candidacy proposal series 5/5 literature review: writing
TRANSCRIPT
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Curtin University Library
Graduate Research Advanced Skills Program (GRASP)
Candidacy Proposal Series5/5 Literature Review: Writing
Dr Petra Dumbell, Sem 1 2021
30/03/2021
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Curtin University acknowledges the traditional owners of the land on which Curtin Perth is located, the Wadjuk people of the
Nyungar Nation; and on our Kalgoorlie campus, the Wonguthapeople of the North-Eastern Goldfields.
30/03/2021
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Candidacy Proposal Series 1/5
Candidacy Proposal Series 2/5
Candidacy Proposal Series 3/5
Candidacy Proposal Series 4/5
Purpose and Structure of your candidacy proposal
Methodology and methods
Developing and refining your research questions
Literature Review: Searching & Selecting
Candidacy Proposal Series 5/5
Literature Review: Reading & Writing
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Candidacy Proposal Series 1/5
Candidacy Proposal Series 2/5
Candidacy Proposal Series 3/5
Candidacy Proposal Series 4/5
Candidacy Proposal Series 5/5
Purpose and Structure of your candidacy proposal
Methodology and methods
Developing and refining your research questions
Literature Review: Searching & Selecting
Literature Review: Reading & Writing
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3. Read • Read• … then read again• Capture and organise information
• Bibliographic information (Endnote, Mendeley, Zotero…)• Summary and your thoughts on the resources (Word, Excel..)• Thematic analysis of resources (mind mapping…)
Tip: work out a process, but don’t spend too much time on it Be flexible and adapt your process.
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4. Write
• Use mindmap or other method to outline your chapter • Plan your headings/sections/paragraphs/signposts • Keep your audience in mind
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Using written sources in your research story • Direct quotation - used very little • Summarising - effective analysis should result in summary• Paraphrasing - vital for developing your own scholarly voice (= your own
clarification or translation of the passage)• Synthesising - crucial for making the connections between
voices/views/approaches/methods/findings
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Your scholarly voice
Your Scholarly
VoiceOTHER VOICES
supporting
contradicting
contrasting
complicating
OTHER VOICES
supporting
contradicting
contrasting
complicating
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4 Integrating SourcesSYNTHESIS
An example from Biology
Learning Resource Centre, Learning Development, University of Woolongong, 2000.
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4 Integrating Sources SYNTHESIS
Learning Resource Centre, Learning Development, University of Woolongong, 2000.
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https://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk
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https://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk
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Which tense to use in the literature review?• Past tense can be the primary verb tense in the literature review section
described, found• Emphasise a difference in timing with Past Perfect tense
had described, had found• Use Present Perfect tense when timing is uncertain
have been testing
It is also OK to use present tenseSnyder’s argument draws upon…Maeda provides a fascinating insight into…Saaba argues, identifies, elaborates…
… because the literature is still existent and in the public domain.(Johnson, 2004)
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Tips for literature review You need a frame; think about what is included & excluded Keep the context of your research project in mind - what you are looking for? Find a gap in the literature to make an original contribution to knowledge Read for interpretation, not facts - focus on the why, not the what Find your scholarly voice: stand on the shoulders of giants, but don’t hide
behind them Tell a good story - introduction, conclusion, sections, sign-posting Act with academic integrity – proper acknowledgement of sources
Adapted from Tara Brabazon
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Remember
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Questions ?
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References Literature Reviews: Example from Biology’. 2000 Learning Resource Centre, Learning Development, University of Woolongong.
Academic Phrasebank – Referring to Sources. Accessed 16th March 2021 from http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/referring-to-sources/
Howearth, Lynette. 2009. Summary of Proposed Research Program.
Brabazon, Tara. 2017. ‘A Stroppy Professor’s Guide to Literature Review.’ Office of Graduate Research, Flinders University. Accessesd 22nd of March 2021 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SejiQu-PtMI
Johnson, S. 2004. ‘Mastering verb tenses in literature reviews.’ Nurse Author & Editor. Winter, 2004. 14 (1) 7 – 9.
Machi, L. A. ; McEvoy, B. T. 2016.The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success. Third edition. Thousand Oaks, California : Corwin
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Additional material
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The Toulmin model of argumentStephen Toulmin (1958) proposed a model of argumentation which attempts to describe what often happens when we formulate an argument.
Toulmin claims that• an argument cannot be considered valid purely on the basis of its
form • an argument does not become automatically better by adding more
evidence
(Machi & McEvoy, 2016)
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The Toulmin model of argument
• Data - the evidence used to support a claim• Warrant - a reason or principle used to connect the data with the claim• Claim - the conclusion about the observed data
(Machi & McEvoy, 2016)
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The Toulmin model of argument
DataAll members of the family were granted refugee status by the American government.
WarrantThe law provides that all those granted refugee status may apply for American citizenship.
ClaimPresumably, all members of the family have the legal right to apply for American citizenship.
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The Toulmin model of argument
DataAll members of the family were granted refugee status by the American government. Complicating factor: one family member has a criminal record
WarrantThe law provides that all those granted refugee status may apply for American citizenship. Complicating factor: those with criminal records may not apply for citizenship
ClaimAll members of the family (except, presumably, the member with the criminal record) have the right to apply for American citizenship
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Data a
Data n
Organised evidence Warrant CLAIM
Logical Bridge
“Given the data on the subject, this is what we can conclude.”
(Machi & McEvoy, 2016, p.51)
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(Machi & McEvoy, 2016, p.51)
Premise 1
Major Claim
Warrant
Simple claim 2Evidence Claim
Warrant
Simple claim 3Evidence Claim
Warrant
Simple claim nEvidence Claim
Warrant
Premise 2
Premise 3
Premise n
Simple claim 1Evidence Claim
Warrant