capitulo iii : calidad de suelo

7/24/2019 Capitulo III : calidad de suelo

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CAPITULO III

BIOINDICADORES DE CALIDAD DEL SUELO

3.1. CALIDAD DEL SUELO

Las caractersticas qumicas, fsicas !i"#$%icas &e# aire a%ua 'ue&e( ser

&efi(i&"s &e f"rma 'recisa e)acta &e!i&"s a su c"m'arati*ame(te sim'#e

estructura c"m'"sici$(. E( cam!i", e# sue#" es u( me&i" muc+" ms

c"m'#e-", que c"m're(&e e# aire, a%ua #as fracci"(es *i*as (" *i*as &e#

mism" sue#". Su a#ta c"m'#e-i&a& *aria!i#i&a&, e( e# es'aci" e# tiem'", au(

&esafa( %ra(&eme(te e# a(#isis c"m'#et" &e sus 'r"'ie&a&es fsicas,

qumicas !i"#$%icas, a 'esar &e muc+"s i(te(t"s '"r +acer#". Acie%", /.0

21

O!ser*ar u(a &ismi(uci$( e( #a ca#i&a& &e# sue#" 'ue&e ser ms fci#, que

&efi(ir #" que c"m're(&e u(a !ue(a ca#i&a& &e sue#". P"si!#eme(te, #a

&efi(ici$( que a4( me-"r re'rese(ta e# c"(ce't" &e ca#i&a& &e sue#" fue aque##a

&a&a '"r D"ra( Par5i( 16678 9: #a ca'aci&a& &e# sue#" 'ara i(teractuar c"(

e# ec"sistema 'ara ma(te(er #a 'r"&ucti*i&a& !i"#$%ica, #a ca#i&a& am!ie(ta#

'r"m"*er #a sa#u& &e '#a(tas a(ima#es.; Acie%", /.0 21

La ca#i&a& &e# sue#", +a si&" re#aci"(a&a c"( #a ca'aci&a& &e# sue#" 'ara

fu(ci"(ar e i(c#ue atri!ut"s c"m" ferti#i&a&, 'r"&ucti*i&a& '"te(cia#,

s"ste(i!i#i&a& ca#i&a& am!ie(ta#. Simu#t(eame(te, ca#i&a& &e# sue#" es u(

i(strume(t" que sir*e 'ara c"m're(&er #a uti#i&a& sa#u& &e este recurs".

Bauttista, C., Etc+e*ers, /., De# Casti##", R., < =utierre>, C.0 227

A 'esar &e su im'"rta(cia, #a cie(cia &e# sue#" (" +a a*a(>a&" #" suficie(te

'ara &efi(ir c#arame(te #" que se e(tie(&e '"r ca#i&a&. E# t?rmi(" ca#i&a& &e#

sue#" se em'e>$ a ac"tar a# rec"("cer #as fu(ci"(es &e# sue#"8

1 'r"m"*er #a 'r"&ucti*i&a& &e# sistema si( 'er&er sus 'r"'ie&a&es

fsicas, qumicas !i"#$%icas 'r"&ucti*i&a& !i"#$%ica s"ste(i!#e

&ismi(uir c"(tami(a(tes am!ie(ta#es 'at$%e("s ca#i&a& am!ie(ta#

3 fa*"recer #a sa#u& &e '#a(tas, a(ima#es +uma("s @i%. 11.


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@i%ura 118 Pri(ci'a#es c"m'"(e(tes &e #a ca#i&a& e# sue#"

A# &esarr"##ar este c"(ce't", tam!i?( se +a c"(si&era&" que e# sue#" es e#su!strat" !sic" 'ara #as '#a(tas0 ca'ta, retie(e emite a%ua0 es u( fi#tr"

am!ie(ta# efecti*". E( c"(secue(cia, este c"(ce't" ref#e-a #a ca'aci&a& &e#

sue#" 'ara fu(ci"(ar &e(tr" &e #"s #mites &e# ec"sistema &e# cua# f"rma 'arte

c"( e# que i(teract4a. Bautista A., Etc+e*ers /., &e# Casti##" R., =uitierre> C et.

a# 227

U( ec"sistema sa#u&a!#e est &efi(i&" '"r #a i(te%raci$( &e #"s cic#"s &e #"s

(utrie(tes f#u-"s &e e(er%a, '"r #a esta!i#i&a& e#astici&a& fre(te a u(aa#teraci$( " estr?s. Si( em!ar%", #as 'r"'ie&a&es que se uti#i>a( c"m"

i(&ica&"res &e ca#i&a& (" (ecesariame(te est( &irectame(te re#aci"(a&as c"(

#a sa#u&. E( %e(era# #a res'uesta &e #"s sue#"s &e #"s ec"sistemas a u(a

a#teraci$( tie(e &"s c"m'"(e(tes8 resiste(cia resi#e(cia. Cer$(, L.,

e#%are-", L. et. a# 227

@i%ura 18 Resiste(cia Resi#e(cia &e# sue#"


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La resiste(cia, es #a ca'aci&a& i(+ere(te &e# sistema 'ara t"#erar #a a#teraci$(0

#a resi#e(cia, es #a ca'aci&a& am"rti%ua&"ra #a +a!i#i&a& 'ara re%e(erarse.

P"r "tr" #a&", #a !i"&i*ersi&a& es u(a 'r"'ie&a& que c"(&ici"(a #a ca'aci&a&

&e recu'eraci$( &e# sistema e&fic" a(te u(a a#teraci$( &e ma(te(er su

esta!i#i&a& fu(ci"(a#, +a e*i&e(cias &e #a re#aci$( que e)iste e(tre #"s

"r%a(ism"s que +a!ita( e( e# ec"sistema &i*ersi&a&, estructura &e #a ca&e(a

tr$fica, esta!i#i&a& &e #as c"mu(i&a&es #a e#astici&a& &e u( sue#", 'er" se

c"("ce mu '"c" acerca &e c$m" #a !i"&i*ersi&a& ase%ura #a c"(ti(ui&a& &e

fu(ci"(es es'ecficas. La ca#i&a& &e# sue#" est &etermi(a&a '"r fu(ci"(es

simu#t(eas c"m" e# s"ste(er #a 'r"&ucti*i&a& &e #"s cu#ti*"s, e# ma(te(er #a

ca#i&a& &e# a%ua &e# aire, e# 'r"'"rci"(ar c"(&ici"(es sa#u&a!#es 'ara

'#a(tas, a(ima#es e# +"m!re &e(tr" &e #"s #mites &e u( ec"sistema. Cer$(,

L., e#%are-", L. et. a# 227

3.. INDICADORES BIOL=ICOS

L"s i(&ica&"res !i"#$%ic"s 'r"'uest"s Ta!#a 1 i(te%ra( %ra( ca(ti&a& &e

fact"res que afecta( #a ca#i&a& &e# sue#" c"m" #a a!u(&a(cia su!'r"&uct"s

&e micr" macr""r%a(ism"s, i(c#ui&"s !acterias, +"(%"s, (emat"&"s,

#"m!rices, a(?#i&"s artr$'"&"s. I(c#ue( fu(ci"(es c"m" #a tasa &eres'iraci$(, er%"ster"# "tr"s su!'r"&uct"s &e #"s +"(%"s, tasas &e

&esc"m'"sici$( &e #"s resi&u"s *e%eta#es, N C &e #a !i"masa micr"!ia(a.

Bautista A., Etc+e*ers /., &e# Casti##" R., =uitierre> C et. a# 227

Ta!#a 78 C"(-u(t" &e i(&ica&"res !i"#$%ic"s 'r"'uest"s 'ara m"(it"rear #"scam!i"s que "curre( e( e# sue#".


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C"m" #a !i"masa micr"!ia(a es muc+" ms se(si!#e a# cam!i" que e# C t"ta#

se +a 'r"'uest" #a re#aci$( C micr"!ia("8 C "r%(ic" &e# sue#" 'ara &etectar

cam!i"s tem'ra("s e( #a &i(mica &e #a materia "r%(ica. De acuer&" c"(

estas i&eas, (" +a!ra u( e(f"que 4(ic" 'ara %e(erar u( c"(-u(t" &e

i(&ica&"res 'ara ca&a 'r"'$sit". Bautista A., Etc+e*ers /., &e# Casti##" R.,

=uitierre> C et. a# 227

E# c"(-u(t" &e i(&ica&"res &e!e ser se(si!#e a #"s cam!i"s e( u( 'er"&" &e

tiem'" re#ati*ame(te c"rt", a4( !a-" #"s cam!i"s &e #as c"(&ici"(es c#imticas.

L"s criteri"s 'ara esta!#ecer i(&ica&"res re#aci"(a( #a uti#i&a& e( #a &efi(ici$(

&e #"s 'r"ces"s &e# ec"sistema a&ems i(te%ra( #as 'r"'ie&a&es fsicas,

qumicas !i"#$%icas, #a se(si!i#i&a& a #as *ariaci"(es c#imticas &e ma(e-",-u(t" c"( #a accesi!i#i&a& uti#i&a& 'ara 'r"&uct"res, es'ecia#istas e(

a%ricu#tura, c"(ser*aci"(istas res'"(sa!#es e( &efi(ir '"#ticas &e ma(e-".

Cer$(, L., e#%are-", L. et. a# 227

L"s "r%a(ism"s que *i*e( e( e# sue#", '"r su &i*ersi&a& su ca'aci&a& &e

a&a'taci$( a c"(&ici"(es &i*ersas 'ue&e( &esem'ear m4#ti'#es fu(ci"(es &e

%ra( im'"rta(cia 'ara e# sistema, #as que '"&r( 'r"&ucir efect"s ec"#$%ic"s

'"r acci$( mec(ica me>c#a &e materia# "r%(ic", &isemi(aci$( &e"r%a(ism"s &e(tr" &e# sue#", etc. " qumica &e%ra&aci$( &e c"m'uest"s

"r%(ic"s, mi(era#i>aci$(, etc. Asimism", a#%u("s &e e##"s 'ue&e( actuar

c"m" i(&ica&"res &e ca#i&a& &e sue#", que 'ue&e( te(er &ifere(tes %ra&"s &e

se(si!i#i&a& a &isti(t"s cam!i"s, mi&ie(&" e# %ra&" &e &esequi#i!ri" ec"#$%ic"

cau&a&" '"r e# c"(tami(a(te. "re(",/.0 Patarr"",N.0 R"&ri%ue>, ., 22F

3.3. OR=ANISOS BIOINDICADORES DE CALIDAD DEL SUELO

3.3.1 I(sect"s

L"s i(sect"s s"( #"s !i"i(&ica&"res ms uti#i>a&"s, &e!i&" a su *arie&a&

su (4mer". E( este cas" se trata &e i&e(tificar #a &i*ersi&a& &e

'"!#aci"(es *ersus e# (4mer" &e i(&i*i&u"s &e ca&a '"!#aci$(. Se

cum'#e e# criteri" &e que #"s i(sect"s ms *u#(era!#es &esa'arece(

cre(&"se c"(&ici"(es 'ara #"s me("s se(si!#es. E( u(a >"(a

c"(tami(a&a, '"r e-. se re'r"&ucir( #"s >a(cu&"s Le'i&"'tera8+es'eri"i&ea, 'a'i#i"("i&ea &esa'arecer #a i(me(sa *arie&a& &e


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i(sect"s c"mu(es e( #"s !"sques. E(tre "tr"s i(sect"s te(em"s a #"s

escara!a-"s c"'r$fa%"s c"#e$'tera8 Scara!aei&ae8 Scara!aei(ae #as

+"rmi%as me("'tera8 @"rmici&ae. "re(",/.0 Patarr"",N.0

R"&ri%ue>, ., 22F

Figura 13: es'eri"i&ea Pa'i#i"("i&ea

Figura 14: Scara!aei&ae

@i%ura 1G8 @"rmici&ae

3.3.7 L"m!rices

La &esc"m'"sici$( &e #a materia "r%(ica '"r #as #"m!rices, au&a&as

'"r !acterias +"(%"s, c"(&uce( a #a #i!eraci$( &e e#eme(t"s sim'#es

(itr$%e(", f"sf"r", '"tasi", etc. &irectame(te asimi#a!#es '"r #as


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'#a(tas. A&ems #a me>c#a &e# sue#" '"r #as a(?micas #as e(&$%e(as,

ac"m'aa&a &e #a f"rmaci$( &e +umus, -ue%a u( 'a'e# ese(cia# e( #a

ca#i&a& &e #"s sue#"s. "re(",/.0 Patarr"",N.0 R"&ri%ue>, ., 22F

Su *a#"r &e !i"acumu#aci$( a(tes #"s micr" c"(tami(a(tes. Las#"m!rices (" !i"acumu#a( !ie( t"&"s #"s micr"c"(tami(a(tes, e(tre #"s

meta#es 'esa&"s0 e# '#"m", e# c"!re, e# cr"m" se c"(ce(tra( '"c", ("

as e# >i(c e# ca&mi". E( #" que se refiere a macr"c"(tami(a(tes

"r%(ic"s, s"( !ue(as !i"acumu#a&"res &e "r%a("c#"ra&"s. Parece que

#a (" !i"acumu#aci$( &e ciert"s micr"c"(tami(a(tes est #i%a&a e( #as

#"m!rices &e tierra a #a ca'aci&a& &e est"s 'r"&uct"s &e ser m"*i#i>a&"s

qumicame(te s"!re 'artcu#as +4micas. "re(",/.0 Patarr"",N.0R"&ri%ue>, ., 22F

La 're'araci$( &e muestras c"( fi(es &e a(#isis. E# *a#"r &e #as

#"m!rices Lum!ricus terrestris c"m" !i"i(&ica&"res 'r"*ie(e e( %ra(

'arte &e #a i(te%raci$( tem'"ra# es'acia# &e #a c"(tami(aci$( '"r u(

micr"c"(tami(a(te PCBs '"#ic#"r"!ife(i#"s re'rese(ta&a '"r #a

c"(ce(traci$( &e ese 'r"&uct" e( sus te-i&"s. "re(",/.0 Patarr"",N.0

R"&ri%ue>, ., 22F

@i%ura 1F8 L"m!rices

3.3.G Nemat"&"s,

La ma"ria &e (emat"&"s s"( !acteri$fa%"s, a#ime(t(&"se &e

micr""r%a(ism"s materia "r%(ica &e# sue#"0 est"s se &ifere(cia(

'"rque c"(stitue( u( su-et" &e estu&i" i(teresa(te e( #a !4sque&a &e!i"i(&ica&"res a&ecua&"s 'ara ref#e-ar e# %ra&" &e 'ertur!aci$( &e#


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sue#" #a marc+a &e #"s 'r"ces"s &e recu'eraci$(. E-. Nemat"&a

ru&"#'+i

@i%ura1H8 Nemat"&"s !acteri$fa%"s

L"s (emat"&"s !acteri$fa%"s &e# sue#" 'ue&e( c"m'"rtarse c"m"

"r%a(ism" i(&ica&"res &e situaci"(es a#tera&as &e!i&as a a#%4(

'"#uci"(a(te e( c"(ce(traci"(es &etermi(a&as. E( e# cas" &e sue#"s

c"(tami(a&"s c"( +i&r"car!ur"s se &emuestra que a c"(ce(traci"(es

ma"res &e# 1, #a '"!#aci$( (emat"#"%ica se &e'rime, c"m" asi

tam!i?( a a#tas c"(ce(traci"(es &e sa#es. E( c"(&ici"(es ("rma#es #"s

(emat"&"s !acteri$fa%"s &e# sue#" s"( a!u(&a(tes est( 'rese(tes e(

u(a %ra( &i*ersi&a& &e am!ie(tes. "re(",/.0 Patarr"",N.0 R"&ri%ue>,

., 22F

E( u( 'r"ces" &e !i"rreme&iaci"( 'ara #a recu'eraci$( &e sue#"s

c"(tami(a&"s '"r 'etr$#e" muestra( tam!i?( ser a&ecua&"s 'ara su

!i"m"(it"re", '"rque su e*"#uci$( res'"(&e a# 'r"ces" &e

&esc"(tami(aci$(. "re(",/.0 Patarr"",N.0 R"&ri%ue>, ., 22F

3.3.7 ICROOR=ANISOS

Si !ie( a#%u("s micr""r%a(ism"s s"( 'at$%e("s, #a ma"ria 'artici'a e(

'r"ces"s &e &esc"m'"sici$( mi(era#i>aci$( &e resi&u"s *e%eta#es

a(ima#es c"(*irtie(&" #"s materia#es "r%(ic"s c"m'#e-"s e( !i"masa

micr"!ia(a e( m"#?cu#as sim'#es que 'ue&e( ser uti#i>a&as '"r '#a(tas

"tr"s "r%a(ism"s. Uri!e, L.0 1666

L"s micr""r%a(ism"s tie(e( u( 'a'e# im'"rta(te e( #a f"rmaciF( &e u(a

!ue(a estructura &e# sue#"8 E# muci#a%" 'r"&uci&" '"r #as !acterias #as+ifas &e !"(%"s acti("micet"s, c"(tri!ue( a ma(te(er #as 'artcu#as


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&e sue#" u(i&as. A#%u("s &e #"s 'r"ces"s !e(?fic"s e( #"s que i(ter*ie(e

#a '"!#aciF( micr"!ia(a se e(umera( e( #a ta!#a G. Uri!e, L.0 1666

ACTIJIDAD @UNCIN

Dis'"(i!i#i&a& &e (utrie(tes

@i-aci$( !i"#$%ica &e (itr$%e("As"ciaci$( c"( +"(%"s f"rma&"res &e mic"rri>as. Pr"&ucci$( &eque#a(tes "r%(ic"sReacci"(es &e $)i&" re&ucci$(.Desc"m'"sici$( &e resi&u"sS"#u!i#i>aci$( &e f"sfat"si(era#i>aci$( &e (utrie(tes

C"(tr"# !i"#$%ic"C"(tr"# &e e(ferme&a&es &e '#a(tas.C"(tr"# &e '"!#aci"(es &e (emat"&"s, i(sect"s ma#e>as.

Bi"&e%ra&a&F( &e '#a%uici&as

c"(tami(a(tes

Re&ucci$( &e meta#es t$)ic"s a me("s t$)ic"s.Uti#i>aciF( &e '#a%uici&as c"m" fue(te &e (utrie(tes.I(acti*aciF( &e '#a%uici&as.

@"rmaciF( &e a%re%a&"s@"rmaciF( &e +umus.Pr"&ucci$( &e susta(cias que ceme(ta( 'artcu#as. Pr"&ucci$( &e+ifas que u(e( 'artcu#as.

Ta!#a G8 Acti*i&a&es rea#i>a&as '"r #"s micr""r%a(ism"s &e# sue#"

3.3.7.1 Bacterias aer"!ias8 Estas 'artici'a( e( #"s 'r"ces"s &e

&esc"m'"sici$( &e resi&u"s, f"rmaci$( &e a%re%a&"s,

i(teracci"(es c"( '#a(tas "tr"s micr""r%a(ism"s. Si !ie( #a

ma"ria es aer"!ias, a#%u(as t"#era( c"(&ici"(es &e '"ca&is'"(i!i#i&a& &e ")%e(", %?(er"s c"m4(me(te "!ser*a&"s e(

sue#"s s"( Baci##us Pseu&"m"(as. Uri!e, L.0 1666

@i%ura1K8 Baci##us

@i%ura168 Pseu&"m"(as

3.3.7. Bacterias fi-a&"ras &e (itr$%e(" &e *i&a #i!re8 S"(

micr""r%a(ism"s ca'aces &e re&ucir e# (itr$%e(" atm"sf?ric" Ni(c"r'"r(&"#" a# am!ie(te &e# sue#". De(tr" &e este %ru'" se

e(cue(tra(8 !acterias &e #"s %?(er"s A>"t"!acter, Baci##us,

C#"stri&ium, Citr"!acter, #e!sie##a, etc. Uri!e, L.0 1666

@i%ura 28 A>"t"!acter

@i%ura 18 C#"stri&ium

@i%ura 8 Citr"!acter


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@i%ura 38 #e!sie##a

icr""r%a(ism"s @i-a&"res De Nitr$%e(" N" Sim!i$tic"

S"( #a fue(te 'rimaria &e# sumi(istr" &e (itr$%e(" a #as

'#a(tas. S"( fi-a&"res &e# (itr$%e(" atm"sf?ric", a#%u(as

!acterias, acti("micet"s a#%as *er&e a>u#es cia("fceas

re&uce( e# (itr$%e(" atm"sf?ric" a (itr$%e(" am"(iaca# #"

i(c"r'"ra( a# sue#". E(tre #"s %?(er"s &e !acterias

aer"!ias (itr"fi-a&"ras est( A>"t"!acter, A>"s'iri##um,

Bei-eri(c5ia, Der)ia, A>"m"(as, Osci##at"ria.

Las !acterias &e# %?(er" A>"t"!acter tie(e( m"*imie(t"

f"rma( quistes cua(&" e(cue(tra( c"(&ici"(es &ifci#es.

Pue&e( fi-ar 72 5i#"%ram"s &e (itr$%e(" '"r +ectrea

equi*a#e(te a 22 5i#"%ram"s &e su#fat" &e am"(i". Las

!acterias &e# %e(er" A>"s'iri##um s"( m$*i#es crece( e(

sue#"s c"( ' cerca("s a (eutr". E( %ram(eas act4a(

mu !ie( A. #i'"ferum A.!rasi#e(se.

Las !acterias &e# %e(er" C#"stri&ium 'asteria(um s"(

a(aer"!ias, que crece( e( sue#"s a(e%a&"s, c"m'acta&"s

e( siti"s &"(&e se &ificu#ta #a circu#aci$( &e aire e( e#

sue#". T"#era( u(a aci&e> a#ta +asta 7 fi-a( e(tre 3 12

mi#i%ram"s &e (itr$%e(" '"r %ram" &e fue(te &e car!"("

c"(sumi&".

Las a#%as rea#i>a( f"t"s(tesis fi-a( a# sue#" e(tre G G2

5i#"%ram"s &e (itr$%e(" '"r +ectrea e( u( a".

A>"s'iri##um #i'"rferum

C#"stri&ium 'asteuria(um

Bei-eri(c5ia

Las !acterias (itr"fi-a&"ras tam!i?( act4a( e( #as +"-as &e

#as '#a(tas. Se &esarr"##a( '"!#aci"(es &e #as !acterias


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Pseu&"m"(as, A>"t"!acter, Bei-eri(c5ia tam!i?( &e#

acti("micet" Stre't"mces. A 'artir &e #as e)u&aci"(es

f"#iares estas f"rma( ($&u#"s e( #as +"-as 'ara fi-ar e#

(itr$%e(", &e%ra&a( #"s materia#es "r%(ic"s que se

&e'"sita( s"!re e##as, 'r"&uce( e(>imas &e crecimie(t"

'ara #a '#a(ta se%re%a( a(ti!i$tic"s que 'r"te%e( #as

+"-as &e #"s ataques &e #"s fit"'at$%e("s. Se +a(

re'"rta&" fi-aci"(es +asta &e 122 5i#"%ram"s &e (itr$%e("

'"r +ectrea. Pseu&"m"(as N"st"c

icr""r%a(ism"s @i-a&"res &e (itr"%e(" Sim!i$tic"

Or%a(ism"s fi-a&"res N" sim!i$tic"s A>"t"!acter,

C#"stri&ium, R+i>"!ium M Le%umi("sas Sue#", Rest"s

*e%eta#es, etc.

Acti("micet" M @ra(5ia, @"resta#es Cia("!acterias, N"st"c

e#ec+"sActua#me(teG %?(er"s8 R+i>"!ium 2.G1.2 m

i("r+>"!ium 2.G1.2 m r'i&"s, es"r+i>"!ium 2.7 M

2.6 m i(terme&i", Bra&r+i>"!ium 2.G2.6 m

A>"r+i>"!ium 2.G2.F m #e(t"s

3.3.7. Acti("micet"s8 S"( macr""r%a(ism"s ca'aces &e crecer

e( u( ra(%" &e ' e(tre 7 12, #a ma"ria s"( aer$!ic"s, 'ue&e(

crecer e( sue#"s a#ca#i("s 2 (eutr"s s"( i(t"#era(tes a

c"(&ici"(es &e a(e%amie(t". E)iste( es'ecies ca'aces &e crecer

a a#tas tem'eraturas fa*"reci?(&"se su crecimie(t" e( e#

c"m'"st. S"( ca'aces &e &e%ra&ar muc+as susta(cias c"m'#e-asi(c#ue(&" ce#u#"sa, #i%(i(a quiti(a. S"( res'"(sa!#es &e# "#"r a

tierra au&a( a aume(tar #a estructura &e# sue#". Uri!e, L.0

1666

S"( micr""r%a(ism"s que se 'arece( a #"s +"(%"s a #as

!acterias. Crece( ama(era &e mice#i" ra&ia#, f"rma( c"(i&ias

c"m" #"s +"(%"s 'er" #as caractersticas m"rf"#$%icas &e sus

c?#u#as s"( simi#ares a #as &e #as !acterias.


11/12

Se e(cue(tra( e( e# sue#", e( a%uas esta(ca&as, e# #"&" #"s

materia#es "r%(ic"s e( &e%ra&aci$(. Se (utre( &e materia#es

"r%(ic"s +eter$tr"f"s. De%ra&a( &es&e a>4cares sim'#es,

'r"te(as, ci&"s "r%(ic"s +asta su!strat"s mu c"m'#e-"s

c"m'uest"s '"r +emice#u#"sas, #i%(i(as, quiti(as 'arafi(as. E(

sue#"s !ie( airea&"s c"( a#t" c"(te(i&" &e materia "r%(ica

a#ca(>a( '"!#aci"(es mu a#tas. C"(stitue( &e# 12 a# G2 &e #a

c"mu(i&a& micr"!ia(a &e# sue#". Se &esarr"##a( !ie( e( sue#"s

c"( ' &es&e G a H.

A#%u("s acti("micet"s 'r"&uce( a(ti!i$tic"s que re%u#a( #"s

'at$%e("s &e#as '#a(tas que est( e( e# sue#". A# a%re%arc"(i&ias &e acti("micet"s e( u( sue#" c"(tami(a&" c"( !acterias

+"(%"s fit"'at$%e("s, crece( i(+i!ie(&" #as '"!#aci"(es &e #"s

'at$%e("s, re%u#a(&" #"s 'r"!#emas +asta a#ca(>ar u( !a#a(ce

que #e 'ermita a #as '#a(tas "!te(er (utrie(tes &esarr"##arse.

L"s %?(er"s &e acti("micet"s &e# sue#" ms im'"rta(tes 'ara #a

(utrici$( &e #as '#a(tas s"(8 Stre't"mces, N"car&ia,

icr"m"("s'"ra, T+erm"acti("mices, @ra(5ia Acti("mces.

3.3.7.3 "(%"s8 L"s !"(%"s se e(cue(tra( 'ri(ci'a#me(te e( e#

sue#" !ie( aerea&". A#%u("s s"( 'at$%e("s &e '#a(tas, "tr"s s"(

im'"rta(tes a# &e%ra&ar c"m'uest"s "r%(ic"s c"m" ce#u#"sa,

#i%(i(a, 'ecti(a. @a*"rece( #a estructura &e# sue#" a# u(ir #as

'artcu#as 'ara f"rmar a%re%a&"s esta!#es. L"s !"(%"s t"#era(

%e(era#me(te ' ci&"s. Uri!e, L.0 1666

C"(f"rma( u(a im'"rta(te fracci$( &e #a !i"masa t"ta# micr"!ia(a

&e# sue#". Crece( e( f"rma &e re& e)te(&i?(&"se c"m" mice#i"

+asta su esta&" re'r"&ucti*" &"(&e &a( "ri%e( a es'"ras

se)ua#es " ase)ua#es. S"( im'"rta(tes &e%ra&a&"res aer"!i"s &e

materia# *e%eta# e( &esc"m'"sici$( e( sue#"s ci&"s.

L"s +"(%"s meta!"#i>a( c"m'uest"s car!"(a&"s &e mu &ifci#

&e%ra&aci$( c"m" #as ce#u#"sas, #as +emice#u#"sas #as #i%(i(as.


12/12

Tam!i?( &e%ra&a( a>4cares sim'#es, a#c"+"#es, ami("ci&"s

ci&"s (uc#eic"s. Pue&e( ser 'arsit"s " sa'r"fitic"s.

S"( mu im'"rta(tes e( sue#"s c"( &esec+"s &e c"sec+a. L"s

+"(%"s m"*i#i>a( (utrie(tes mi(era#es +acia #as races &e #as'#a(tas, aume(ta( #a ca'aci&a& &e rete(er a%ua e( sequa, fi-a(

(itr$%e(" f$sf"r" 'r"te%e( #as races &e fit"'at$%e("s '"r

es'aci" emitie(&" susta(cias que #"s i(+i!e(.

A#%u("s +"(%"s e(tra( e( sim!i"sis c"( #as races ##ama&as

mic"rri>as. S"( ms acti*"s e( sue#"s are("s"s '"!res e(

materia "r%(ica. La sim!i"sis se *e fa*"reci&a '"r #a '"!re>a

mi(era# &e# sue#".

L"s %?(er"s &e +"(%"s ms im'"rta(tes as"cia&"s a #as races

&e #as '#a(tas s"( As'er%i##us, Pe(ici##ium, R+i>"'us

Tric+"&erma. E# As'er%i##us e# Pe(ici##ium m"*i#i>a( e# f$sf"r"

e# (itr$%e(" &e# sue#". E# Tric+"&ermas"s tie(e #a +ume&a& e( #as

races e( c"(&ici"(es &e sequa.

RE@ERENCIA BIBLIO=RA@ICA

Acie%", /. 210 INDICADORES ICROBIANOS DE LA CALIDAD DELSUELO0 U(i*ersi&a& Ce(tra# &e Je(e>ue#a, @acu#ta& &e A%r"("mia0 I(stitut" &eE&af"#"%a.

Bauttista, C., Etc+e*ers, /., De# Casti##", R., < =utierre>, C. 2270 CALIDADDEL SUELO Q SUS INDICADORES0 De'artame(t" &e Recurs"s Natura#es0I(stitut" &e Recurs"s Natura#es0 Oa)aca M ?)ic".

Cer$(, L., e#%are-", L. 2270 ENIAS DEL SUELO8 INDICADORES DESALUD Q CALIDAD0 De'artame(t" &e Bi"#"%a, @acu#ta& &e Cie(cias0U(i*ersi&a& &e C"#"m!ia, Se&e B"%"t.

Uri!e, L. 16660 USO DE INDICADORES ICROBIOLO=ICOS DE SUELOS8JENTA/AS Q LIITES0 La!"rat"ri" &e icr"!i"#"%a &e Sue#"s0 Ce(tr" &ei(*esti%aci$( A%r"($mica.

"re(",/.0 Patarr"",N.0 R"&ri%ue>, ., 22F0 LA IPORTANCIA DEL USODE LOS INDICADORES BIOLO=ICOS EN LOS ESTUDIOS DE IPACTOABIENTAL0 U(i*ersi&a& i(&ustria# &e Sa(ta(&er Escue#a &e I(%e(iera

umica Es'ecia#i>aci$( e( I(%e(iera Am!ie(ta#0 B"%"t D.C.

capitulo iii : calidad de suelo

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