CANCERCANCER

BackgroundBackground

Cells divide and multiply as the Cells divide and multiply as the body needs them. body needs them. When cells continue multiplying when the body doesn't need them, the result is a mass or growth, also called a tumor.

BackgroundBackground

These growths are considered either benign or malignant. .

Each type of cancer is unique with its Each type of cancer is unique with its own causes, symptoms, and methods own causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment. Like with all groups of of treatment. Like with all groups of disease, some types of cancer are disease, some types of cancer are more common than others.more common than others.

CancerCancer

a malignant tumor of a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by that expands locally by invasion and metastasisinvasion and metastasis

CancerCancer Cancer is one of the most common Cancer is one of the most common

diseases in the world:diseases in the world: 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer Lung cancerLung cancer is the most common cancer in is the most common cancer in

menmen Breast cancerBreast cancer is the most common cancer is the most common cancer

in womenin women There are over 100 different forms of There are over 100 different forms of

cancercancer

CancerCancer The division (mitosis) of normal cells is The division (mitosis) of normal cells is

precisely controlled. New cells are only precisely controlled. New cells are only formed for growth or to replace dead ones.formed for growth or to replace dead ones.

Cancerous cells divide repeatedlyCancerous cells divide repeatedly out of control even though they are not needed, even though they are not needed, they crowd out other normal cells and they crowd out other normal cells and function abnormally. function abnormally.

They can also destroy the correct They can also destroy the correct functioning of major organsfunctioning of major organs..

Cancer Is One Outcome of A Runaway Cell Cycle

Licentious division - prostate cancer cells during division.

The Cell Cycle and CancerThe Cell Cycle and Cancer NeoplasmNeoplasm- - abnormal growth of cellsabnormal growth of cells

BenignBenign neoplasms are neoplasms are not not cancerouscancerousEncapsulated; Encapsulated; Do not invade Do not invade neighboring tissue or spreadneighboring tissue or spread

MalignantMalignant neoplasms are neoplasms are cancerouscancerousNot encapsulated; Not encapsulated; Readily invade Readily invade neighboring tissuesneighboring tissues

May also detach and lodge in May also detach and lodge in distant places – metastasisdistant places – metastasis

Carcinogenesis Carcinogenesis – – development of cancerdevelopment of cancerTends to be gradual, takes Tends to be gradual, takes yearsyears

The Cell Cycle and CancerThe Cell Cycle and Cancer

Characteristics of Cancer Characteristics of Cancer CellsCells

Lack differentiation (control)Lack differentiation (control)Have abnormal nucleiHave abnormal nucleiForm tumorsForm tumorsMitosis controlled by contact Mitosis controlled by contact with neighboring cells – contact with neighboring cells – contact inhibitioninhibition

Cancer cells have lost contact Cancer cells have lost contact inhibitioninhibition

Stages of CancerStages of Cancer Stage IStage I cancers are localized to one cancers are localized to one

part of the body; usually curable.part of the body; usually curable. Stage IIStage II cancers are locally advanced. cancers are locally advanced. Stage IIIStage III cancers are also locally cancers are also locally

advanced. advanced. Stage IVStage IV cancers have often cancers have often

metastasized, or spread to other metastasized, or spread to other organs or throughout the body. organs or throughout the body.

Stages of CancerStages of Cancer

What causes cancer?What causes cancer? Cancer arises from the Cancer arises from the mutationmutation

of a normal gene.of a normal gene. A factor which brings about a A factor which brings about a

mutation is called a mutation is called a mutagen.mutagen. It is thought that several It is thought that several

mutations need to occur to give mutations need to occur to give rise to cancerrise to cancer

Mutated genes that cause cancer Mutated genes that cause cancer

are called are called oncogenesoncogenes..

Any agent that causes cancer is Any agent that causes cancer is called a carcinogen and is called a carcinogen and is described as carcinogenicdescribed as carcinogenic..

Cancerous cells do not self destruct Cancerous cells do not self destruct and continue to divide rapidly and continue to divide rapidly producing millions of new cancerous producing millions of new cancerous cells.cells.

What causes cancer?What causes cancer?

CarcinogensCarcinogens Ionising radiationIonising radiation – X Rays, UV light – X Rays, UV light ChemicalsChemicals – tar from cigarettes – tar from cigarettes Virus infectionVirus infection – papilloma virus – papilloma virus

can be responsible for cervical can be responsible for cervical cancer.cancer.

Hereditary predispositionHereditary predisposition – Some – Some families are families are more susceptiblemore susceptible to to getting certain cancers. Remember getting certain cancers. Remember you can’t inherit canceryou can’t inherit cancer its just its just that you maybe more susceptible that you maybe more susceptible to getting it.to getting it.

What are the different What are the different kinds of Cancer?kinds of Cancer?

The four most common cancers The four most common cancers are:are:

Breast Cancer Colon Cancer Lung Cancer Prostate Cancer

What are the different What are the different kinds of Cancer?kinds of Cancer?

Cancers of Blood and Lymphatic Cancers of Blood and Lymphatic Systems:Systems:

Hodgkin's Disease Leukemias Lymphomas Multiple Myeloma Waldenström's Disease

What are the different What are the different kinds of Cancer?kinds of Cancer?

Cancers of Digestive Systems:Cancers of Digestive Systems: Head and Neck Cancers Esophageal Cancer Stomach Cancer Cancer of Pancreas Liver Cancer Colon and Rectal Cancer

What are the different What are the different kinds of Cancer?kinds of Cancer?

Cancers of Urinary system:Cancers of Urinary system: Kidney Cancer Bladder Cancer Testis Cancer Testis Cancer Prostate CancerProstate Cancer

What are the different What are the different kinds of Cancer?kinds of Cancer?

Miscellaneous cancers:Miscellaneous cancers: Brain Tumors Brain Tumors Bone Tumors Bone Tumors Nasopharyngeal Cancer Nasopharyngeal Cancer Retroperitoneal sarcomas Retroperitoneal sarcomas Soft Tissue Tumors Soft Tissue Tumors Thyroid Cancer Thyroid Cancer Cancers of Unknown Primary SiteCancers of Unknown Primary Site

Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatment Chemotherapy treatmentChemotherapy treatment uses medicine to weaken and uses medicine to weaken and

destroy cancer cells in the bodydestroy cancer cells in the body, , including cells at the original cancer including cells at the original cancer site and any cancer cells that may site and any cancer cells that may have spread to another part of the have spread to another part of the body. body.

Chemotherapy treatmentChemotherapy treatment or "chemo," is a systemic therapy, or "chemo," is a systemic therapy,

which means it affects the whole which means it affects the whole body by going through the body by going through the bloodstream.bloodstream.

In some cases, chemotherapy is In some cases, chemotherapy is given before surgery to shrink the given before surgery to shrink the cancercancer

Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatment

Radiation therapy (also called Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy)radiotherapy)

high-energy rays are used to high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and stop them damage cancer cells and stop them from growing and dividing. from growing and dividing.

A specialist in radiation therapy is A specialist in radiation therapy is called a radiation oncologist. called a radiation oncologist.

Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatment

Radiation therapy (also called Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy)radiotherapy)

Like surgery, radiation therapy is a Like surgery, radiation therapy is a local treatment; it affects cancer local treatment; it affects cancer cells only in the treated area. cells only in the treated area. Radiation can come from a machine Radiation can come from a machine (external radiation). (external radiation).

Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatment

Radiation therapy (also called Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy)radiotherapy)

It can also come from an implant (a It can also come from an implant (a small container of radioactive small container of radioactive material) placed directly into or near material) placed directly into or near the tumor (internal radiation). Some the tumor (internal radiation). Some patients receive both kinds of patients receive both kinds of radiation therapy.radiation therapy.

Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatment

Cancer PreventionCancer Prevention

Healthy lifestyleHealthy lifestyle Exercise and proper breathingExercise and proper breathing Balanced dietBalanced diet Complete rest and sleepComplete rest and sleep Water (8 to 10 glasses daily) Water (8 to 10 glasses daily) Eating Fruit on an empty stomachEating Fruit on an empty stomach