cancers risk factors edit
DESCRIPTION
cancerTRANSCRIPT
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CANCER RISK FACTORS
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A risk factor is anything that increases a
person's chance of getting a disease.
Some risk factors can be changed, and others
cannot.
Different cancers have different risk factors
Risk Factor
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RISK FACTOR
• Many factors contribute to the changes in cells that result in cancer.
• These risk factors may be intrinsic to an individual, such as sex, age, or genes.
• But most are external, in the individu’s general environment
• The interplay between the intrinsic and external factors is the major determinant of an individual cancer risk
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Heredity? Behaviors? Other Factors?
100
50
50
Stomach Cancer(Number of new cases per 100,000 people)
U.S.Japan Japanese familiesin U.S.
100
70
7
0
Colon Cancer(Number of new cases per 100,000 people)
U.S.Japan Japanese familiesin U.S.
This suggests that the risk of developing the two kinds of cancer is not determined
primarily by heredity. The change in risk for cancer for Japanese families could
involve cultural, behavioral, or environmental factors predominant in one location and
not in the other.
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What Causes Cancer?
Some viruses or bacteria
HeredityDiet
Hormones
RadiationSome chemicals
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CANCER RISK FACTORS
MAJOR MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
OTHER MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
CANCER RISK FACTORS
NON - M0DIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
OTHER RISK FACTORS
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MAJOR MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
• TOBACCO USE
• UNHEALTHY DIET
• INFECTIOUS AGENTS
• ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
• PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
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TOBACCO USE
• Tobacco use is the main cause of cancers of the lung,
larynx, oral cavity, and esophagus, and a major cause of
bladder and pancreas cancers.
UNHEALTHY DIET
• Up to 30% of cancers in developed countries may be
related to poor nutrition. Diets high in saturated fats and
low in fruits and vegetables increase the risk of cancers
of the breast, colon, prostate and esophagus
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Tobacco
3000 chemicals are present in tobacco smoke, 60 of whichrecognize as carcinogen : nitrosamines and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons – either in initiation or promotion
Become carcinogen when activated by specific enzymesfound in many tissues in the body
The compounds can become part of DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules and possible interferewith the normal growth of cells
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Diseases associated with cigarette smoking
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Tobacco Use and Cancer
Some Cancer-Causing Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
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Lag Time
4000
3000
2000
1000
20-Year Lag Time Between Smoking and Lung Cancer
CigarettesSmoked
per Personper Year
Lung Cancer Deaths (per 100,000 people)
Year
Lung cancer (men)
Cigarette consumption (men)
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
150
100
50
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Tobacco
• Tobacco use is the environmental exposuremost widely known to be associated with anincrease risk of cancer as well as severalnonmalignant diseases.
• The associated cancer :Lung Pancreas
Larynx Kidney
Pharynx Cervix ( uterine )
Esophagus Breast
Bladder
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Avoid Tobacco
15x
10x
5x
Non-smokerCigarettes Smoked per Day
Lung Cancer Risk Increases with Cigarette Consumption
Lung Cancer
Risk
0 15 30
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Limit Alcohol and Tobacco
40x
30x
20x
10x
Alcoholic Drinks Consumed per Day
Packs of Cigarettes Consumed per Day
Combination of Alcohol and Cigarettes Increases Risk for Cancer of the Esophagus
Risk Increase
AND
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CANCER AND TOBACCO
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CANCER AND TOBACCO
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Diet: Consume Fruits and Vegetables
Dicrease Cancer Risk
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Diet: Limit Fats and Calories
0
Number of Cases (per 100,000
people)
Grams (per person per day)
Correlation Between Meat Consumption and Colon Cancer Rates in Different Countries
40
30
20
10
30020010080
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INFECTIOUS AGENTS
• Infectious agents account for 18% of cancers worldwide.
Human papilloma virus, hepatitis B virus, and the Helicobacter
Pylori bacterium account for the largest number of cancers
due to infections.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
• Sunlight is the major source of UV radiation, which causes
several types of skin cancers, the most common malignancy
in humans
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
• A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of colon cancers,
and may increase the risk for other types of cancer. Its
effects are closely related to an individual’s nutrition
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Viruses
Virus inserts and changes genes forcell growth
Cancer-linked virus
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Examples of Human Cancer Viruses
Some Viruses Associated with Human Cancers
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AIDS and Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Kaposi’ssarcoma
Withoutdisease
Depressedimmunesystem
HIV infection
KSHV infection
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Avoid Cancer Viruses
Noninfected women
HPV Infection Increases Risk for Cervical Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Risk
Low
High
Women infected with HPV
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Bacteria and Stomach Cancer
H. pyloriPatient’s tissue sample
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INFECTION AS A CAUSE OF CANCER
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WORLD CANCER BURDEN CAUSED BY INFECTION
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WORLD CANCER BURDEN CAUSED BY INFECTION
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ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION
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ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
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Protect Yourself From Excessive Sunlight
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Physical Inactivity
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STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
AND DIETARY FACTORS
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PROPORTION OF CANCERS
CAUSED BY MAJOR RISK FACTORS
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OTHER MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
• ALCOHOL USE
• OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
• SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
• ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
• OBESITY
• FOOD CONTAMINANTS
• IONIZING RADIATION
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ALCOHOL USE
• Heavy alcohol use causes cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, liver and upper respiratory tract. The cancer risk is greatly increased by concurrent smoking. Alcohol use also increases the risk of breast cancer.
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES• Certain substances encountered of work are carcinogens,
including asbestos, arsenic, benzene, silica and second-hand tobacco smoke. Lung cancer is the most common occupational cancer.
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS• Some cancers occur more often in people with a higher socio-
economic status ( SES ); others are more common in lower-SES populations. SES is most likely a marker for lifestyle and other risk factors described in this section.
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Alcohol
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Alcohol’s Link to Cancer
Epidemiologic research has shown a dose-respondentassociation between alcohol consumption and certain typesof cancer
Study on the mechanism by which alcohol contribute tocancer development
The strongest link between alcohol and cancer : cancer ofthe upper digestive tract (esophagus, mouth, pharynx,larynx )Less consistent with cancer of the liver, breast and colon
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Upper digestive tract
cancer- alcohol
Chronic heavy drinkers have a higher incidence ofesophageal cancer, 75 % of esophageal cancersin US are attributable to chronic, excessive alcoholconsumption
Nearly 50 % of cancer of the mouth, pharynx, andlarynx are associated with heavy drinking
People who drink large quantities of alcoholovertime have increases risk of this cancersIf they drink and smoke the increase risk is evenmore dramatic
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Liver cancer - alcohol
Prolonged, heavy drinking has been associatedin many cases with primary liver cancer
Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B and C virus infections
often confound data
Studies of the interactions between alcohol,
hepatitis viruses, and cirrhosis essential toperform
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Breast cancer - alcohol
Inconsistency and weakness of epidemiology findings
suggest that a third confounding factor, such as nutrition
and fat
Alcohol increases estrogen levels in premenopausal
women, which may promote breast cancer.
Other risk factor for breast cancer :
- age of menarche : < 10 years old
- age of menopause > 50 years old
- childless
- the first labour : > 35 years old age
- has operation for either benign or malignant tumours
- has family / relative suffered from breast cancer
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Colon cancer – alcohol
Small and but consistent dose-dependent association
between alcohol consumption and colorectal
cancer,even controlling for fiber and other dietary factors.
Causality cannot be determined from the available data
with cancer of the stomach, pancreas, and lungs
The association is consistency weak and the majority of
studies have found no association
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Mechanisms of
Alcohol-Related Cancers
Oncogenes
Preliminary studies show that alcohol may affect cancer
development at the genetic level by affecting oncogenes at
the initiation and promotion stages of cancer
Acetaldehyde, a product of alcohol metabolism, impairs a
cell’s natural ability to repair its DNA resulting in a greater
likelihood that mutations causing cancer initiation will occur
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Avoid Carcinogens at Work
Some Carcinogens in the Workplace
carcinogen Occupation Type of cancer
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Occupational Exposures
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CULTURAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
AFFECTING CANCER SCREENING, EARLY DETECTION AND CARE
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
• Pollution of air, water and soil account for between 1% and
4% of all cancers in developed nations.
OBESITY
• Obesity is an important risk factor for endometrial, kidney,
gallbladder and breast cancers.
FOOD CONTAMINANTS
• Certain food contaminants are carcinogenic, including those
that occur naturally ( eg aflatoxins ) and those that are
manufactured ( eg pesticides )
IONIZING RADIATION
• For most, the greatest exposure to ionizing radiation comes
from medical X – rays. But we are all exposed to small
amounts of naturally occurring radiation.
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Industrial Pollution
1930
Incidence of Most Cancers
Year
199019701950
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obesity
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BMI Category
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Aflatoxins
Corn
Peanuts
Cottonseed
Nitrosamine
benzopyrine
FOOD
CONTAMINANT
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cancer
IONIZING
RADIATION
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NON – MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
• AGEING
• ETHNICITY OR RACE
• HEREDITY
• SEX
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AGEING
• The risk of most types of cancer increases with age. The highest cancer rates occur among the elderly.
ETHNICITY OR RACE• The risk of many types of cancer varies between racial
and ethnic populations. Some of these differences are attributable to genetic differences, but most are due to differences in lifestyle and exposures to cancer – causing agents.
HEREDITY• Inherited “ cancer “ genes may cause 4% of all cancers.
Other genes affect our susceptibility to cancer risk factors.
SEX• Certain cancers occur in only one sex due to different
anatomy, eg prostate, uterus. Others occur in both sexes, but at markedly different rates, eg bladder, breast.
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Cancer Risk and Aging
400
3000
2000
1000
Cancer Risk and Aging
Number of
Cancer Cases
(per 100,000
people))
Age of Person (in years)
Colon
Breast
0 20 40 60 80
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Ethnicity
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Heredity and Cancer
Inherited factor(s)
All Breast Cancer Patients
Other
factor(s)
5-10% Breast ca – are familial cancer
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Heredity Can Affect Many Types of Cancer
Inherited Conditions That Increase Risk for Cancer
Name of condition Type of cancer
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Genetic makeup
• Children with primary immunodeficiency disorders have an extremely high rate ofcancer lymphoid malignancies.
• The incidence of acute leukemia is
4 – 30 times higher in person with Down Syndrome> normal.
• Translocation of chromosomes 8 and 14 is associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma.
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Genetic Testing
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Sex
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SEX DIFFERENCESNew cancers cases by sex
2002
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REPRODUCTIVE AND HORMONAL FACTORS
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Sexual activity
• Possible carcinogen or co-carcinogens
(e.g. certain viruses ) may be
venereal transmitted
• In the female reproductive tract, the uterine cervix has thehighest association with malignant diseases and itsprecursor.
– The cervix shows an increased vulnerability toneoplasia after exposure to infection, particularlyH(uman) P(apilloma) V(irus) infection
– Since squamous cervical neoplasia begins in thesquamocolumnar junction, hyperplasia in this areathat results from the irritation of infection may be onecause.
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Risk factor for cervical uterine
cancer
• Inter sexual course beginning at the (too)
young age
• Changing sexual partners (quite often)
• Venereal infection disease (quite often)
• Multiparous
• Smoking habit
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OTHER RISK FACTORS
• REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS
• IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
• MEDICINAL DRUGS
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REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS
• Female hormones, menstrual history, and childbearing
affect the risks of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
• Certain viruses that suppress the immune system increase
the risk of lymphoma and kaposi sarcoma.
MEDICINAL DRUGS
• Some hormonal drugs can cause cancers, while others
reduce the risk. Rarely, anti – cancer drugs have caused
another cancer years later.
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Reproductive system
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REPRODUCTIVE AND HORMONAL FACTORS
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Immunosuppresion
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AIDS and Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Kaposi’ssarcoma
Withoutdisease
Depressedimmunesystem
HIV infection
KSHV infection
IMMUNOSUPRESSION
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??? Medicinal drugs
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Risk Factors of Cancer
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Cancer Type Risk Factor
Lung Cancer Tobacco smoke
Radon
Asbestos and other substances
Air pollution
Breast Radiation
Genetic changes (Inherited mutation)
Colorectal Cancer polyp
Genetic alteration
Diet
Cigarette smoking
Ulcerative colitis or chon's disease
Prostate Diet
Certain prostate changes
Race Africans Americans
Risk Factor/ Cancer Type
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Cancer Type Risk Factor
Liver Hepatitis viruses (HCV.HBV)
Pancreas Smoking
Diabetes
Being male
Chronic pancreatitis
Kidney Tobacco smoking
High blood pressure
Von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL)
Leukemia Radiation
Chemotherapy
Certain disease (Down syndrome)
Human T cell leukemia virus
Myelodysplatic syndrome
Risk Factor/ Cancer Type
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Cancer Type Risk Factor
Bladder Occupation
Certain infection
Tobacco smoking
Race Twice as often as Africans Americans
Treatment with cyclophosphamide or arsenic
Uterine Endometrial hyperplasia
Race Africans Americans
Hormonal replacement therapy
Obesity
Melanoma Dysplastic nevi
Fai skin
Weakened immune system
Sever blistering/Sunburn
UV irradiation
Source:http://ishwaryatechnosolutions.com/cancer.aspx
Risk Factor/ Cancer Type
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Microorganism Cancer
Human papilloma virus Cervical cancer
Helicobacter pylori Stomach cancer
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses Liver cancer
Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
virus
Lymphoma and leukemia
Human immunodeficiency virus Lymphoma and a rare cancer called
Kaposi's sarcoma
Epstein-Barr virus Lymphoma
Human herpes virus 8 Kaposi's sarcoma
Certain viruses or bacteria may increase the risk of developing cancer
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Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
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Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer
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