cancer: a global view gretchen a. koch goucher college peer utk 2011
TRANSCRIPT
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Cancer:A Global View
Gretchen A. KochGoucher CollegePEER UTK 2011
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Special Thanks To:• Dr. Claudia Neuhauser
o University of Minnesota – Rochestero Author and creator of modules
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Learning ObjectivesAfter completion of this module, the student will be able to:1. Explore “social, economic and
environmental development at local, national and global levels” with Gapminder.
2. Perform and interpret logarithmic transformations for graphical display.
3. Download global health data from Gapminder and WHOSIS.
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Prerequisites1. Calculating percent changes2. Straight lines3. Natural logarithm, exponential
function4. Graphing in Excel5. Fitting a straight line to data points
in Excel and displaying the equation
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Knowledge Gained1. Logarithmic transformations2. Continuous time population models3. Fitting a straight line to data
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Teaching Style1.See It2.Do It3.Teach It
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Learning Objective 1: Gapminder
• A visualization tool to animate statistics and data to see trends over time
• Downloadable data sets• Interactive graphical resources• Unique visualization techniques
o Ex: Size and color of each country’s circle are significant.
• Video #1: Breast Cancer Statistics• Video #2: Lung Cancer Statistics
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Think, Pair, Share• What features about Gapminder were
most intriguing? • What, if anything, confused you about
Gapminder?• What relationships would you like to
explore with respect to breast cancer and lung cancer in Gapminder?
Time to Share
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Think, Pair, Share• Complete In-Class Activity #2 in the Cancer
Global View document • Pay special attention to what happens when you
change the scale of the graph
Time to Share
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Summarizing
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Learning Objective 2: Logarithmic
Transformations• Gapminder World:
o Lung cancer, new cases per 100,000 men versus Income per Capita • Linear y-axis with linear x-axis• Logarithmic y-axis with linear x-axis• Linear y-axis with logarithmic x-axis• Logarithmic y-axis with logarithmic x-axis
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Learning Objective 2: Logarithmic
TransformationsSame data – different visualizations:
0 50 100 150 200 2500
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Plantain Data
Seeds planted per sqmAvg #
of
seeds
per
repro
duc-
ing i
ndiv
idual
1 10 100 100010
100
1000
10000
100000
Plantain Data
Seeds planted per sqmAvg #
of
seeds
per
repro
duc-
ing i
ndiv
idual
Linear versus Linear
Logarithmic versus
Logarithmic
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Learning Objective 2: Logarithmic
TransformationsSame data – different visualizations:
76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 960
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Parakeet Data
Year
# M
onk P
ara
keets
per
Part
y
Hour
76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 960.01
0.1
1
Parakeet Data
Year
# M
onk P
ara
keets
per
Part
y
Hour
Linear versus Linear
Logarithmic versus Linear
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Learning Objective 2: Logarithmic
Transformations
(a)On the axes above, find the following numbers: x=0.05, 0.2, 8, 15, 750.
(b)Why do you think we choose logarithms to base 10, instead of some other base?
(c) Can you plot negative numbers on a logarithmic scale?
(d)As x approaches 0, where would you find x on a logarithmic scale?
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So what is really happening?
• Case 1: Both axes are logarithmic.
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Log/Log Graphs• Log/Log transformation = straight
line
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Log/Log Graphs• Applying our rules for logarithms:
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Log/Log Graphs• Applying our rules for logarithms:
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Log/Log Graphs• Applying our rules for logarithms:
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Log/Log Graphs• Applying our rules for logarithms:
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Log/Log Graphs• Applying our rules for logarithms:
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Log/Log Graphs• Applying our rules for logarithms:
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Log/Log Graphs• Applying our rules for logarithms:
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Log/Log Graphs• If we substitute in a constant, we find
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Log/Log Graphs• If both axes are transformed logarithmically,
producing a straight line, then the relationship between x and y is that of a power function:
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Case 2: Semi-log Graphs• In this case, the x-axis remains
linear, while the y-axis is transformed logarithmically.
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Case 2: Semi-log Graphs• Again, let us assume that a straight
line results from this transformation.
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Case 2: Semi-log Graphs• If we transform the y-axis
logarithmically, leave the x-axis linear, and a straight line results, what is the relationship between the data points?
Time’s Up!
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Case 2: Semi-log Graphs
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Case 2: Semi-log Graphs• If we transform the y-axis
logarithmically, leave the x-axis linear, and a straight line results, then the relationship between x and y is an exponential function.
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Exploring Data in Excel1. Download the Excel data file from the Schedule page2. Click on the Parakeet tab. Highlight both columns of
data.3. Choose Charts Scatter Marked Scatter.4. Click on the legend and delete it.5. Click on the title and change it.6. Choose Chart Layout Axis Titles Horizontal Title
Below the Axis. Pick an appropriate name. Repeat the process for the Vertical Axis.
7. To make the horizontal axis start at 76 (not 0), right click on the horizontal axis. Select Format Axis. Uncheck the Minimum box, and put 76 in as the minimum.
8. Options for logarithmic transformations can be found under Chart Layout Axes Horizontal
9. If your axes do not look correct (i.e. the horizontal axis is not at the bottom of the graph), right click on the vertical axis. Select Format Axis. Ensure that the horizontal axis crosses at the minimum value of the vertical axis.
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Fitting Data in Excel1. Graph your data on the scales desired.2. Select the graph. Choose Chart Layout
Trendline Trendline Options Options. Choose to display the equation on the chart, as well as displaying the R-squared value on the chart.
3. Select the graph. Choose Chart Layout Trendline Trendline Options Type. Try various options for the fit type, keeping in mind that the transformed graph should guide your decision. Note that an R-squared value closer to one indicates a stronger correlation between the two variables.
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Group Activity• Fit an appropriate function to the Parakeet data.• Fit an appropriate function to the Plantain data.• Compare with your neighboring group.
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Learning Objective 3: Downloading Data
• Follow the directions in the Cancer Global View pdf (starting on the bottom of page 6) to download data from Gapminder and WHO (links can be found on the schedule page).
• Complete the group project involving the mash-up data provided. Create a blog entry reflecting on your results.