Cancer

prepared by Marie Budnyprepared by Marie Budny

Lung Cancer Cell

Image from "Researchers Use Page Rank Algorithm to Study Cancer." The Daily Tech. Web. 28 Nov. 2013.

<http://www.dailytech.com/Researchers+Use+Page+Rank+Algorithm+to+Study+Cancer/article30244.htm>.

What is Cancer?

What is Cancer? **

uncontrolled cell division

Caused by a mutation (change in a cell’s dna)

Breast Cancer Cell

Image from "Cancer Cell Photos." Complete Guide to the Field of Natural Alternative Cancer Treatments. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.alternative-cancer.net/Cell_photos.htm>.

What is Cancer?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5_yo6uEeEc

What is Cancer?More than 100 different types of cancer

Every 8 minutes someone in Ontario is diagnosed with cancer

Brain Cancer Cell

Image from "Cancer Cell Photos." Complete Guide to the Field of Natural Alternative Cancer Treatments. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. <http://www.alternative-cancer.net/Cell_photos.htm>.

Image from Comprehensive Cancer Information - National Cancer Institute. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.cancer.gov/>.

What is Cancer? **Cells divide at a controlled rate, repair damaged tissues and replace dying cells as needed

Normal Cells undergo Apoptasis (Programmed Cell Death) when they have divided a certain number of times

DNA (genetic material) can be damaged and mutation occurs and cancer cells become “Immortal” because they will not die

What is Cancer? **

Growth or “tumour” is formed

Takes many mutations of cell’s genes to develop a malignancy (invasion of tissues)

Cells can break loose and travel to other parts of the body (metastasize) via the blood

Malignant Tumor

Image from "What cancer is." What cancer is : Cancer Research UK : CancerHelp UK. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. <http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/what-is-cancer/cells/what-cancer-is>.

Malignant Tumours

Abnormal cells grow and divide more rapidly

Affects surrounding tissues

Do not construct a normal cell membrane

Interfere with normal metabolic & organ functioning

Is cancer genetic?

Is cancer genetic?Only some types of Cancer are genetic.

Bowel cancer (About 1 in 20 cases)Breast Cancer (Less than 3 in 100 cases)Kidney Cancer (less than 2 in 100 cases)Melanoma (1 in 10 have a family history)Ovarian and WombPancreatic (about 10 in 100 cases)ProstateRetinoblastoma (40% of children’s cases)Thyroid

Just because you’ve inherited a gene for cancer doesn’t mean it will develop.

INFO from ”Inherited genes and cancer types." Cancer Research UK. Web. 25 Oct. 2015. <http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/inherited-cancer-genes-and-increased-cancer-risk/inherited-genes-and-cancer-types>.

How is Cancer Transmitted?

How is Cancer Transmitted?

You can’t “Catch” cancer. It does not travel from person to person.

Cancer cells can travel in your body. We say cancer metastasizes through the blood or lymphatic system to other parts of the body.

Image from "Lung to Brain Cancer." Cancer Natural Remedies. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://cancernaturalremedies.com/?p=4254>.

Cancer Treatments**

Surgery

Radiation

Biotherapy: Biological & Targeted Therapies

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy“Chemical treatment” or use of drugs to kill cancer cells

Began working on chemotherapy in the 1940s

Image from "Fasting Protects against Chemo Side Effects | COSMOS Magazine." COSMOS Magazine. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/1918/fasting-protects-against-chemo-side-effects>.

Goals of ChemotherapyCure

Control tumour growth when cure is not possible

Shrink tumours before surgery or radiation treatment

Palliative: relieve pain

Use after surgery/radiation, destroy microscopic cancer cells after tumour removed

Chemotherapy

Destroys cancer cells by preventing them from dividing

Also affects other cell types: bone marrow, mucosal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, hair follicles on entire body, skin, reproductive organs

Standard protocol for each type of cancer

Chemotherapy

Given when cancer cell is the most vulnerable (certain part of cell cycle) but also allow for normal cells to recover

Chemo protocol consists of several drugs

Many of the drugs are derived from plants

How is Chemo Given?Common routes of administration are:

intravenously, subcutaneous injection

orally

Image from "Symptoms Of Pleural Mesothelioma And When They Occur." Alternative Medicine and Natural Health. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.methodsofhealing.com/symptoms-of-pleural-mesothelioma-and-when-they-occur/>.

Image from "Task force results lead to revised chemotherapy preparation process." Massachusetts General Hospital. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. <http://www.massgeneral.org/about/newsarticle.aspx?id=2102>.

Biological Safety Cabinet

Cancer Strategy **Prevention, screening, detection

Eliminating or decreasing transformation of normal cells into cancer cells

Image from "Skin Cancer Prevention." York Region SunSense Coalition. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.sunsafeyork.org/skin-cancer-prevention.htm>.

Prevention

Primary Prevention: prevent cancer from developing

Secondary Prevention: detect cancer early with hope of cure

Aware of risks, can prevent exposure

Risk Factors**

External factors: exposure to air & water pollutants, chemicals and pesticides

Internal Factors: genetics, infections

Lifestyle Factors: UV exposure, smoking, alcohol, dietary, Behaviour

Free Radicals

Risk factors increases body’s exposure to free radicals

Atoms or molecules that are reactive with cell structures

Contain unpaired electrons

Natural by-products of biochemical reactions

Image from "Product | irsb2u." irsb2u | Be Healthier... Live Happier. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. <http://irsb2u.com/v1/page_id=2/>.

Image from “Flavonoids and their effects” Bitter Goodness. Web. 23 Nov 2013.  <http://bittergoodness.wordpress.com/flavonoids-and-their-effects/>.

Antioxidantsneutralize free radicals by binding to free electrons

Vitamin A, beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E

Minerals: selenium, zinc

Image from “Bright Colored Fruits and Veggies.” Cancer Truth. Web. 24 Nov 2013.  <http://www.cancertruth.net/bright-colored-fruits-veggies/>.

Image from “Healthier Habits: Antioxidant Rich Food.” Holistic Life Paths. Web. 23 Nov 2013.  <http://holisticlifepaths.org/healthier-habits-antioxidant-rich-foods/>.

Image from “Antioxidants: the sentries against free radicals.” MEDICAPHARM. Web. 23 Nov. 2013.  <http://medicapharm.com/antioxidants-against-free-radicals.html>.

Images from “Prevention Programs Publications.” BC Cancer Agency. Web. 24 Nov 2013. <http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/PPI/Prevention/about/PreventionProgramsPublications.htm#Sun%20Safety>.

UV Radiation and Sunlight

UV exposure from sun, sunlamps, tanning beds

Skin cancer: Basal cell, Squamous Cell, Melanoma

Examine skin and moles on monthly basis

ABCDE rule of moles

Image from "Questions, Anatomy, Medical, Surgical." Learner Help. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.learnerhelp.com/swellings.html>.

Images from “Skin Cancer.” Canadian Dermatology Association. Web. 24 Nov 2013. <http://www.dermatology.ca/skin-hair-nails/skin/skin-cancer/#!/skin-hair-nails/skin/skin-cancer/malignant-melanoma/>.

TobaccoPipes, cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, second-hand smoke

Greatest contributing factor in cancer development

Lung cancer leading cause of cancer death

Important to not start smoking

If you do smoke, stop! Image from "Butt out for National Non-smoking Week." Heart and Stroke Foundation. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.

Cigarette SmokeContains over 4,000 chemicals and poisons with 70 that are known to cause cancer

Image from "Smoking Cessation." Edinboro University. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. <http://www.edinboro.edu/departments/ghering/smoking_cessation.dot>.

Cigarette SmokeWhen smoking, chemicals mix together and form a sticky tar

Image from "Smokers’ Lungs Pictures." Smokers Lungs. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. <http://smokerslungs.org/smokers-lungs-picturest>.

Effects of smoking“Smokers break down Vitamin C twice as fast as non-smokers.”*

Second-hand smoke

Third-hand smoke: smoke in house & toxic chemicals from second-hand smoke travel through the air and land on clothing, furniture

Leading cause of preventable death

* from Balch, Phyllis A. Prescription for Nutritional Healing. New York: The Penguin Group, 2006. Print.

Alcohol

Avoid excessive consumption

Risk of developing cancer increases with the amount of alcohol a person drinks*

Moderate consumption: 1 drink daily for women, 1-2 drinks for men

* from Balch, Phyllis A. Prescription for Nutritional Healing. New York: The Penguin Group, 2006. Print.

Diet

Associated with high fat diet: colon, uterine and prostate cancer

Body obtains nutrients from diet; uses oxygen and nutrients to create energy and oxygen molecules with unpaired electrons released

Oxidation occurs more readily in fat molecules than protein & carbohydrate molecules

Cooking fats at high temperatures

DietLimit consumption of high fat foods such as butter, whole milk, fried and processed foods & red meat

Image from "Fruits and Vegetables." Dietician’s Corner. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. <https://www.hsnsudbury.ca/portalen/cardiacrehab/CardiacPulmonaryRehabilitationProgram/CardiacRehabilitationProgram/DietitiansCorner/tabid/871/Default.aspx>.

Obesity

Overweight and do not exercise

Moderate exercise 3-5 times per week for at least thirty minutes each time

“30% of cancers prevented if adults in Ontario increased their intake of fruit and vegetables, were more physically active & maintained a healthy weight”*

Information from Cancer Care Ontario. "Highlights." Insight on Cancer. (Dec. 2003): n. page. Canadian Cancer Society and Cancer Care Ontario. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.

Warning SignsChange in bowel or bladder habits

A sore that does not heal

Unsual bleeding or discharge

Thickening or lump in breast or other part of the body

Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing

Obvious change in a wart or mole

Nagging cough or hoarsenessfrom "7 Warning Signs of Cancer." Healing through Detoxification, Cleansing, Chelation, and Juicing. Web. 5 Mar. 2011. <http://www.healingdaily.com/conditions/7-warning-signs-of-cancer.htm>.

ConclusionHave we made progress in the fight against cancer?

Researchers have gained knowledge about cancer over the past two decades by identifying how cancer behaves at its genetic and molecular level*

Developing and testing better screening programs to detect certain cancers (breast, prostate, lung and ovary) in their early stages of development*

* from "Areas of Progress." Canadian Cancer Society. Web. 19 Mar. 2011. <http://www.cancer.ca/Ontario/Cancer research/Progress we ve made/Areas of progress.aspx>.

Conclusion (cont’d)

New drugs (chemotherapy and targeted agents) have been developed

Ongoing research through clinical trials to develop new drug treatments, vaccines*

“Today 62% of people diagnosed with cancer will survive the disease compared with 1 in 3 in the 1960s”*

* from "Areas of Progress." Canadian Cancer Society. Web. 19 Mar. 2011. <http://www.cancer.ca/Ontario/Cancer research/Progress we ve made/Areas of progress.aspx>.

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