cancer detection examination

8/6/2019 Cancer Detection Examination

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� The Pap smear is done as part of a gynecologicalexam. You will lie on a table and place your feet instirrups to position your pelvis for examination. Thehealth care provider will insert an instrument(speculum) into your vagina and open it slightly tosee inside the vaginal canal.

� The health care provider will take a sample of cellsfrom the outside and just inside the opening of thecervix (cervical canal) by gently scraping the outside

of the cervix with a wooden or plastic spatula, theninserting a small brush that looks like a pipe cleaner into the canal.

� The cells are placed on a glass slide, or put in a bottlecontaining a preservative, and then sent to the labfor examination.



Tell your health care provider if you:� Are taking any medications or birth control pills� Have had an abnormal Pap smear

� Might be pregnantWithin 24 hours of the test, avoid:� Douching� Having intercourse� Taking a tub bath� Using tamponsAvoid scheduling your Pap smear while you have your period (are menstruating), because blood and cellsfrom the uterus may affect the accuracy of the Papsmear. Empty your bladder just before the test.



� The Pap smear can detect cancerous or

precancerous conditions of the cervix.

Most invasive cancers of the cervix canbe detected early if women have Pap

tests and pelvic examinations.



� Class I. Normal

� Class II. Inflammation

� Class III. Mild to Moderate Dysplasia

� Class IV. Probably Malignant

� Class V. Possibly Malignant



� Class I result requires follow ² up

examination every 1-3 years as

recommended by the physician.� Class II and III results may require repeat

Pap exam in 3 to 6 months as prescribed.

� Class IV and V results require biopsy asprescribed.



� A biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue for laboratory examination.

� It is most often done to examine tissue for disease.

What Abnormal Results Mean� An abnormal biopsy means that the tissue or cells

have an unusual structure, shape, size, or condition.� This may mean you have a disease, such as cancer,

but it depends on your biopsy.

Risks� Bleeding� Infection



� Needle Biopsy ² done by aspiration of

tumor cells with needle and syringe.

� Excisional Biopsy ² done by removing theentire tumor. It is done when the tumor is

small.

� I

nc

isional or subtotal biopsy ² done bytaking only a part of the tumor. This is

done when the tumor is large.



� Ultrasound involves the use of high-frequency soundwaves to create images of organs and systems withinthe body.

�

The test is done in the ultrasound or radiologydepartment. You will be lying down for theprocedure. A clear, water-based conducting gel isapplied to the skin over the area being examined tohelp with the transmission of the sound waves. Ahandheld probe called a transducer is moved over

the area being examined. You may be asked tochange position so that other areas can beexamined.

� The reason for the examination will depend on your symptoms.



� Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is anoninvasive method to take pictures of thebody.

� Unlike x-rays and computed tomographic(CT)scans, which use radiation, MRI usespowerful magnets and radio waves. Signalsfrom the magnetic field bounce off your body

and are sent to a computer, where they areturned into images. Different types of tissuessend back different signals.

� Single MRI images are called slices. The imagescan be stored on a computer or printed on

film. One exam produces dozens or sometimes



Combining MRIs with other imaging methodscan often help the doctor make a moredefinitive diagnosis.

� MRI images taken after a special dye(contrast) is delivered into the body mayprovide additional information about theblood vessels.

�

An MRA, or magnetic resonanceangiogram, is a form of magneticresonance imaging, that creates three-dimensional pictures of blood vessels. It isoften used when traditional angiography

cannot be done.



� A computed tomography (CT) scan is animaging method that uses x-rays to createcross-sectional pictures of the body.

Why the Test is Performed� CT rapidly creates detailed pictures of the

body, including the brain, chest, spine, andabdomen. The test may be used to:

� Diagnose an infection� Guide a surgeon to the right area during a

biopsy� Identify masses and tumors, including cancer � Study blood vessels



Hematologic (CBC)

Hemoglobin

Hematocrit

Leukocytes

Platelets



� Tumor markers are measurable biochemicals that areassociated with a malignancy. They are either producedby tumor cells (tumor-derived) or by the body in responseto tumor cells (tumor-associated). They are typically

substances that are released into the circulation and thusmeasured in the blood. There are a few exceptions to this,such as tissue-bound receptors that must be measured ina biopsy from the solid tumor or proteins that are secretedinto the urine.

Purpose

� Though tumor markers are rarely specific enough to beused alone to diagnose cancer, they do have a number of clinical uses. They can be used to stage cancer, toindicate a prognosis, to monitor treatment, or in follow-upto watch for cancer recurrence. Changes in some tumor markers have been sensitive enough to be used as targetsin clinical trials.



� AFP ² (Alpha ² feto ² protein )

� CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)

� HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

� Prostatic Acid Phosphatase

� PSA (Prostatic Specific Antigen)

cancer detection examination

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