacies in mature forests
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Acknowledgements: L. Kayes, P. Anderson, T. Harrington, M. Lopez, J. Shatford, D. Hibbs and all people
involved in the various thinning studies
Questions and comments?