cancer consult - my.clevelandclinic.org · hyperthermia aids recurrent cancer therapy highlights...
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Ta u s s i g C a n c e r I n s t i t u t e | W i n t e r 2 0 1 4
Cancer ConsultCancer Genomics:
From Prostate Tumors to Myeloid Leukemias, Our Discoveries Are Revolutionizing Patients’ Risk Assessment and Treatment
Ranked as one of the top 10 hospitals in America for cancer care by U.S. News & World Report.
Also Inside:
HDL Cholesterol as a Cancer Fighter
Hyperthermia Aids Recurrent Cancer Therapy
Highlights from the American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting
Table of Contents
First Mutation Identified That
Increases DHT Synthesis to
Promote Hormone Therapy
Resistance...3
Next-Generation Cancer Genomic
Testing in a Real-World Setting...4
Genetic Advances Fuel New
Hope in Fight Against Myeloid
Leukemias...6
Highlights from the ASH Annual
Meeting...8
From Bench to Bedside: Genomics
for Active Surveillance Now in
Clinical Practice...10
Clinical Trials...12
Promising Research Shows HDL,
the Carrier of ‘Good’ Cholesterol,
Has Cancer-Fighting Punch...13
Hyperthermia Improves Response
Rates in Recurrent Cancers...14
Scoring the Risks: Khorana Score
Predicts Risk of Cancer-associated
Thrombosis and Mortality...16
New Staff...18
Selected Publications...19
On the cover: Investigators in the
lab of Cleveland Clinic researcher
Nima Sharifi, MD, have identified
the first genetic mutation that helps
prostate cancer tumors acquire
resistance to hormone therapy.
Dear Colleagues,
Welcome to the latest edition of Cleveland Clinic’s Cancer Consult.
I hope you find this issue informative and inspiring.
The history of progress in cancer medicine has been focused in two
basic areas: early detection and improved therapeutics. Recently,
we have been witnessing an explosion of progress as our knowledge
of cancer genomics increases. Genomics is revolutionizing risk
assessment, tumor classification and treatment.
Our physicians and researchers are involved in several high-profile
genomic initiatives. We have initiated a clinical trial to assess the
feasibility and clinical utility of next-generation genomic sequencing
in 15 solid tumors with historically poor prognosis. Our colleagues at
the Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute were instrumental in the
research and development of a genetic test — Oncotype DX® Prostate —
for prostate cancer, which helps identify men who are good candidates
for active surveillance.
In an era of personalized cancer care, there is increased focus on
defining and treating cancer by its genetic abnormalities. Tumor-
promoting enzyme mutations in several cancers have been identified
by Cleveland Clinic researchers, including the androgen-synthesizing
enzyme 3βHSD1 in castration-resistant prostate cancer, and the
SETBP1 gene, which frequently mutates in a subset of leukemias.
My goal is that you find the information in these pages useful in your
practice. Please do not hesitate to contact me with any questions,
concerns or suggestions at 216.444.6922 or [email protected].
Sincerely,
Brian J. Bolwell, MD
Chairman, Taussig Cancer Institute
CANCER CONSULT WINTER 2014
2 | 3 | clevelandclinic.org/cancer
The development of castration-resistant prostate
cancer (CRPC) occurs in large part by tumors
acquiring the capability of synthesizing their
own supply of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
from nongonadal sources, particularly from
adrenal precursors. The role and requirement for
intratumoral DHT synthesis in the development
of CRPC is demonstrated by the efficacy of next-
generation hormone therapies that have entered
into clinical practice. This includes abiraterone
acetate, which blocks androgen synthesis, and
enzalutamide, which is a potent androgen
receptor antagonist.
Despite the long-recognized phenomenon of
elevated androgens in CRPC, no mutation has yet
been described that is responsible for increasing
DHT synthesis. At Cleveland Clinic, researchers
have identified the first such example of a genetic
alteration that increases the conversion of
precursor steroids to DHT, permitting tumors
to grow in the absence of gonadal testosterone.
The enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-
isoenzyme-1 (3βHSD1) is required for the first and
rate-limiting step in the conversion of adrenal
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) en route to
DHT. A mutation occurs in 3βHSD1 in a subset
of human CRPC tumors that blocks degradation
of this enzyme, increasing the amount of enzyme
available in the cell and resulting in an increase in
the flow of precursor steroids to DHT. The essential
consequence is that this mutation opens the
floodgates to DHT synthesis, permitting tumors to
grow in the absence of gonadal testosterone.
Cleveland Clinic investigators found not only
that this mutant 3βHSD1 occurs in human CRPC
tumors, but also that it occurs in a mouse model
of resistance to abiraterone acetate. Current
studies are aimed at determining whether clinical
resistance to abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide
is attributable in part to 3βHSD1 mutations.
In addition to the 3βHSD1 mutation that occurs
in tumors with the development of CRPC, the
same genetic alteration exists as an inherited
germline variant. In this form, it is possible
that this germline variant plays a part in upfront
resistance to hormonal therapy. Other ongoing
studies will identify how germline variant
inheritance regulates androgen metabolism in
localized prostate cancer. It is conceivable that
upfront genetic information on hormone therapy
response/resistance may help determine the best
treatment modality for a specific patient.
First Mutation Identified That Increases DHT Synthesis to Promote Hormone Therapy Resistance
For more information, contact Dr. Sharifi at 216.445.9750 or [email protected].
For references, please email the editor.
Nima Sharifi, MD, holds the Kendrick Family Endowed Chair for Prostate Cancer Research in Lerner Research Institute’s Department of Cancer Biology, and is an associate staff member of the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology.
By Nima Sharifi, MD
Nima Sharifi, MD, (left) with
Kai-Hsiung Chang, PhD
CANCER CONSULT WINTER 2014
Since August, oncologists at Cleveland Clinic’s
Taussig Cancer Institute have been enrolling
patients in an expanded genomic testing clinical
study. Over the next year, 250 patients with a
variety of 15 different tumor types will have their
tumor sample analyzed for 236 cancer-related
genes as part of the investigation. The genes tested
have been implicated in cancer, with ramifications
for cancer therapeutics. They are all included in
the FoundationOne™ genomics assessment test.
For this clinical investigation, Cleveland Clinic
has partnered with FoundationOne’s developer,
Foundation Medicine, a molecular information
company specializing in comprehensive genomic
analysis of tumors.
In the study, each patient’s tumor sample is tested
with the FoundationOne genomics profile, which
detects several types of DNA alterations — base
substitutions, small insertions/deletions, copy
number alterations and gene rearrangements.
The test includes those genes that show a high
frequency of common alterations but also those
on a tail on the curve, such as those mutations
occurring at low frequency but across many
different tumor types. This type of approach
provides a strong rationale for looking broadly
rather than just looking with disease-specific
genes.
For more information, contact Dr. Sohal at 216.444.8258 or [email protected].
Next-Generation Cancer Genomic Testing in a Real-World Setting
Nearly every major hospital or cancer treatment practice performs specific genomic testing
on every cancer patient’s tumor sample. Examples include KRAS oncogene analysis for
those with colorectal cancer or HER2 analysis in breast cancer. These standard-of-care
tests detect a single genetic mutation associated with a patient’s tumor type.
Davendra Sohal, MD, MPH, staff physician
in the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology
CLEVELAND CLINIC | TAUSSIG CANCER INSTITUTE | CANCER CONSULT
“There is an opportunity to make a difference for people
if we can apply the existing knowledge about cancer
mutations to making useful treatment decisions.”
Brian J. Bolwell MD, Chairman, Taussig Cancer Institute
4 | 5 | clevelandclinic.org/cancer
The ultimate goal is to probe the clinical useful-
ness of expanded genomic testing. Every test
result includes molecular details about a patient’s
tumor along with supporting data suggesting a
particular targeted therapy. This information is
provided to a panel of oncologists within Taussig
Cancer Institute. This Genomics Tumor Board
meets weekly to review each result independently
and make recommendations for treatment —
whether with approved drugs or as part of clinical
trials in and around Cleveland. These recommen-
dations are transmitted to the primary oncologist,
who makes final personalized recommendations
to the patient. “If many patients can get to useful
treatments — whether FDA-approved or off-label,
or under a clinical trial of a targeted therapy —
then it can make a real difference,” says Dr. Sohal.
Because the science behind genomic testing is
evolving rapidly, new genetic mutations are rapidly
emerging. Cleveland Clinic has chosen to partner
with Foundation Medicine as the company con-
tinually updates its testing panel to keep current
with the latest research in cancer-related genetics.
“We have chosen a variety of cancers that includes
the most common cancers,” says Davendra Sohal,
MD, MPH, staff physician in the Department of
Solid Tumor Oncology and principal investiga-
tor of the study. “The goal is to see if this type of
expanded genomic testing can impact clinical
outcomes in a meaningful way.”
“We understand the importance of genomic
testing in a broad fashion and are investing heavily
in this,” adds Brian J. Bolwell, MD, FACP, chairman
of Cleveland Clinic’s Taussig Cancer Institute.
The target population for the study includes
patients lacking good treatment options, such as
those with metastatic disease or whose cancer has
progressed despite one or two rounds of standard
chemotherapy. “There is an opportunity to make
a difference for these people if we can apply the
existing knowledge about cancer mutations to
making useful treatment decisions.”
Feasibility and Utility
One of the trial’s goals is to study the feasibility
of doing genomic analyses in a real-world setting.
“We want to see how well tests like FoundationOne
can be performed in a real-world setting in a
variety of tumors,” comments Dr. Sohal. Questions
to be answered include: How long does it take for
a patient to be consented to receive this testing?
How long does it take to process the test and for
doctors at Cleveland Clinic to get the result? How
long does it take for the patient to learn the result
and get recommendations for treatment?
CANCER CONSULT WINTER 2014
Genetic Advances Fuel New Hope in Fight Against Myeloid Leukemias
For more information, contact Dr. Maciejewski at 216.445.5962 or [email protected].
“We are on the forefront with the new, incredibly
efficient genomic technologies that exponen-
tially increase our ability to characterize genomic
defects leading to leukemia. Our team has discov-
ered multiple new mutations, including those in
the SETBP1 gene, which frequently mutate in a
subset of leukemias,” says Jaroslaw Maciejewski,
MD, PhD, Chairman of the Department of
Translational Hematology and Oncology Research.
“Now we are moving into the clinical application
of these technologies to generate comprehensive
testing panels for the most commonly occurring
mutations.”
Dr. Maciejewski says SETBP1 mutations hold great
promise as a novel therapeutic target. SETBP1
mutations ramp up evolution of myeloid leukemia.
Conceptually, development of a drug to turn off or
silence an overactive gene mutation is easier, he
explains, compared with devising a strategy to turn
on an essential gene switched off or damaged by a
cancer.
“We’ve discovered a very important mutation,
a somatic mutation, in a subset of leukemia
patients that can be targeted with drugs,” says Dr.
Maciejewski, who is also Professor of Medicine at
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine.
The implications go beyond identification of spe-
cific mutations to aid the approximately 10 percent
of leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome patients
who carry SETBP1 mutations. These innovations
coming out of Cleveland Clinic will usher in a
new era of individualized medicine for patients
fighting these cancers. “That’s the big picture,” Dr.
Maciejewski says.
The genetic profile of individual lesions can help
clinicians identify which patients are likely or
unlikely to respond to individualized therapy.
“Many of the drugs we have now work very well but
they are not very targeted, so we don’t know who
will respond,” Dr. Maciejewski says. “By target-
ing therapy to a specific genomic lesion, we avoid
Driven by leading-edge genetic discoveries that reveal how myeloid leukemias and
myelodysplastic syndrome acquire specific genetic mutations that can help predict the clinical
behavior of these diseases, researchers at Cleveland Clinic’s Taussig Cancer Institute continue to
lead as the focus shifts to translating this research. They now are moving from a discovery phase
into clinical application and innovative diagnostic, individualized therapies.
WT 1871T D868N
Two leukemia-specific mutations in the SETBP1 gene (middle and right
panel) were introduced into normal stem cells (left panel). The mutant
genes prevented cells from maturing and rendered them immortal.
CLEVELAND CLINIC | TAUSSIG CANCER INSTITUTE | CANCER CONSULT
“By targeting therapy to a specific
genomic lesion, we avoid potentially
toxic and futile therapies for
patients who do not have the lesion
and we maximize response among
those who do.”
Jaroslaw Maciejewski, MD, PhD,
Chairman, Department of Translational
Hematology and Oncology Research
potentially toxic and futile therapies for patients
who do not have the lesion and we maximize
response among those who do.”
Without such knowledge, administration of an
agent that effectively shuts down the SETBP1
mutation and its promotion of cancer progression
would work in only about 10 percent of leukemia
patients. Dr. Maciejewski says, “But if you only
treat the 10 percent of patients who have the
mutations, your response rate in this subgroup of
patients will be very, very high. Thus we can pro-
vide effective therapy to a subset of patients while
working on drugs for the next variant of leukemia.”
Discovery of the surprising role of SETBP1 somatic
mutations in fostering leukemias and myelodys-
plastic disease is the latest in a series of important
advances to emerge from Cleveland Clinic.
The findings were simultaneously published in two
studies in the August 2013 Nature Genetics by Dr.
Maciejewski and colleagues. The studies outline
the promise of SETBP1 findings for a subset of
adults fighting these cancers (2013;45(8):942-946)
as well as for children combating chronic juvenile
myelomonocytic leukemia (2013;45(8):937-941).
The SETBP1 research was one of only five studies
highlighted during the plenary session at the 2012
American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting
in Atlanta.
All these advances in understanding the genetic
framework behind myeloid leukemias and
myelodysplastic syndrome are a reality due to
rapid developments in next-generation genetic
sequencing and high-throughput genetic arrays.
These technologies have led to a realization and
appreciation of the great diversity of these cancers.
“These mutations, or combinations of these
mutations, are individual to each patient,” Dr.
Maciejewski says.
Previously, SETBP1 mutations primarily were
associated with Schinzel-Giedion syndrome.
Notably, children with this rare congenital condi-
tion and its characteristic physical malformations
inherit the genetic abnormality. In contrast, the
new discoveries at Cleveland Clinic show that the
SETBP1 mutations are acquired during the cancer
development process.
“These research findings exemplify our Cancer
Institute’s strengths. We are on the forefront of
driving discoveries with this set of diseases, and
we hope to translate these discoveries into the
development of individualized therapies,” Dr.
Maciejewski says.
6 | 7 | clevelandclinic.org/cancer
Inhibition of JAK-STAT Pathway as a Therapeutic Option for Myelofibrosis Associated Pulmonary Hypertension
Ali Tabarroki, MD, Daniel Lindner, MD, PhD, Valeria Visconte, PhD, Li Zhang, PhD, Edy Hasrouni, Yvonne Parker, Heesun J. Rogers, MD, PhD, Tracy Cinalli, RN, Kristin Dodd, RN, Gina Rupp, RN, Hien Kim Duong, MD, Alan E. Lichtin, MD, Matt Kalaycio, MD, Mikkael A. Sekeres, MD, MS, Anjali S. Advani, MD, Betty K. Hamilton, MD, Sudipto Mukherjee, MD, PhD, MPH, Yogen Saunthararajah, MD, Stavros E. Mountantonakis, MD, Gustavo A. Heresi, MD, and Ramon V. Tiu, MD
Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an under-recognized complication of myelofibrosis (MF), occurring in 30 percent of MF patients and associated with poor survival. The pathophysiology of PH in MF has not been elucidated, although in idiopathic PH, the proliferation of pulmonary artery endothelial cells has been linked to activation of the STAT3 pathway.
Dysregulation of the JAK-STAT pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of MF. Ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, was approved for management of splenomegaly and cytokine-mediated symptoms in MF. No specific therapy in the management of MF-associated PH has been established. Given the association between MF and PH and the possible pathophysiologic link mediated by JAK signaling, we prospectively followed 19 patients with MF-associated PH and compared their echo-cardiographic findings and PH-relevant serum biomarker levels pre- and post-ruxolitinib therapy.
Results: Nitric oxide (NO), a primary regulator of vascular endothelial function, is reduced in MF patients with PH compared to normal individuals. Treatment with ruxolitinib resulted in marked increase in NO levels compared to baseline, while no changes in NO levels were observed after treatment with hydroxyurea and lenalidomide. Treatment with ruxolitinib also resulted in reduction of key cytokines that inhibit NO production and induction of cytokines that lead to increase in NO synthesis, supporting the role of cytokines in PH pathogenesis in MF.
Conclusion: Aberrant JAK-STAT signaling in MF mediates PH by dysregulation of NO and cytokine levels, which can be restored by therapy with JAK inhibitors. This suggests that inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a novel, viable target for the management of patients with MF-associated PH.
Differences in Perceptions of Disease and Treatment Effectiveness and Adherence Between Physicians and Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
David P. Steensma, MD, Richard M. Stone, MD, John Huber, MS, Betsy Dennison, MS, RN and Mikkael A. Sekeres, MD, MS
Background and Methods: MDS are complex conditions, described with sometimes confusing terminology. Contemporary drug therapies (tx) for MDS require repeated treatment administration cycles to achieve clinical effect. Lack of disease understanding or premature discontinuation of tx may result in poorer outcomes for patients (pts). To better understand physician (MD) and pt perceptions about MDS and tx decisions, we conducted two online surveys: one for MDS pts and one for healthcare providers (HCP). Pt and HCP surveys assessed understanding of MDS, perceptions of specific tx, barriers to tx adherence, and overall tx experience.
Results: Of 4,039 pts invited to participate, 477 (12%) complete responses were received. Of 4,594 HCPs invited to participate, 120 (3%) complete responses were received. Because of low participation among other HCP groups, only MD responses were examined. Only 10% of pts reported MDS (p < .001) was described to them as “cancer” compared to how it was described by 59% of MDs. Only 29% of pts reported that MDS was “curable,” compared to 52% of MDs(p < .001). Forty-two percent of pts had received at least one disease-modifying tx. MD and pt perceptions of active tx were significantly different, with MDs overestimating quality of life (QOL) benefits for drugs and underestimating the negative impact of tx on pt activities for hypomethylating agents. MDs interpreted the benefit of active tx significantly higher than pts; however, pts perceived the actual tx experience more positively than MDs.
Most pts (81%) reported the MD had the most influence on their decision to stop tx, correlating to 69% of MDs who reported recommending stopping tx prior to the completion of tx regimen. Reported reasons diverged significantly between MD and pt, and included the burden of tx exceeding benefit to the pt, as well as perceptions that the impact on the pt and family was too great.
Conclusion: Physicians and MDS pts have distinct views of the value of tx for MDS, with MDs underestimating the impact of tx on QOL, but overestimating it as a justification for stopping tx. Improved communication may improve understanding of MDS and the impact of active treatment to achieve better tx adherence and ultimately response.
Prospective Study of an Emergency Department Febrile Neutropenia Pathway in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies
Michael K. Keng, MD, Elaine Thallner, MD, MS, Paul Elson, ScD, Christine Zayac, MA, Jennifer Sekeres, PharmD, BCPS, Candice M. Wenzell, PharmD, BCOP, Erika M. Gallagher, PharmD, BCOP, Catherine M. Weber, PharmD, BCOP, Marc A. Earl, PharmD, BCOP, Sudipto Mukherjee, MD, PhD, MPH, David J. Seastone, DO, PhD, Brad Pohlman, MD, Eric Cober, MD, Beth Rodgers, RN, MSN, CEN, Virginia B. Foster, PhD, MPH, Joy Yuhas, RN, MSN, Matt E. Kalaycio, MD, Brian J. Bolwell, MD, and Mikkael A. Sekeres, MD, MS
Background: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is an oncologic emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients (pts) with hematologic malignancies. Delays in antibiotic administration, which can occur in busy emergency departments (EDs), lead to worse outcomes. We instituted an FN pathway (FNP) in Cleveland Clinic’s (CC) ED to reduce antibiotic delays.
Methods: We compared patients from 06/2012 to 06/2013 to historical pts from 02/2010 to 05/2012. Fever was defined as temperature≥ 38°C, while neutropenia as absolute neutrophil count < 0.5 x 109/L. All CC cancer pts received a special “Neutropenic Risk Hospital Medical Alert Card,” which they presented upon CC ED registration with fever. The pathway formally recognized “fever with a history of cancer” as a distinct chief complaint and categorized FN as Emergency Severity Index level 2 (equivalent to stroke or myocardial infarction) for immediate triage and care. ED-specific electronic FN order sets were created to facilitate antibiotic, laboratory, and blood culture ordering, with antibiotics administered prior to return of neutrophil count. The primary goal of the FNP is administration of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics within 120 minutes of ED presentation, per Infectious Diseases Society of America
HIGHLIGHTSfrom the
A S HANNUAL MEETING
Physicians and investigators from Cleveland Clinic’s Taussig Cancer Institute made major contributions to the American Society of Hematology (ASH) 2013 Annual Meeting in New Orleans, describing their research in more than 30 oral presentations and more than 60 poster presentations. Here we feature condensed abstracts from five of the presented research papers (Cleveland Clinic authors are listed in bold).
For complete abstracts, see https://ash.confex.com/ash/2013/webprogram/start.html
8 | 9 | clevelandclinic.org/cancer
guidelines. The primary outcomes measured were time intervals related to it, e.g. time to blood draw, physician assessment, and antibiotic order/administration. All reported times were from ED registration.
Results: FNP study pts had significantly shorter time to having blood drawn (median 38.5 vs. 70 minutes, p < 0.0001), seeing a doctor (median 44 vs. 71 minutes, p = 0.0002) and to receiving antibiotics (median 79 vs. 228 minutes, p < 0.0001). Time to admission was also shorter for FNP study pts, though study pts (4.2 vs. 6.0 hours,p < 0.0001) were less likely to be admitted than historical controls (83% vs. 97%, p = 0.005), p < 0.0001). For FNP pts admitted to the hospital, there was a non-significant decrease in length of stay, ICU admission and length of ICU stay compared to historical controls. Comparing the two FNP groups treated or not treated per the order set, those treated using the order set had shorter times to antibiotics being ordered (median 28.0 vs. 60.5 minutes, p < 0.0001) and administered (100% vs. 90%, p = 0.02). ED order set pts also had a higher rate of antibiotic use. Correct antibiotic use, antibiotic overuse, hospital and ICU admission rates, time to hospital admission, and length of hospital stay were all similar between the two groups (all p ≥ 0.28).
Conclusion: The FNP significantly decreased time from ED registration to all set time-points, including time to antibiotics by almost threefold, compared to historical controls in pts with hematologic malignancies. Rate of hospitalization was significantly lower, and ICU and length of stay numerically lower. The FNP is an effective clinical tool to provide prompt antibiotic administration to FN pts and likely represents a significant mechanism for improved outcomes and cost savings to patients with hematologic malignancies presenting with FN.
Distinct Pattern of Genomic Changes Associated with Smoking in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
David J. Seastone, DO, PhD, Sudipto Mukherjee, MD, PhD, MPH, Zaher K. Otrock, MD, Paul Elson, ScD, Michael K. Keng, MD, Bartlomiej Przychodzen, PhD, Hideki Makishima, MD, PhD, Brittney Dienes, Sean Hobson, Kristin Dodd, RN, Tracy Cinalli, RN, Ramon V. Tiu, MD, Yogen Saunthararajah, MD, Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski, MD, PhD, FACP and Mikkael A. Sekeres, MD, MS
Background: Smoking is a risk factor for development of MDS and for overall survival. The pathogenesis of MDS is a multistep process with environmental and genetic influences. The link between smoking and MDS is thought to be mediated by organic solvents in tobacco. We identified specific molecular abnormalities associated with smoking exposure in MDS patients (pts).
Methods: 151 MDS pts seen from 2000 to 2012 with complete smoking and molecular data were included. We assessed associations between the number of mutations present and demographic and clinical factors. Analysis was performed using next-generation targeted deep gene sequencing with 22 common gene mutations, selected based on the frequency observed in a cohort of MDS patients analyzed by whole exome sequencing. Mutations were considered individually and in functional groups: methylation (TET2, IDH1, IDH2), histone modification (ASXL1, EZH2), and gene splicing (SRSF2, U2AF1, SF3B1).
Results: Overall 68% of pts had at least one mutation of the 22 screened mutations: 32% had a single mutation, 22% had 2, and 13% had 3 to 6 mutations. The most common mutations were in TET2, SF3B1, ASXL1, DNMT3A and U2AF1; 32% of pts had one or more mutation in genes involved in methylation, 19% in histone modification, and 32% with splicing. In univariable analyses, current/ex-smokers were more likely to have at least one of the common mutations than never smokers. The number of mutations increased with smoking exposure, particularly with genes involved with histone modification. Certain mutations increased in prevalence with age, e.g.: pts < 60 had fewer mutations overall than pts ≥ 60, and in particular fewer mutations in methylation-associated genes. Older age and greater smoking history/exposure were
both associated with more mutations. Current and ex-smokers and heavier smoking exposure (> 20 pack years) were also associated with worse survival, though current or ex-smokers with < 20 pack years had similar survival to never smokers. Multivariable analyses confirmed smoking as a risk factor for survival.
Conclusion: Smoking is associated with a greater number of molecular abnormalities in MDS pts, and may generate a distinct mutational signature pattern, particularly along histone acetylation pathways. This study identifies specific environmentally mediated pathways in the multistep pathogenesis of MDS.
Somatic Mutational Screen for Improved Prediction of the Outcomes of Epigenetic Therapy in Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
Swapna Thota, MD, Paul Lakin, Holleh Husseinzadeh, MD, Hideki Makishima, MD, PhD, Bartlomiej P. Przychodzen, PhD, Brittney Dienes, Kathryn M. Guinta, Naoko Hosono, MD, PhD, Tomas Radivoyevitch, PhD, Mikkael A. Sekeres, MD, MS, Yogen Saunthararajah, MD and Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski, MD, PhD
Background: Hypomethylating agents decitabine and azacitidine are standard treatments for MDS. However, individual treatment responses vary from complete remissions (CR) to complete refractoriness. In general, at least months of therapy are needed prior to assessing response. Thus, patients may be subjected to prolonged exposure to ineffective therapy, suffering toxicities without clinical benefit, while potentially more effective alternative treatments are delayed. Currently, there are no reliable phenotypic or mutational markers for predicting response to hypomethylating agents. With the availability of whole exome sequencing (WES) for more routine analysis, we theorized that somatic mutational patterns may help identify patients who would most benefit from these drugs, thereby maximizing response rate by rational patient selection.
Methods: We screened 168 patients with MDS who received either azacitidine or decitabine for the presence of somatic mutations. Only those who received sufficient therapy, i.e., completed at least 4 cycles, were selected for outcome analysis. WES and targeted deep next-generation sequencing for a subset of 60 genes most frequently affected by somatic mutations in MDS was applied to 94 evaluable patients.
Overall, the most frequently mutated genes include: TET2, IDH1/IDH2, SRSF2, ASXL1, SF3B1, RUNX1, EZH2/EED/SUZ12, SETBP1, CBL and PPFIA2. For some analyses we also divided mutations into functional gene families; e.g., DNMT family (DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B), PRC2 family (EZH2, EED, SUZ12, JARID2, RBBP4, PHF1), IDH family (IDH1, IDH2), CBL family (CBL, CBLB), and RAS family (NRAS, KRAS, HRAS, NF1, NF2, RIT1, PTPN11), among others.
Results: The most common molecular abnormalities in responders included the presence of complex karyotype, del7q/-7, del5q and mutations in DNMT3, ASXL1 and others. Similarly, the most common defects found in refractory included the U2AF1/2 family of genes. When compared and selected by the lowest p value, the top mutations in terms of predicting response were SRSF2 (OR 2.4), cohesin (5.1), ATM (OR 5.6) and PHF6 (OR 4.22). Mutations predicting non-response include RAS (OR 0.3), U2AF1/2 (OR 0.4) and LUC7L defects (OR 0.53). To generate better predictors, we combined mutations in “either/or” fashion. For instance, the presence of either SRSF2 and cohesin, or cohesin and PHF6 mutations, will be considered predictors of response, and the presence of either RAS/U2AF1 and/or cohesin/ATM and SRSF2 are predictors of refractoriness.
Conclusions: Mutational patterns may be helpful in identifying patients who may benefit from hypomethylating therapies. Identification of the most predictive genes could guide development of molecular marker-based selection of patients for hypomethylating agent therapy, but will require ongoing analysis and additional prospective testing for validation.
Clinical Risk Groups
Very Low
Low
Intermediate
High GPS
Unfavorable Biology
Intermediate Risk
Individual RiskLow GPS
Favorable Biology
Very Low Risk
Figure 1 A patient’s Genomic Prostate Score (GPS) helps
distinguish individual risk of unfavorable pathology across a
spectrum of clinical disease categories.
A presentation at the American Urological
Association in San Diego on May 8, 2013, marked
a watershed moment for patients with early-stage
prostate cancer considering active surveillance.
That morning, the results of a validation study
performed at the University of California at San
Francisco (UCSF) that was based on developmen-
tal work undertaken at Cleveland Clinic showed
that a 17-gene signature (Figure 2) performed on
prostate biopsies could accurately predict the
presence or absence of adverse pathology on radi-
cal prostatectomy specimens.
The signature, called the Genomic Prostate Score
(GPS) and marketed by Genomic Health Inc. as the
Oncotype DX Prostate, helps identify men who are
good candidates for active surveillance. The com-
mercialization of GPS represented the culmination
of seven years of developmental work and clinical
validation studies.
From Bench to Bedside:
Genomics for Active Surveillance Now in Clinical Practice
By Eric A. Klein, MD
Cancer Consult provides information from Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute specialists about innovative research and diagnostic and management techniques.
Please direct correspondence to
Taussig Cancer Institute/R35 Cleveland Clinic 9500 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, OH 44195
Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute annually serves more than 28,000 cancer patients. More than 250 cancer specialists are committed to researching and applying the latest, most effective techniques for diagnosis and treatment to achieve long-term survival and improved quality of life for all cancer patients. Taussig Cancer Institute is part of Cleveland Clinic, an independent, nonprofit, multispecialty academic medical center.
Cancer Consult Medical EditorBrian Rini, MDSolid Tumor Oncology
Cancer Consult Editorial BoardBrian J. Bolwell, MD, Chairman, Taussig Cancer Institute
Robert Dreicer, MD, Chairman, Solid Tumor Oncology
Timothy Spiro, MD, Chairman, Regional Oncology
John Suh, MD, Chairman, Radiation Oncology
Gene Barnett, MD, Director,Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center
Eric Klein, MD, Chairman,Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute
Managing Editor John Mangels [email protected]
DesignerAmy Buskey-Wood
PhotographyRussell Lee
Cancer Consult is written for physicians and should be relied on for medical education purposes only. It does not provide a complete overview of the topics covered and should not replace the independent judgment of a physician about the appropriateness or risks of a procedure for a given patient.
© 2013 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Dr. Klein is chairman of Cleveland Clinic’s Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute. For more information, contact him at 216.444.5591 or [email protected].
For references, please email the editor.
CANCER CONSULT WINTER 2014
CLEVELAND CLINIC | TAUSSIG CANCER INSTITUTE | CANCER CONSULT
10 | 11 | clevelandclinic.org/cancer
Figure 2 The 17 genes comprising
the Genomic Prostate Score
Androgen Signaling
AZGP1
FAM13C
KLK2
SRD5A2
Stromal Response
BGN
COL1A1
SFRP4
Proliferation
TPX2
Cellular Organization
FLNC
GSN
GSTM2
TPM2
Reference
ARF1
ATP5E
CLTC
GPS1
PGK1
One major barrier to more widespread adoption
of active surveillance is uncertainty on the part
of both patients and physicians as to whether a
biopsy showing low-volume Gleason 6 cancer is
reflective of the biology of the entire prostate.
Current clinical practice is typically to perform
a repeat biopsy soon after initial diagnosis, and
at some centers to perform a prostate MRI, but
neither of these methods has been sufficiently
clinically validated to completely assuage concerns
about undergrading or understaging.
GPS was specifically designed to address this issue.
In the initial development study, the primary and
highest Gleason pattern tumors contained in radi-
cal prostatectomy specimens were microdissected,
and gene expression signatures were measured
independently in each tumor. The results showed
that a subset of genes could predict clinical out-
comes regardless of whether they were measured
in the primary or highest grade. This suggests that
if expression of the same genes was measured in
a prostate biopsy, the result would be informative
about the biology of the entire prostate.
Two subsequent studies, one at Cleveland Clinic
and the one at UCSF previously mentioned, dem-
onstrated that gene expression on biopsy could
predict for the presence of a dominant pattern 4
cancer or extracapsular disease, both of which are
features that are desirably avoided in men man-
aged by surveillance. The clinically available GPS
is derived from biopsy material from an individual
patient and is reported on a scale of 0 to 100. Lower
scores are indicative of a higher likelihood of hav-
ing favorable pathology (i.e., absence of dominant
pattern 4 disease and absence of extracapsular
disease), which helps discriminate individual risk
in men categorized with National Comprehensive
Cancer Network very low-, low- or intermediate-
risk disease (Figure 1).
The overdiagnosis of nonlethal prostate cancer by
PSA screening has resulted in a paradigm shift in
From Bench to Bedside:
Genomics for Active Surveillance Now in Clinical Practice
the management of newly diagnosed disease. The
main question men should ask is no longer “What
is the best treatment for my cancer?”, but rather,
“Does my cancer need to be treated at all?”
The development of the GPS helps usher in an era
of precision medicine, where the correct answer
to the question on need for treatment is less a
clinical judgment than a decision informed by an
individual’s tumor biology.
12 | 13 | clevelandclinic.org/cancer
GLIOBLASTOMA
CCF IRB 12-1084Phase II study of TKI258 (dovitinib) in
patients with recurrent or progressive
glioblastoma who have progressed with
or without anti-angiogenic therapy
(including anti-VEGF therapy)
CCF IRB 12-344Phase II Evaluation of TRC105 in
combination with bevacizumab for the
treatment of recurrent or progressive
glioblastoma that has progressed on
bevacizumab
CCF IRB 13-445Prospective Phase II trial of NovoTTF-
100A with bevacizumab (Avastin®) in
patients with recurrent glioblastoma
LYMPHOMA
CCF IRB 13- 1081Phase II study of radioimmunotherapy
with Zevalin® (ibritumomab tiuxetan)
therapy for patients with refractory
or relapsed primary central nervous
system lymphoma (PCNSL)
MESOTHELIOMA
VERA 1513 / 13-885 Phase II randomized double-blind,
placebo-controlled, multicenter study
of VS-6063 in subjects with malignant
pleural mesothelioma (Verastem Inc)
New: SARCOMA
THRS 1711Randomized Phase III, multicenter,
open-label study comparing TH-302
in combination with doxorubicin vs.
doxorubicin alone in subjects with
locally advanced unresectable or
metastatic soft tissue sarcoma.
MYELOMA
CASE1A09 / CC-902 Azacitidine with lenalidomide and
dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory
myeloma
CASE2A10 / CC-00079 Placebo-controlled trial to assess
efficacy of glutamine in prevention of
bortezomib-induced neuropathy
CASE1A13 / 13-870“Mini” allogeneic stem cell transplant
with bortezomib as graft-vs.-host
disease prophylaxis and delayed
low-dose lenalidomide maintenance
with the goal to maximize graft versus
myeloma effects
SWOG1211 / 13-063 The antiCS-1 antibody elotuzumab
together with bortezomib, lenalidomide
and dexamethasone for high-risk
multiple myeloma
RENAL
GENE 1813 Phase II randomized study of
MPDL3280A administered as mono-
therapy or in combination with
bevacizumab vs. sunitinib in patients
with untreated advanced renal cell
carcinoma
At any given time, Taussig Cancer Institute has more than 100 cancer clinical trials underway on the main campus and at some Cleveland Clinic community facilities. Here is a representative sample of trials that are currently accepting patients:
Stay up to date on Cleveland Clinic’s more than 100 active clinical trials for cancer patients. Our free Cancer Clinical Trials app — available for iPhone®, iPad®, AndroidTM phone and Android tablet — makes it easy.
With this app, you can:
Search the database of open clinical trials by disease, phase, physician or location.
Browse real-time information on each trial’s objective, eligibility criteria, stage(s) and more.
Connect to our Cancer Answer Line for more information about a trial or to enroll patients.
“Making clinical trials accessible offers patients important treat-ment options,” says Brian Rini, MD, a staff member in Solid Tumor Oncology. “This app is one more way for doctors to know what trials are available, in real time.”
Get the Latest on Cancer Trials with Our New Mobile App
Clinical Trials
To download, go toclevelandclinic.org/cancertrialapp.
For information about clinical trials, call the Cancer Answer Line at 866.223.8100.
To search the database, visit clevelandclinic.org/cancerclinicaltrials.
apoA1In a series of innovative experiments, Stanley
Hazen, MD, PhD, and his team determined that
apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), or the major cardio-
protective protein component of high-density
lipoprotein (HDL), combats metastatic malignant
melanoma and lung cancer through multiple path-
ways. ApoA1 injections not only inhibited tumor
growth and progression in experiments with
mice, but actually spurred tumor and metastases
regression.
Researchers at Cleveland Clinic, including Dr.
Hazen; Joseph DiDonato, PhD; Maryam Zamanian-
Daryoush, PhD; and Daniel Lindner, MD, PhD, are
now poised to translate these advances to thera-
peutic strategies for the clinical setting.
The apoA1 findings are a prime example of new
advances coming from the evolving field of cardio-
oncology. “Cardiovascular disease and cancer are
not so disparate in the sense that there are major
contributing pathways that operate in concert in
both diseases,” says Dr. Hazen, Chair of Cellular
and Molecular Medicine, the Jan Bleeksma Chair
in Vascular Cell Biology and Atherosclerosis, and
the Leonard Krieger Chair in Preventive Cardiology
at Cleveland Clinic. “In apoA1, we may have identi-
fied an important central player nexus and a pos-
sible intervention that works positively to combat
both diseases.”
Interestingly, after in vitro studies ruled out a
direct effect of apoA1 on tumor cells, the Cleveland
Clinic team determined apoA1 instead modulates
innate and adaptive immune systems in the host
in multiple ways to create a micro-environment
that works against cancer development. For
example, they demonstrated apoA1 can actually
switch tumor-associated macrophages from an M2
phenotype to a more beneficial M1; can decrease
tumor angiogenesis independent of vascular endo-
thelial growth factor pathways; and can increase
levels of tumor-killing CD8 T cells circulating in
and around a tumor.
Although complexity usually works in cancer’s
favor, here it may be a distinct disadvantage. “The
simple elegance of a multipronged approach is
that the tumor cell should have a very difficult
time in coming up with a solution to negate apoA1
effects,” says Dr. DiDonato, Supervisor of the
Cellular and Molecular Medicine Laboratory at
Cleveland Clinic. “If apoA1 had a direct effect on
the tumor, the tumor could mutate to circumvent
apoA1’s direct effect, much like tumors do in
response to chemotherapeutic agents that target
a single pathway or protein in the tumor cell.” Dr.
Hazen says, “In contrast to most chemotherapies,
which weaken the immune system and have
infection risk as a side effect, apoA1 therapy for
these tumors augments the immune system’s
functions, harnessing the body’s natural
tumor-fighting potential to promote tumor and
metastases regression — it’s exciting.”
The investigators observed zero to very limited
metastatic melanoma tumor growth in transgenic
animals overexpressing apoA1 at approximately
twice the normal circulating levels. In further
experiments, Dr. Hazen, Dr. DiDonato and their
colleagues found palpable tumors regressed 50
percent from their peak volume within one week
among animals injected with apoA1, a beneficial
result maintained over time.
It remains unknown if apoA1’s anti-inflammatory
action is the shared underlying etiology between
the benefits of HDL seen in cardiology and poten-
tially now also observed in oncology. “That is the
$64,000 question,” Dr. DiDonato says. “What we
do know is that inflammation plays a major role,
not only in the initiation or establishment of the
tumor, but also in the propagation and migration
or metastasis of the tumor cells.”
It may be time to add ‘potential cancer fighter’ to the list of promising benefits of HDL, the carrier of “good
cholesterol,” according to cutting-edge research emerging from Cleveland Clinic’s Lerner Research Institute.
Promising Research Shows HDL, the Carrier of ‘Good’ Cholesterol, Has Cancer-Fighting Punch
12 | 13 | clevelandclinic.org/cancer
For more information, contact Dr. Hazen at 216.445.9763 or [email protected].
Dr. DiDonato can be reached at 216.445.2174 or [email protected].
CANCER CONSULT WINTER 2014
Hyperthermia is a noninvasive method of
increasing tumor temperature that makes it more
sensitive to the effects of radiation. “Our group
has shown that the addition of hypothermia
to radiation can sensitize cancer stem cells —
which are fairly resistant to radiation and to
chemotherapy alone — to subsequent radiation
treatment,” says Jennifer Yu, MD, PhD, radiation
oncologist at Taussig Cancer Institute, and
a cancer researcher in Stem Cell Biology and
Regenerative Medicine at Lerner Research
Institute. “Hyperthermia makes radiation much
more efficacious,” she says.” The combination
of hyperthermia and radiation in particular is a
great treatment for patients who have failed prior
chemotherapy and failed prior radiation therapy.”
Taussig Cancer Institute houses a hyperthermia
unit that is primarily used for treating superficial
cancers. Within the past 18 months, more than
20 patients have received this treatment. Most
patients seen have recurrent breast cancers and
some patients have unresectable melanoma and
recurrent vulvar cancers that previously had been
irradiated. “We have the capacity to treat deeper
tumors as well, such as advanced cervical cancer,”
Dr. Yu adds.
Hyperthermia helps address the limitations of
repeat radiation for many patients by effectively
increasing the radiation dose without substan-
tially increasing side effects. “With the addition
of hyperthermia we are able to use lower radia-
tion doses and yet have comparable results seen
with higher doses,” says Dr. Yu. She explains that
hyperthermia effectively increases the amount of
radiation a patient receives by about 50 percent.
Hyperthermia Improves Response Rates in Recurrent Cancers
A large number of clinical studies show that treatment with hyperthermia
in combination with radiation leads to a better response than radiation
alone in a variety of cancers, particularly for superficial cancers. Well-
controlled studies show that the combination treatment can increase
complete response rates in patients with recurrent breast cancer compared
with radiation alone, particularly for those patients who have had prior
radiation. Yet despite these benefits, the treatment is not widely available.
Cleveland Clinic’s Taussig Cancer Institute is the only cancer program in
Ohio and one of the few in the United States to offer hyperthermia.
For more information, contact Dr. Yu at 216.445.9799 or [email protected]
CLEVELAND CLINIC | TAUSSIG CANCER INSTITUTE | CANCER CONSULT
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Proven Protocols
Hyperthermia is done prior to each radiation
treatment. For recurrent breast cancer, treatment
requires about 60 minutes of hyperthermia
followed by radiation. During the treatment, a
heated water bolus is placed on the area to be
treated, which is the tumor plus a small area
around it. A microwave unit is added on top that
heats the treatment area to 109 to 110 degrees
Fahrenheit. Physicians use thermistors to measure
temperature in real time to make sure the tumor
is receiving adequate heating, not over- or
underheating. “The hyperthermia we use involves
mild but effective temperatures,” adds Dr. Yu. “It
is not so high that the tumor is destroyed, such as
with thermal ablation.”
“The combination of hyperthermia
and radiation in particular is a great
treatment for patients who have failed
prior chemotherapy and failed prior
radiation therapy.”
Jennifer Yu, MD PhD, Radiation Oncologist
After the procedure, some patients may feel
mild to moderate pain; others just feel warm.
Most patients do not require pain medications.
Many patients are sufficiently relaxed that they
fall asleep during the hyperthermia treatment.
Patients typically receive hyperthermia/radiation
treatment twice a week, but it may vary due to the
radiation protocol prescribed. Each hyperthermia
session must be accompanied by radiation or, in
some cases, chemotherapy. Hyperthermia is gener-
ally well-tolerated. A minority of patients develop
skin blistering or ulceration that typically heals
with conservative measures.
Most patients referred to Taussig Cancer
Institute’s hyperthermia unit are sent by medical
oncologists who have tried multiple types of che-
motherapy, or radiation oncologists who are aware
of the benefits of hyperthermia and radiation.
CANCER CONSULT WINTER 2014
For the past eight years, Alok Khorana, MD,
Director of the Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Program at Cleveland Clinic’s Taussig Cancer
Institute since April 2013, has been studying this
link. In 2008, he published what has become
a seminal paper in the field of thrombosis and
cancer, detailing a risk score protocol that
helps predict a cancer patient’s risk of venous
thromboembolism (VTE).
The Khorana score, as it known, predicts
thrombosis risk based on a collection of simple
variables — type of cancer, body mass index (BMI)
and complete blood count (platelet, leukocyte,
hemoglobin). “Not only is the score effective for
assessing risk, but it is also easy to use because
expensive tests are not required,” says Dr.
Khorana. “It is data everyone already has for their
patients.” Each variable in the score is assigned a
value. Elevated pre-chemotherapy platelet counts
over 350,000/mcL, BMI of at least 35 kg/m2, and
cancer types such as stomach and pancreas cancer
each raise the risk, for example. Cancer patients
with a Khorana score of 3 or greater are at high
risk for developing blood clots. “Our initial study
of 4,000 patients also showed that patients who
are at high risk of developing clots experience
shorter progression-free survival and early
mortality,” he adds.
Today, nearly 10,000 patients in the United States
and Europe have been part of clinical studies
assessing the effectiveness of the Khorana
score in predicting the risk of cancer-associated
thrombosis. “Since our first study, multiple
institutions have validated the score in predicting
blood clot risk,” he adds. “All of the studies show it
works exceedingly well.”
In June 2013, the American Society of Clinical
Oncology (ASCO) issued guidelines affirming
the use of a slightly modified Khorana score as a
well-established risk calculator for thromboem-
bolism. Specifically, new ASCO guidelines recom-
mend that patients with cancer be assessed for
VTE risk at the time of chemotherapy initiation
and periodically thereafter. The guidelines also
suggest that physicians consider using the score
when deciding if VTE prophylaxis is an appropri-
ate intervention for a particular patient. This is an
important recommendation because several ran-
domized clinical trials, including the Prophylaxis
of Thromboembolism During Chemotherapy Trial
(PROTECHT) study and the SAVE-ONCO investiga-
tion, the largest thromboprophylaxis study ever
conducted in cancer patients, have recently dem-
onstrated that outpatient anti-coagulation prophy-
laxis is feasible, safe and effective. But it remains
unclear which cancer patients should be selected
for VTE prophylaxis. The ASCO guidelines suggest
that only those ambulatory cancer patients at high
risk for VTE receive anti-coagulation therapy on a
prophylactic basis.
Thrombosis and cancer are integrally linked. Patients with cancer carry a fourfold
increase in thrombosis risk, with chemotherapy elevating the risk even higher.
Scoring the Risks:
Khorana Score Predicts Risk of Cancer-associated Thrombosis and Mortality
For more information, contact Dr. Khorana at 216.636.2690 or [email protected]
CLEVELAND CLINIC | TAUSSIG CANCER INSTITUTE | CANCER CONSULT
16 | 17 | clevelandclinic.org/cancer
Predicts Mortality in Cancer
The main use of the score is to assess risk of blood
clots and to inform a recommendation for anti-
coagulation prophylaxis. “The new use of the score
is that it is predictive of mortality,” explains Dr.
Khorana. A European analysis of more than 1,500
patients with a variety of cancers determined
that higher Khorana scores correlate with higher
mortality rates independent of the presence of
blood clots. After two years of follow-up, patients
with a Khorana score of 0 had a 27 percent
mortality rate; those with a Khorana score of 3 or
more had a 63 percent mortality rate, a fourfold-
higher mortality rate after adjustment compared
with patients with a score of 0.
While this study based in Vienna, Austria, was
performed in patients with several types of
cancers, Dr. Khorana and others are conducting
other investigations in specific cancer types to
validate the score’s efficacy and usefulness in
those patient populations. His research group has
already performed two studies using the score
in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. While
the results are pending publication, Dr. Khorana
explains that “when we look purely at colorectal
cancer patients, which are the patients I treat
personally, it appears highly effective in predicting
mortality in that population.”
CANCER CONSULT WINTER 2014
Jame Abraham, MD, has been named director of the Breast Oncology Program at Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute. Previously he was the first Bonnie Wells Wilson Distinguished Professor and Eminent Scholar in breast cancer research at West Virginia University’s Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, where he also served as Medical Director of the Cancer Service Line and Chief of Hematology/Oncology.
Dr. Abraham is the founding editor of the Bethesda Handbook of Clinical Oncology, as well as the chief editor of Emerging Cancer Therapeutics. He is a member of the NSABP Breast Cancer Working Group, and for four years was a member of the American Cancer Society’s Board of Directors. Among Dr. Abraham’s honors are the Dean’s Award for Excellence in Clinical Medicine from the West Virginia University School of Medicine, and a 2010 award from the president of India for contributions to medicine. “In this day and age, breast cancer treatment should be deliv-ered by a team of experts,” Dr. Abraham says. “Fortunately at Cleveland Clinic, we have an excellent breast cancer team. My goal is to work with our outstanding team members to operate one of the best patient-centered breast cancer programs in the country. That means continuing to provide excellent patient care; offering innovative, pathway-driven, novel treatment approaches through clinical trials; and, above all, making sure that every patient receives the highest quality of care, delivered in a coordinated way.”
Dr. Abraham earned his medical degree from India’s Calicut Medical College. He com-pleted his internal medicine residency at the University of Connecticut, and a hematology fellowship at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. He was a Senior Fellow at the National Cancer Institute, and took part in the Leadership for Development of Physicians in Academic Health Centers program at Harvard University’s School of Public Health.
Office: 216.445.0150
Navneet Majhail, MD, MS, has joined Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute as director of the Blood and Marrow Transplant Program. He also serves as a staff physician in the Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders.
Previously, Dr. Majhail was an adjunct associate professor in the University of Minnesota’s Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, and Medical Director of Health Services Research at the National Marrow Donor Program in Minneapolis.
Dr. Majhail’s research involves prevention and management of complications of blood and marrow transplantation. He also focuses on health policy issues such as healthcare disparities, quality of care, survivorship and economic issues related to transplant. He holds leadership positions with the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, where he is the scientific direc-tor for the Late Effects and Health Policy Working Committees and their Health Services Research Program.
“Cleveland Clinic’s Blood and Marrow Transplant Program is a national leader in providing patient-centered, high-quality and cutting-edge care to transplant patients,” says Dr. Majhail. “I am committed to continuing and building on this legacy. It takes a village to take care of a transplant patient, and the excellent team of providers that we have in our program was an important factor in my decision to come here. I look forward to increasing collaboration with our interna-tionally recognized hematologic malignancy programs, and to further building our portfolio of clinical trials so that we can continue to provide highly innovative, leading-edge treat-ments to our patients.”
Dr. Majhail earned his medical degree from India’s Government Medical College in Chandigarh, India. He completed his internal medicine residency at Cleveland Clinic and a hematology/oncology fellowship at the University of Minnesota.
Office: 216.444.2199
Qing Yi, MD, PHD Department Chair, Cancer BiologySpecialty: Cancer Biology Office: 216.636.7532
Mohamed Abazeed, MD, PhDSpecialty: Translational Hematology Oncology ResearchOffice: 216 445-0061
Lanea Keller, MDSpecialty: Radiation OncologyOffice: 216.447.9747
Alberto Montero, MDSpecialty: Breast OncologyOffice: 216.445.1400
Nima Sharifi, MD Specialty: Prostate CancerOffice: 216.445.9750
NewStaff
CANCER CONSULT WINTER 2014
CLEVELAND CLINIC | TAUSSIG CANCER INSTITUTE | CANCER CONSULT
18 | 19 | clevelandclinic.org/cancer
CLEVELAND CLINIC | TAUSSIG CANCER INSTITUTE | CANCER CONSULT
Selected PUBLICATIONS
Sohal DPS, Metz JM, Sun W, Giantonio BJ, Plastaras JP, Ginsberg G, Kochman ML, Teitelbaum UR, Harlacker K, Heitjan DF, Feldman MD, Drebin JA, O’Dwyer PJ. Toxicity study of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab, followed by 5-fluoroura-cil, oxaliplatin, bevacizumab, and radio-therapy, in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2013 Jun;71(6):1485-1491.
Lane BR, Campbell SC, Gill IS. 10-year oncologic outcomes after laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy. J Urol. 2013 Jul;190(1):44-49.
Przybycin CG, Magi-Galluzzi C, McKenney JK. Hereditary syndromes with associated renal neoplasia: a practical guide to histologic recognition in renal tumor resection specimens. Adv Anat Pathol. 2013 Jul;20(4):245-263.
Sloan AE, Ahluwalia MS, Valerio-Pascua J, Manjila S, Torchia MG, Jones SE, Sunshine JL, Phillips M, Griswold MA, Clampitt M, Brewer C, Jochum J, McGraw MV, Diorio D, Ditz G, Barnett GH. Results of the NeuroBlate System first-in-humans Phase I clinical trial for recurrent glioblastoma. J Neurosurg. 2013 Jun;118(6):1202-1219.
Smith MR, Joshi I, Pei J, Slifker M, Jin F, Testa JR, Al-Saleem T. Murine mantle cell lymphoma model cell line. Leukemia. 2013 Jul;27(7):1592-1594.
Dreicer R, Garcia J, Rini B, Vogelzang N, Srinivas S, Somer B, Shi P, Kania M, Raghavan D. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase II study with and without enzastaurin in combination with docetaxel-based chemotherapy in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs. 2013 Aug;31(4):1044-1050.
Estfan B, Byrne M, Kim R. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: hypertension as a potential surrogate marker for efficacy. Am J Clin Oncol. 2013 Aug;36(4):319-324.
Makishima H, Yoshida K, Nguyen N, Przychodzen B, Sanada M, Okuno Y, Ng KP, Gudmundsson KO, Vishwakarma BA, Jerez A, Gomez-Segui I, Takahashi M, Shiraishi Y, Nagata Y, Guinta K, Mori H, Sekeres MA, Chiba K, Tanaka H, Muramatsu H, Sakaguchi H, Paquette RL, McDevitt MA, Kojima S, Saunthararajah Y, Miyano S, Shih LY, Du Y, Ogawa S, Maciejewski JP.
Somatic SETBP1 mutations in myeloid malignancies. Nat Genet. 2013 Aug;45(8):942-946.
Rajala HLM, Eldfors S, Kuusanmaki H, van Adrichem AJ, Olson T, Lagstrom S, Andersson EI, Jerez A, Clemente MJ, Yan Y, Zhang D, Awwad A, Ellonen P, Kallioniemi O, Wennerberg K, Porkka K, Maciejewski JP, Loughran TP, Jr., Heckman C, Mustjoki S. Discovery of somatic STAT5b mutations in large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2013 May 30;121(22):4541-4550.
Finke JH, Rayman PA, Ko JS, Bradley JM, Gendler SJ, Cohen PA. Modification of the tumor microenvironment as a novel target of renal cell carcinoma therapeutics. Cancer J. 2013 Jul;19(4):353-364.
Herts BR, Baker ME, Obuchowski N, Primak A, Schneider E, Rhana H, Dong F. Dose reduction for abdominal and pelvic MDCT after change to graduated weight-based protocol for selecting quality reference tube current, peak kilovoltage, and slice collimation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013 Jun;200(6):1298-1303.
Jagadeesh D, Smith MR. Novel targeted therapies in peripheral T cell lymphoma. Discov Med. 2013 Jun;15(85):367-378.
ABSTRACTSKoyfman SA, Agre P, Carlisle R, Classen L,
Cheatham C, Finley JP, Kuhrik N, Kuhrik M, Mangskau TK, O’Neill J, Reddy CP, Kodish E, McCabe MS. Consent form heterogeneity in cancer trials: The cooperative group and institutional review board gap. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 Jul 3;105(13):947-953
Cooperative group (CG) provided consent forms (CGP-CFs) undergo re-review and revision by local institutional review boards (IRB) before institutional approval. We compared the relative readability and length of IRB-approved consent forms (IRB-CFs) used at seven academic institutions with their corresponding CGP-CFs. We also assessed the variability of these metrics across our institutions. This study included 197 consent forms (CFs) from 56 CG trials that were open in at least two of the participating institutions. The Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), and document length were collected on all CFs. Unpaired t test was used to compare length and readability of CGP-CF with the IRB-CF. Analysis of variance and Bonferroni-Dunn tests
were used to assess interinstitutional variability in readability for all IRB-CFs. All statistical tests were two-sided. IRB-CFs were statisti-cally significantly longer than CGP-CFs (mean number of pages = 17 vs 13; p < .001). Mean FKGLs were higher (10.3 vs 9.4; p < .0001) and the mean FRESs were lower (53.1 vs 57.1; p < .0001) for IRB-CFs compared with CGP-CFs. Readability varied statistically significantly between institutions for all sections of the IRB-CF (p < .0001). Finalized IRB-CFs for identical clinical trials at different institutions demonstrated substantial heterogeneity of readability and length. As CFs progress from National Cancer Institute (NCI)-sponsored CGs to local IRBs, they seem to become longer and less readable. Interinsti-tutional heterogeneity in CF readability is substantial and widespread. More consistent adherence to CGP-CFs based on the newly revised NCI CF template with minimal modification by local IRBs should help simplify and standardize CFs used in cancer clinical trials
Chang KH, Li R, Kuri B, Lotan Y, Roehrborn CG, Liu J, Vessella R, Nelson PS, Kapur P, Guo X, Mirzaei H, Auchus RJ, Sharifi N. A gain-of-function mutation in DHT synthesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cell. 2013 Aug 29;154(5):1074-1084.
Growth of prostate cancer cells is dependent upon androgen stimulation of the androgen receptor (AR). Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the most potent androgen, is usually synthesized in the prostate from testosterone secreted by the testis. Following chemical or surgical castration, prostate cancers usually shrink owing to testosterone deprivation. However, tumors often recur, forming castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Here, we show that CRPC sometimes expresses a gain-of-stability mutation that leads to a gain-of-function in 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (3βHSD1), which catalyzes the initial rate-limiting step in conversion of the adrenal-derived steroid dehydroepiandros-terone to DHT. The mutation (N367T) does not affect catalytic function, but it renders the enzyme resistant to ubiquitination and degradation, leading to profound accumula-tion. Whereas dehydroepiandrosterone conversion to DHT is usually very limited, expression of 367T accelerates this conversion and provides the DHT necessary to activate the AR. We suggest that 3βHSD1 is a valid target for the treatment of CRPC.
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