Canada Between The Wars 1919-1939

The Economy

Post War Economic Problems

Wartime manufacturing ended and factories retooled for peace time.

350,000 veterans returned to the workforce.

Unions attempted to consolidate strength gained during the war.

Labour demands for “One Big Union” frightened government and business.

OBU

MANYSMALLUNIONS

Post War Economic Problems II

The government refused a veteran demand for a $2000 bonus.

Farmers were upset by government prices for wheat.

Inflation, after 1917, resulted in rising interest rates.

Winnipeg General Strike

Workers demanded the right to bargain with employers.

30,000 workers set up picket lines on May 15, 1919.

The strike showed signs of spreading beyond Winnipeg.

A frightened government brought a violent end to the strike.

Winnipeg General Strike

Railways

Bankrupt railway lines established during the Laurier era were consolidated by the government as the Canadian National Railway system.

To meet costs the CNR raised freight rates on the Maritime section of the line imposing severe hardship on industry in this region.

The Election of 1921

The Election of 1921

The new Conservative leader after 1920 was Arthur Meighen.

The Liberals elected William Lyon Mackenzie King to lead their party.

Discontent among farmers resulted in a new federal political party - The Progressives.

Arthur Meighen

The Election of 1921 II

The Progressives supported free trade, lower taxes and cheap freight rates.

The Liberals also supported free trade.

The Conservatives continued to support high tariffs and this cost them the election.

Mackenzie King formed government in 1921.

Mackenzie King

The Election of 1921 III

Liberal seats

Progressive seats

Conservative seats

Progressive strength in the West combined with Liberal support in Quebec and the Maritimes swept the Conservatives from power.

Canadian Autonomy

The Growth of Canadian Autonomy 1914 -1919

Decision making for much of World War I was entirely British.

In 1917 the British War Cabinet was expanded to become the Imperial War Cabinet which included all of the Dominion prime ministers.

In 1919 Canada placed her own signature on the Treaty of Versailles and took a separate seat on the League of Nations.

Mackenzie King and The Empire

Mackenzie King did not support military expansion and wished to distance himself from the Empire.

He cut the defence budget and appointed O.D. Skeleton to direct Canada’s foreign policy.

King’s policies were popular in the West and in Quebec.

King and Canadian Autonomy

Liberal nationalism was demonstrated byThe Chanak Crisis of 1922

King refused to support Britain’s request for troops in case of a war with Turkey.

The Halibut Treaty of 1923 For the first time Canada signed

an international treaty without British support.

The Statute of Westminster 1931

In 1923 at the Imperial Conference Mackenzie King and J.B.M. Herzog of South Africa proposed that the foreign policy of each dominion should be completely independent of British control.

The King-Herzog Principle led to the Statute of Westminster of 1931 which established Canada as an “autonomous community within the British Empire.”

The King-Byng Affair

The Election of 1925

The Progressive party was weakened by internal disagreement

and The Liberals had failed to keep all

the promises of 1921. They were now vulnerable in the Maritimes because of

Freight Ratesand Tariffs.

Between 1921 and 1925 economic conditions in most of Canada improved

but

The Election of 1925 II

Conservative seats

Liberal seats

Progressive seats

Mackenzie King lost the election butcalled on the support of theProgressive Party and refused to resign.

The King-Byng Affair 1926

A scandal in the Liberal government forced Mackenzie King to ask Lord Byng, the Governor-General, for dissolution.

Lord Byng would not grant this request because Meighen led the

largest party. An election had just

taken place in 1925.Lord Byng