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CANCER

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1.    A male client has an abnormal result on a Papanicolaou test. After admitting, he read his chart while the nurse was out of the room, the client asks what dysplasia means. Which definition should the nurse provide?a.    Presence of completely undifferentiated tumor cells that don’t resemble cells of the tissues of their originb.    Increase in the number of normal cells in a normal arrangement in a tissue or an organc.    Replacement of one type of fully differentiated cell by another in tissues where the second type normally isn’t foundd.    Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of differentiated cells

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• 1.Answer D. Dysplasia refers to an alteration in the size, shape, and organization of differentiated cells. The presence of completely undifferentiated tumor cells that don’t resemble cells of the tissues of their origin is called anaplasia. An increase in the number of normal cells in a normal arrangement in a tissue or an organ is called hyperplasia. Replacement of one type of fully differentiated cell by another in tissues where the second type normally isn’t found is called metaplasia. 

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2.    For a female client with newly diagnosed cancer, the nurse formulates a nursing diagnosis of Anxiety related to the threat of death secondary to cancer diagnosis. Which expected outcome would be appropriate for this client?a.    “Client verbalizes feelings of anxiety.”b.    “Client doesn’t guess at prognosis.”c.    “Client uses any effective method to reduce tension.”d.    “Client stops seeking information.”

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• 2.Answer A.Verbalizing feelings is the client’s first step in coping with the situational crisis. It also helps the health care team gain insight into the client’s feelings, helping guide psychosocial care. Option B is inappropriate because suppressing speculation may prevent the client from coming to terms with the crisis and planning accordingly. Option C is undesirable because some methods of reducing tension, such as illicit drug or alcohol use, may prevent the client from coming to terms with the threat of death as well as cause physiologic harm. Option D isn’t appropriate because seeking information can help a client with cancer gain a sense of control over the crisis. 

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3.    A male client with a cerebellar brain tumor is admitted to an acute care facility. The nurse formulates a nursing diagnosis of Risk for injury. Which “related-to” phrase should the nurse add to complete the nursing diagnosis statement?a.    Related to visual field deficitsb.    Related to difficulty swallowingc.    Related to impaired balanced.    Related to psychomotor seizures

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• 3.Answer C. A client with a cerebellar brain tumor may suffer injury from impaired balance as well as disturbed gait and incoordination. Visual field deficits, difficulty swallowing, and psychomotor seizures may result from dysfunction of the pituitary gland, pons, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, or temporal lobe — not from a cerebellar brain tumor. Difficulty swallowing suggests medullary dysfunction. Psychomotor seizures suggest temporal lobe dysfunction. 

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• 4.    A female client with cancer is scheduled for radiation therapy. The nurse knows that radiation at any treatment site may cause a certain adverse effect. Therefore, the nurse should prepare the client to expect:a.    hair loss.b.    stomatitis.c.    fatigue.d.    vomiting.

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• 4.Answer C. Radiation therapy may cause fatigue, skin toxicities, and anorexia regardless of the treatment site. Hair loss, stomatitis, and vomiting are site-specific, not generalized, adverse effects of radiation therapy. 

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5.    Nurse April is teaching a client who suspects that she has a lump in her breast. The nurse instructs the client that a diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by:a.    breast self-examination.b.    mammography.c.    fine needle aspiration.d.    chest X-ray.

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• 5.Answer C. Fine needle aspiration and biopsy provide cells for histologic examination to confirm a diagnosis of cancer. A breast self-examination, if done regularly, is the most reliable method for detecting breast lumps early. Mammography is used to detect tumors that are too small to palpate. Chest X-rays can be used to pinpoint rib metastasis. 

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6. A male client has an abnormal result on a Papanicolaou test. After admitting, he read his chart while the nurse was out of the room; the client asks what dysplasia means. Which definition should the nurse provide?

A. Presence of completely undifferentiated tumor cells that don’t resemble cells of the tissues of their origin

B. Increase in the number of normal cells in a normal arrangement in a tissue or an organ

C. Replacement of one type of fully differentiated cell by another in tissues where the second type normally isn’t found

D. Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of differentiated cells

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• Answer: D. Dysplasia refers to an alteration in the size, shape, and organization of differentiated cells. The presence of completely undifferentiated tumor cells that don’t resemble cells of the tissues of their origin is called anaplasia. An increase in the number of normal cells in a normal arrangement in a tissue or an organ is called hyperplasia. Replacement of one type of fully differentiated cell by another in tissues where the second type normally isn’t found is called metaplasia.

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7. For a female client with newly diagnosed cancer, the nurse formulates a nursing diagnosis of Anxiety related to the threat of death secondary to cancer diagnosis. Which expected outcome would be appropriate for this client?

A. “Client verbalizes feelings of anxiety.”B. “Client doesn’t guess at prognosis.”C. “Client uses any effective method to reduce 

tension.”D. “Client stops seeking information.”

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7. Answer: A. Verbalizing feelings is the client’s first step in coping with the situational crisis. It also helps the health care team gain insight into the client’s feelings, helping guide psychosocial care. Option B is inappropriate because suppressing speculation may prevent the client from coming to terms with the crisis and planning accordingly. Option C is undesirable because some methods of reducing tension, such as illicit drug or alcohol use, may prevent the client from coming to terms with the threat of death as well as cause physiologic harm. Option D isn’t appropriate because seeking information can help a client with cancer gain a sense of control over the crisis.

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8 A male client with a cerebellar brain tumor is admitted to an acute care facility. The nurse formulates a nursing diagnosis of Risk for injury. Which “related-to” phrase should the nurse add to complete the nursing diagnosis statement?

A. Related to visual field deficitsB. Related to difficulty swallowingC. Related to impaired balanceD. Related to psychomotor seizures

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Answer: C. A client with a cerebellar brain tumor may suffer injury from impaired balance as well as disturbed gait and incoordination. Visual field deficits, difficulty swallowing, and psychomotor seizuresmay result from dysfunction of the pituitary gland, pons, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, or temporal lobe — not from a cerebellar brain tumor. Difficulty swallowing suggests medullary dysfunction. Psychomotor seizures suggest temporal lobe dysfunction.

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• 9. A female client with cancer is scheduled for radiation therapy. The nurse knows that radiation at any treatment site may cause a certain adverse effect. Therefore, the nurse should prepare the client to expect:A. Hair lossB. StomatitisC. FatigueD. Vomiting

.

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Answer: C. Radiation therapy may cause fatigue, skin toxicities, and anorexia regardless of the treatment site. Hair loss, stomatitis, and vomiting are site-specific, not generalized, adverse effects of radiation therapy

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10. Nurse Kate is reviewing the complications of colonization with a client who has micro invasive cervical cancer. Which complication, if identified by the client, indicates a need for further teaching?a. Infection b. Hemorrhagec. Cervical stenosisd. Ovarian perforation

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Correct Answer: D. Conization procedure involves removal of a cone-shaped area of the cervix.Complications of the procedure include hemorrhage, infection, and cervical stenosis. Ovarian perforation is not a complication

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12.  The female client who has been receiving radiation therapy for bladder cancer tells thenurse that it feels as if she is voiding through the vagina. The nurse interprets that the client may be experiencing:a. Rupture of the bladder  b. The development of a vesicovaginal fistulac. Extreme stress caused by the diagnosis of cancer d. Altered perineal sensation as a side effect of radiation therapy

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12. Correct Answer: B. A vesicovaginal fistula is a genital fistula that occurs between the bladder andvagina. The fistula is an abnormal opening between these two body parts and, if this occurs, theclient may experience drainage of urine through the vagina. The client’s complaint is notassociated with options A, C, and D

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13.  A client with terminal cancer yells at the nurse and says, “I don’t need your help. I can batheMyself.” Which stage of grief is the client most likely experiencing?a. Projection b. Denialc. Anger d. Depression

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13. Correct Answer: C. Yelling at the nurse would be typical of anger. Projection is putting hisfeelings on the nurse “You are angry at me.” Denial would be denying that he was terminally illor that he had cancer. A client who is depressed would be apathetic and probably not have theenergy to yell at the nurse

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14. Mina, who is suspected of an ovarian tumor is scheduled for a pelvic ultrasound. The nurse provides which preprocedure instruction to the client? • a. Eat a light breakfast only•  b. Maintain an NPO status before the procedure 

c. Wear comfortable clothing and shoes for the procedure

• d. Drink six to eight glasses of water without voiding before the test

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14. Correct Answer: D. A pelvic ultrasound requires the ingestion of large volumes of water just before the procedure. A full bladder is necessary so that it will be visualized as such and not mistaken for a possible pelvic growth. An abdominal ultrasound may require that the client abstain from food or fluid for several hours before the procedure. Option C is unrelated to this specific procedure 

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15.  A male client is diagnosed as having a bowel tumor and several diagnostic tests are prescribed. The nurse understands that which test will confirm the diagnosis of malignancy?a. Biopsy of the tumor  b. Abdominal ultrasoundc. Magnetic resonance imagingd. Computerized tomography scan

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15. Correct Answer: A. A biopsy is done to determine whether a tumor is malignant or benign.Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography scan, and ultrasound will visualize the presence of a mass but will not confirm a diagnosis of malignancy.

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16. After having transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), a Mr. Locke returns to the unit with a three-way indwelling urinary catheter and continuous closed bladder irrigation. Which finding suggests that the client’s catheter is occluded?A. The urine in the drainage bag appears red to pink.B.  The client reports bladder spasms and the urge to void.C.  The normal saline irrigate is infusing at a rate of 50 

drops/minute.D.  About 1,000 ml of irrigate have been instilled; 1,200 ml 

of drainage have been returned.

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Answer B. Reports of bladder spasms and the urge to void suggest that a blood clot may be occluding the catheter. After TURP, urine normally appears red to pink, and normal saline irrigant usually is infused at a rate of 40 to 60 drops/minute or according to facility protocol. The amount of returned fluid (1,200 ml) should correspond to the amount of instilled fluid, plus the client’s urine output (1,000 ml + 200 ml), which reflects catheter patency.

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17. A 55-year old client with benign prostatic hyperplasia doesn’t respond to medical treatment and is admitted to the facility for prostate gland removal. Before providing preoperative and postoperative instructions to the client, nurse Gail asks the surgeon which prostatectomy procedure will be done. What is the most widely used procedure for prostate gland removal?A. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)B. Suprapubic prostatectomyC.  Retropubic prostatectomyD.  Transurethral laser incision of the prostate

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Answer A. TURP is the most widely used procedure for prostate gland removal. Because it requires no incision, TURP is especially suitable for men with relatively minor prostatic enlargements and for those who are poor surgical risks. Suprapubic prostatectomy, retropubic prostatectomy, and transurethral laser incision of the prostate are less common procedures; they all require an incision 

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18. After undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, a male client returns to the room with continuous bladder irrigation. On the first day after surgery, the client reports bladder pain. What should nurse Andrew do first?A. Increase the I.V. flow rate.B. Notify the physician immediately.C.  Assess the irrigation catheter for patency and drainage.D. Administer meperidine (Demerol), 50 mg I.M., as 

prescribed.

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Answer C. Although postoperative pain is expected, the nurse should make sure that other factors, such as an obstructed irrigation catheter, aren’t the cause of the pain. After assessing catheter patency, the nurse should administer an analgesic, such as meperidine, as prescribed. Increasing the I.V. flow rate may worsen the pain. Notifying the physician isn’t necessary unless the pain is severe or unrelieved by the prescribed medication.

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19. . A nurse, promoting cancer awareness to a group of women, recognizes that which of the following clients is at greatest risk for cervical cancer? A. The client with multiple sexual partnersB. The client with infection from human papillomavirus 

(HPV)C. the client who first had intercourse before 16 years of 

ageD.  The client with a history of sexually transmitted diseases 

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Answer B. All of these clients have risk factors for cervical cancer. However, the most important risk factor is infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV).

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• 20. The nurse is caring for a client with possible cervical cancer. What clinical data would the nurse most expect to find in the client’s history? 

A.Postcoital vaginal bleedingB.Nausea and vomitingC.Foul-smelling vaginal dischargeD.Hyperthermia

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Answer A. Vaginal bleeding or spotting is a common symptom of cervical cancer. Nausea and vomiting and foul-smelling discharge are not specific or common to cervical cancer, so B and C are incorrect. Hyperthermia does not relate to the diagnosis, so answer D is incorrect.

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COPD

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1.What is the main symptom of COPD?A.Chronic coughB.Increased mucus productionC.Dyspnea (shortness of breath)D.Wheezing

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1.Answer: (C) Dyspnea (shortness of breath).Although all are symptoms of COPD, dyspnea, or shortness of breath, remains the hallmark and most debilitating symptom of COPD.

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2.What are the two types of emphysema?A.Panlobular and trilobularB.Panlobular and centrilobularC.AAT deficiency and regular emphysemaD.Panlobular and AAT deficiency emphysema

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2.Answer:(B) Panlobular and centrilobular.There are two types of emphysema: panlobular and centrilobular. Panlobular emphysema is a weakening and inflammation of the alveoli that lie at the end of the bronchioles. It involves all lung fields, particularly the bases. In younger people, panlobular emphysema is due to the body's inability to produce sufficient amounts of alpha-1-antitrypsin, a protective protein made by the liver. Centrilobular emphysema also destroys the alveoli, but involves the upper lobes of the lungs and is commonly associated with people who have chronic bronchitis.

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3.A person must have which of the following to receive a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?A. A productive cough lasting for at least 3 months out of the year for 2 consecutive years.B. A productive cough lasting for 6 months out of the year for 3 consecutive years.C. A productive cough lasting for 3 months out of the year with thick, blood-tinged mucus.D. A productive cough lasting for at least 3 months out of the year.

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3.Answer: (A)  A productive cough lasting for at least 3 months out of the year for 2 consecutive years. To receive a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis, a patient must have a productive cough for at least 3 months out of the year, for 2 consecutive years.

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4.Which lung diseases are classified as COPD?A.Emphysema, chronic bronchitisB.Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthmaC.Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, bronchiectasisD.Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis

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4.Answer: (D) Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis.COPD is an umbrella term that includes 3 different lung diseases: emphysema, chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis. Asthma is an inflammatory lung disease, and should not be included as part of the obstructive lung diseases.

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5.What does secondhand smoke consist of?A.Mainstream smoke (the smoke exhaled by a person)B.Sidestream smoke (the smoke emitted from the end of a lit cigarette)C.Both a and bD.None of the above

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5.Answer: (C) Both a and b.C is the correct answer. Secondhand smoke is a combination of two types of smoke -- mainstream smoke, which is exhaled from the person who is smoking, and sidestream smoke, which is emitted from the end of a burning cigarette. Both types contain the same toxic carcinogens.

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• 6 A nurse is preparing to obtain a sputum specimen from a male client. Which of the following nursing actions will facilitate obtaining the specimen?

A. Limiting fluidB. Having the client take deep breathsC. Asking the client to spit into the collection containerD. Asking the client to obtain the specimen after eating

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• Answer: B. To obtain a sputum specimen, the client should rinse the mouth to reduce contamination, breathe deeply, and then cough into a sputum specimen container. The client should be encouraged to cough and not spit so as to obtain sputum. Sputum can be thinned by fluids or by a respiratory treatment such as inhalation of nebulized saline or water. The optimal time to obtain a specimen is on arising in the morning.

•  

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7 Nurse Joy is caring for a client after a bronchoscopy and biopsy. Which of the following signs, if noticed in the client, should be reported immediately to the physician?A. Dry coughB. HematuriaC. BronchospasmD. Blood-streaked sputum  

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Answer: C. If a biopsy was performed during a bronchoscopy, blood-streaked sputum is expected for several hours. Frank blood indicates hemorrhage. A dry cough may be expected. The client should be assessed for signs of complications, which would include cyanosis, dyspnea, stridor, bronchospasm, hemoptysis, hypotension, tachycardia, and dysrhythmias. Hematuria is unrelated to this procedure.

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8 A nurse is suctioning fluids from a male client via a tracheostomy tube. When suctioning, the nurse must limit the suctioning time to a maximum of:A. 1 minuteB. 5 secondsC. 10 secondsD. 30 seconds

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Answer: C. Hypoxemia can be caused by prolonged suctioning, which stimulates the pacemaker cells in the heart. A vasovagal response may occur, causing bradycardia. The nurse must preoxygenate the client before suctioning and limit the suctioning pass to 10 seconds.

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9 A nurse is suctioning fluids from a female client through an endotracheal tube. During the suctioning procedure, the nurse notes on the monitor that the heart rate is decreasing. Which if the following is the appropriate nursing intervention?A. Continue to suctionB. Notify the physician immediatelyC. Stop the procedure and reoxygenate the clientD. Ensure that the suction is limited to 15 seconds

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Answer: C. During suctioning, the nurse should monitor the client closely for side effects, including hypoxemia, cardiac irregularities such as a decrease in heart rate resulting from vagal stimulation, mucosal trauma, hypotension, and paroxysmal coughing. If side effects develop, especially cardiac irregularities, the procedure is stopped and the client is reoxygenated.

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10 A male adult client is suspected of having a pulmonary embolus. A nurse assesses the client, knowing that which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of pulmonary embolism?A. DyspneaB. BradypneaC. BradycardiaD. Decreased respirations

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Answer: A. The common clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism are tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, and chest pain.

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11 For a patient with advance chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which nursing action best promotes adequate gas exchange?A. Encouraging the patient to drink three glasses of 

fluid dailyB. Keeping the patient in semi-fowler’s positionC. Using a high-flow venture mask to deliver oxygen as 

prescribeD. Administering a sedative, as prescribe 

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• Answer C. The patient with COPD retains carbon dioxide, which inhibits stimulation of breathing by the medullary center in the brain. As a result, low oxygen levels in the blood stimulate respiration, and administering unspecified, unmonitored amounts of oxygen may depress ventilation. To promote adequate gas exchange, the nurse should use a Venturi mask to deliver a specified, controlled amount of oxygen consistently and accurately. Drinking three glasses of fluid daily would not affect gas exchange or be sufficient to liquefy secretions, which are common in COPD. Patients with COPD and respiratory distress should be places in high-Fowler’s position and should not receive sedatives or other drugs that may further depress the respiratory center.

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12 A male client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recovering from a myocardial infarction. Because the client is extremely weak and can’t produce an effective cough, the nurse should monitor closely for:A. Pleural effusion.B.  Pulmonary edema.C.  Atelectasis.D.  Oxygen toxicity.

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Answer C. In a client with COPD, an ineffective cough impedes secretion removal. This, in turn, causes mucus plugging, which leads to localized airway obstruction — a known cause of atelectasis. An ineffective cough doesn’t cause pleural effusion (fluid accumulation in the pleural space). Pulmonary edema usually results from left-sided heart failure, not an ineffective cough. Although many noncardiac conditions may cause pulmonary edema, an ineffective cough isn’t one of them. Oxygen toxicity results from prolonged administration of high oxygen concentrations, not an ineffective cough.

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13 The nurse in charge is teaching a client with emphysema how to perform pursed-lip breathing. The client asks the nurse to explain the purpose of this breathing technique. Which explanation should the nurse provide?A. It helps prevent early airway collapse. B. It increases inspiratory muscle strength.C. It decreases use of accessory breathing muscles.D.  It prolongs the inspiratory phase of respiration.

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Answer A. Pursed-lip breathing helps prevent early airway collapse. Learning this technique helps the client control respiration during periods of excitement, anxiety, exercise, and respiratory distress. To increase inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, the client may need to learn inspiratory resistive breathing. To decrease accessory muscle use and thus reduce the work of breathing, the client may need to learn diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing. In pursed-lip breathing, the client mimics a normal inspiratory-expiratory (I:E) ratio of 1:2. (A client with emphysema may have an I:E ratio as high as 1:4.)

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14 A female client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) takes anhydrous theophylline, 200 mg P.O. every 8 hours. During a routine clinic visit, the client asks the nurse how the drug works. What is the mechanism of action of anhydrous theophylline in treating a nonreversible obstructive airway disease such as COPD?A. It makes the central respiratory center more sensitive to carbon 

dioxide and stimulates the respiratory drive.B.  It inhibits the enzyme phosphodiesterase, decreasing degradation 

of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a bronchodilator.C.  It stimulates adenosine receptors, causing bronchodilation.D.  It alters diaphragm movement, increasing chest expansion and 

enhancing the lung’s capacity for gas exchange.

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• Answer A.  Anhydrous theophylline and other methylxanthine agents make the central respiratory center more sensitive to CO2 and stimulate the respiratory drive. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase is the drug’s mechanism of action in treating asthma and other reversible obstructive airway diseases — not COPD. Methylxanthine agents inhibit rather than stimulate adenosine receptors. Although these agents reduce diaphragmatic fatigue in clients with chronic bronchitis or emphysema, they don’t alter diaphragm movement to increase chest expansion and enhance gas exchange.

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15 . A male client admitted to an acute care facility with pneumonia is receiving supplemental oxygen, 2 L/minute via nasal cannula. The client’s history includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and coronary artery disease. Because of these history findings, the nurse closely monitors the oxygen flow and the client’s respiratory status. Which complication may arise if the client receives a high oxygen concentration?A. ApneaB.  Anginal painC.  Respiratory alkalosisD.  Metabolic acidosis 

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Answer A. Hypoxia is the main breathing stimulus for a client with COPD. Excessive oxygen administration may lead to apnea by removing that stimulus. Anginal pain results from a reduced myocardial oxygen supply. A client with COPD may have anginal pain from generalized vasoconstriction secondary to hypoxia; however, administering oxygen at any concentration dilates blood vessels, easing anginal pain. Respiratory alkalosis results from alveolar hyperventilation, not excessive oxygen administration. In a client with COPD, high oxygen concentrations decrease the ventilatory drive, leading to respiratory acidosis, not alkalosis. High oxygen concentrations don’t cause metabolic acidosis.