CANKAYA UNIVERSITY OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES

-ENGLISH UNIT-

FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCY

FOR ENG 205 COURSE

WEEK 10

WHAT’S THE HISTORY OF PETROLEUM?

Do you know the history of petroleum?Despite various myths, it was first used

in the ancient city of Babylon, for torches and during the construction within the walls

In 2nd century, Roman Empire exploited it from Dacia region (in Romania) for military purposes.

First petroleum wells were found in China dating back to 347 AD. It was drilled and pumped up by bamboo pipes. They burned it to evaporate brine (sodium chloride) and to produce salt.

Japanese were burning it for heating and lightening the emperor’s palace in 7th century AD.

After distilled by Persian chemists, crude oil was used for military technology by Middle-East World after 10th century.

First modern refinery was built in Alsace, France.

WARM - UPCan you name the major

petroleum products of refineries?

Crude Oil, Gasoline, Fuel Oil, Jet Fuel, Motor Oil, Kerosene, Diesel Fuel, Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG), Asphalt

What petroleum-based products do we use in our daily lives?

What are the other possible industrial areas that petroleum products will get involved in 21th century?

ENERGY QUIZ?Do the energy quiz on pg.40 and find out how

much you know about the energy industry.

1- How many cars were there in the world in 1950?

b. 50 million2- How many cars will there be by 2030?

a. 1,000 million (a billion)3- Which country in the world has the largest petroleum reserves?

a. Saudi Arabia

ENERGY QUIZ?4- Which of the following products oes not contain a petroleum-based ingredient?

b. Chocolate5- How much extra energy will the world need by 2030 compared with 2005?

c. +60%6- By how much could the energy consumption of individual homes be reduced, using existing technologies?

c. 56%

WHAT IF … ?What if petroleum hadn’t been

discovered?

WHAT IF … ? What if we ran out of all world petrol

reserves?

Some precautions?Do you think some precautions are really

needed to tackle the probable fuel energy scarcity?

What could be done to handle the problem?

Put forward some environmental solutions to save energy that everybody can carry out in their ordinary lives.

Work with a partner and discuss which of these would be effective to reduce energy consumption?

Some precautions?

VOCABULARY ITEMSDerive from(v): to take, receive, or obtain

especially from a specified source. Word Formation: derivation (n), derivative (adj)E.g.: The river derives its name from a Native American tribe.

Scarce (adj): deficient in quantity or number compared with the demand, not plentiful or abundant.

Word Formation: scarcity (n), scarcity (adv)E.g.: Fresh water and medicines were scarce in the disaster area. Scarce of natural resources

VOCABULARY ITEMSComponent (n): one of the different parts

that a machine or equipment consists of.E.g.: He sells spare computer components.

E.g.: Hard work has been a major component of his success.

Depletion (n): the process of making sth empty of a principal substance, consumption, or reduction.

Antonym: renovation (n)Word Formation: deplete (v), depletable (adj)E.g.: We completely depleted our life savings when we bought our new house.

VOCABULARY ITEMSSlash (v) [informal]: to very much reduce

something, such as money or jobs.Word Formation: slash (n), slasher (n), Collocations: slash-and-burn type E.g.:Prices have been slashed by 50%! Prominent (adj): very well known and

important Word Formation: prominently (adv),

prominence (n)Collocations: prominent position

to gain prominenceE.g.: Elton was one of the singers who gained

prominence in the 1980s. E.g.: a prominent member of the Saudi royal

family

VOCABULARY ITEMSexaggerate(v): to make something seem

larger, more important, better or worse than it really is

Word Formation: exaggeration (n), exaggerated (adj)

E.g.: I'm not exaggerating - it was the worst meal I've ever eaten in my life.

incentive(n): something which encourages a person to do something

Word Formation: incentivize (v), E.g.:Tax incentives have been very effective in

encouraging people to save and invest more of their income.

E.g.: The incentive to sell more is large - and it plainly works.

VOCABULARY ITEMSPeak (n): the highest, strongest or best

point, value or level of skill Collocations: to reach the peak

at the peak of sth peak oil (n)(phr)

E.g.: The Beatles were at their peak during the 1960's.

E.g.: peak oil?Catastrophic (adj): Something that involves

or causes a sudden terrible disaster.E.g.: The water shortage in this country is

potentially catastrophic.

VOCABULARY ITEMSshrink(v): to become smaller, or to make

something smaller.Word Formation: shrinkage (n)E.g.: The company's profits have shrunk from

£5.5 million to £1.25 million.

invasive (adj): moving into all areas of something and difficult to stop.

Word Formation: invasion (n) Collocations: invasive diseaseE.g.: They found invasive cancer during a routine

examination.

VOCABULARY ITEMSoutpace (v): to perform a particular action

faster or better than they can.E.g.: The Japanese economy will continue

to outpace its foreign rivals for years to come.

obsolete (adj): not in use any more, having been replaced by something newer and better or more fashionable.

Word Formation: obsolescence (n),obsolescent (adj)

E.g.: Gas lamps became obsolete when electric lighting was invented.

VOCABULARY ITEMSoverestimate (v): to think that something is

or will be greater, more extreme or more important than it really is.

E.g.: The importance of participating in the life of the country cannot be overestimated.

accelerate (v): when a person or object goes faster.

Word Formation: acceleration (n)E.g.: You have to accelerate gradually as you run

down the track, and then take a big jump.

VOCABULARY ITEMSbe vested in sb/ with sth (phr. v) [passive]:

to be given the official right, responsibility or authority.

Word Formation: vest (v) (n)Collocation: vested interest in sthE.g.: The administration has no vested interest in

proving whether public schools were good or bad.

E.g.: All authority was vested in the woman, who discharged every kind of public duty.

E.g.: The mass media have been vested with significant power as social and political agents in modern developed societies.