captain l.l. janes and the kumamoto yogakko : japan’s first total english immersion school?

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カカカカカカカカカカカカカカカ カカカカカカカカカカカカ カカカカカカ JUDY YONEOKA カカカカカカカカカカカ MAY 17 2008 Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first Total English Immersion School?

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Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first Total English Immersion School?. 「カピテーンゼーンズと熊本洋学校 ~  日本初の英語完全イマージ ョンスクール?」 JUDY YONEOKA 東アジア英語教育研究会 MAY 17 2008. 静岡県にある加藤学園は 日本初のイマージョン学校?. The first immersion programme in a Japanese elementary school (Bostwick 2001) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

「カピテーンゼーンズと熊本洋学校 ~ 日本初の英語完全イマージ ョンスクール?」

JUDY   YONEOKA東アジア英語教育研究会

MAY 17 2008

Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first Total English Immersion

School?

Page 2: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

静岡県にある加藤学園は日本初のイマージョン学校?

The first immersion programme in a Japanese elementary school (Bostwick 2001)

An early partial English immersion programme – the first of its kind in Japan (Katoh 1993)

Page 3: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

でもその100年以上前に熊本では

Small as its beginnings may have been, the Kumamoto School for Western Learning soon developed into one of the most important experiments in Western education in Meiji Japan. Notehelfer 130

Page 4: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

本発表の進め方

1. イマージョン教育とは ?2. 熊本洋学校はイマージョン学校 ?3. どんな英語教育法を使用した ?4. どれぐらい成功した ?5. はたして熊本洋学校は「日本初」イマージョンスクール ?

Page 5: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

イマージョンとは

言語イマージョン教育とは、言語教育の一種で、一般教科を外国語で学ぶことです。

バイリンガル教育は、紀元前 3,000 年に遡ります。本校が導入しているイマージョン教育と呼ばれるバイリンガル教育は、( 1965 年)、カナダ、ケベック州で始まったと一般的には認められています。

Bostwick   http://www.bilingual.com/School/WhatIsImmersion.htm

Page 6: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

正則 Seisoku vs. 変則 Hensoku

Brinkley’s   Unabridged Japanese-English Dictionary (Tokyo: Sanseido, 1896):

Seisoku, n. A method of learning a language by studying the correct pronunciation as   well as the meaning (opposite of hensoku).

Hensoku, n. A method of learning a foreign language which consists in translating the meaning without regard to the correct pronunciation of the words, and without payingmuch attention to the rules of syntax.  ( Smith and Imura 2004 :30 )

“Seisoku Eigo” in English by native-speaking teachers “Hensoku Eigo” by Japanese teachers in Japanese 斉藤 2001 は明治初期における正則をイマージョンプログラム

として明言した。 赤石( 2007 )はSAC(札幌農業大学)の教育もいまーイマ

ージョンプログラムと解釈した。

Page 7: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

イマージョンの度合  partial or total?

“Generally speaking, at least 50 percent of instruction during a given academic year must be provided through the second language for the program to be regarded as immersion.” (Genesee 1987:1)  正則=イマーションではない

total immersion, almost 100 % of class time is spent in the foreign language.

partial immersion, about half of the class time is spent learning subject matter in the foreign language.

two-way immersion, "dual-" or "bilingual immersion", the student population consists of speakers of two or more different languages.

Page 8: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

イマージョンの年齢  Ages of Immersion

Early immersion: students begin the second language from the age of 5 or 6.

Middle immersion: students begin the second language from the age of 9 or 10.

Late immersion: students begin the second language between the ages of 11 - 14.

Continuing immersion: students continue to study advanced subjects in the second language.

Page 9: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

Immersion vs. Submersion

1. additive bilingualism vs. subtractive or replacive bilingualism

2. bilingual vs. monolingual teachers

3. same level vs. different level students

(Fazio and Lyster 1998)

Page 10: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

2. 明治初期の熊本教育改革

Lost status of Samurai How to retain power?

The Higo Dilemma Conservatism and the Shimpuren

vs. the influence of the Yokois and Jitsugaku

The Answer: Captain L.L. Janes

Page 11: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

カピテンゼーンズとは?

West Point の卒業生南北戦争で戦った実学者の望み通り

宣教師ではなかった 結婚していた 軍人であった

が キリスト教の熱烈信者であって、 この盲点で結局洋学校がなくなった

Verbeck氏(長崎、大学南校)が見つかった先生で、熊本に来たらすべて管理できると約束された。

Page 12: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

熊本洋学校の誕生と崩壊

1871 年10月、500人中45名の学生を教えだした

4年間のカリキュラムが同年12月にジェーンズから提出された

3年間の予算が、4年目に県から更新された5年目に熊本バンド結成とともに廃校(187

6年1月)5年間、生徒202名と卒業生22名を教育し

Page 13: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

熊本洋学校の業績

熊本バンドの発祥地

同支社大学の一期生全員が熊本洋学校出身

日本初男女共学を行った学校(女性2名)and

日本初英語イマーション学校???

Page 14: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

洋学校の教育環境

ジェーンズの出身校である West Point Academy にそっくり

住み込みで朝から晩までの管理が行き届いた清潔、規則正しく、時間通りが第一“Students at the Yogakko lived in dormitories,

rose early, and led Spartan, regimented lives. Academic standards were rigorous, and students who failed to meet the standards Janes set were immediately dismissed from the academy.” Scheiner, 55

Page 15: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

洋学校のカリキュラム

ジェーンズ先生はすべて自分自身で決めた 1年目:英語基礎教育のみ 2年目:洋学そのもの

漢学、倫理などは最初から導入されたが、すべてなくなりました。

土曜日は英語スピーチなどの特攻5年目から、毎週水曜日の夜、聖書の勉強も行った

Page 16: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

“Mr. Tameyoshi Nonoguchi, who had the general oversight of [the] Yogakko, entrusted Captain Janes with the whole task not only of the education of the scholars but also the management of the school. He [Janes] therefore himself laid out the course of study …to be completed in four years. He required that all the scholars should be lodged in the dormitory and be given special training. He undertook to do everything himself, from the instruction to the supervision of the scholars, so that all the teachers of mathematics, translation and the like who had already been engaged were dismissed and he himself taught all the subjects.”

Kozaki (1933 P. 12, quoted in Notehelfer 311)

Janes as the Master

Page 17: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

教育の言語について :通訳、日本語 OR 英語?

Japanese=“the devil‘s tongue”

“He was appalled at the fact that it took most Japanese fifteen years of hard study to learn the mixture of Chinese and Japanese that lay at the core of traditional education. Given the need for rapid changes, the only solution, as he saw it, was to leave the Japanese and Chinese languages behind….(he was) fully confident that his wards could learn English in less time and with less effort than they expended on Chinese” (Notehelfer 132)

Page 18: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

洋学校をイマージョンスクールとして

英語のみの教育 ジェーンズは唯一の教師 日本語を決して使わない 2年目以降からは、英語以外の科目が全て英語

で教育された ジェーンズ自身が洋学校を Kumamoto

English School と名付けた(卒業証書より) 大半の学生は11歳-15歳でした

=後期完全英語イマージョンプログラム

Page 19: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

熊本洋学校の英語教育法

“Janes did not teach the students; he made them learn”

教室は分裂して少人数授業 大ホールでは個人勉強と丸暗記毎日の口頭クイズ 成績順による席替え 成績の悪い生徒は退学 上級生が下級生を教える 発音を図で教える

Page 20: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

退学勧告

“At first there were 72 boys in my class, but many of them were dismissed from the school one after another, some on account of idleness, and others because they were thought to possess an imperfect organ of speech.” Miyagawa 118

“One day he divided the boys in my class in two, and dismissed the lower half from school as hopeless. You can imagine how I shuddered when you learn that the line of demarcation was drawn between me and my next seat!”   Shimomura (102)

Page 21: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

英語のエピソード

ジェーンズ大社は日本語を解さず、一方、生徒たちは英語がわからず、洋書の上下の区別さえできないものもいた。たいしゃが政党にアルファベットを教えるときにどんなに苦労したか想像がつくだろう。

すべて英語で話されるので、実に多くのこっ足?な失敗が起こったのも不思議はありません。

Number = 何番Stand on = 下の段

(宮川118)「イアー、ファー、イアー、ファー」

(下村104)

Page 22: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

英語教育~初級編

“Starting with the first lesson, students were rapidly taught the alphabet, presented with one of Webster’s blue-backed spellers, and instructed in the pronunciation of difficult English sounds by means of blackboard diagrams showing the appropriate positioning of tongue and teeth. Janes was a strict drill master and a firm believer in repetition.”  Notehelfer 132

1回生にアルファベットを教えるのに20日かかった。 2回生は8日で習得し、3回生は3日でこれを会得した。

Page 23: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?
Page 24: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

「ジェーンズ大尉は初日、アルファベット最初の6文字の名前を教えてくださいました。それを数日で習得すると、大尉は b..a…ba(べィ) , b…e…be (ビー)などと、大尉のお手元について発音するようにと言われました。私たちはいったいどういう意味かさっぱりわかりませんでしたが、丸暗記しました。翌日、大尉は私たちを一列に並ばせて、もしべィと言ったら、指名された生徒は b..a…ba( べィ)と答えるよう?いました。」  下村孝太郎 より

Phonics系の教え方

Page 25: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?
Page 26: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

We learned English entirely from Capt. Janes. Even when we came to read McGuffey’s readers, we had no Japanese meaning teacher as is the usage at present, but had to grope our way through the lessons by consulting the English Japanese Dictionary (Kaitakushi).

When we came to disyllables, we were ordered to commit to memory as much as forty words each day, which was hard work indeed. Shimomura 102

基礎英語 中級編

Page 27: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

McGuffey Readers and Hepburn dictionary

McGuffey's Readers were among the first textbooks in America that were designed to become progressively more challenging with each volume. They used word repetition in the text as a learning tool, which built strong reading skills through challenging reading. Sounding-out, enunciation and accents were emphasized.

The first Reader taught reading by using the phonics method, the identification of letters and their arrangement into words, and aided with slate work. The second Reader came into play once the student could read, and helped them to understand the meaning of sentences while providing vivid stories which children could remember.

Page 29: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

Other English textbooks (Janes’ collection, Kenritsu University)

1. McGuffey’s New Juvenile Speaker 2. Second Book of Lessons 3. Standard First Reader 4. Supplement to the Fourth Book of Lessons5. The Juvenile Definer 6. The Principles of English Grammar 7. Third book of Lessons

Page 30: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

2年目以降: 洋学そのもの

2年目: geography, history, and basic mathematics

3年目: Algebra, geometry, trigonometry, surveying , history

4年目: philosophy (physics), astronomy, and geology, chemistry, physiology, and English literature.

Saturdays were devoted to special subjects: composition dialogues, declamations, and speeches.   Notehelfer 134

Page 31: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

Subject textbooks (Janes’ collection, Kenritsu University)

4x2=8 Math (arithmetic 2x2, algebra 2x2)

5 History (England 3, world 2)5 Science (physiology (2), 

chemistry (2), astronomy)3+1=4 philosophy

3 geography

7Other (defense (2), French, law, 

education, metalworking, encyclopedia,)

Page 32: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

Student’s Notes and Translations

Page 33: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

Public Speaking in the Yogakko

“Mitsui points out that there were only two schools in Japan that stressed public speaking at that time. One was Fukuzawa Yukichi’s Keio Gijuku, in which Fukuzawa experimented with students giving speeches in Japanese, and the other was the Kumamoto School for Western Learning, in which Janes had them presented in English.” (Notehelfer p. 316)

SAC でも行った  ( 赤石  2006) “According to the literature written about this period in Japan, elocution was one of the popular activities in English learning spread by foreign teachers (Matsumura 1997). …As a matter of fact, elocution was popular in America at the time.”

Page 34: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

   成功について

[ 私たちはこの4年間で習得した事柄は、他のどんな学校制度の下で同じ年限で習得したものをはるかに上回っていました。 ] 下村孝太郎

In the little school of less than 150 boys in Kumamoto there were more individuals who could talk intelligibly and forcefully on important themes …than could be found in either of the two colleges in the United States with which I was connected. Gulick online

In their (his students) achievement, as well as in their mental capacities, he observed, his students compared favorabley with “any class he had known at the United States Military Academy”. Their subsequent careers certainly underscored such an evaluation. Notehelfer 150

Page 35: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

Number of Students in the Yogakko

    entered in 1874 graduated

1871 1st year 46 14 111872 2nd 

year 72 23 11

1873 3rd year 40 26  

1874 4th year 24 63  

1875 5th year 20    

    202 63 22

Page 36: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

The first year graduates…

Of the eleven graduates of Janes’ first class, eight became professors in universities or technical schools, (five of which later became presidents/principals), one doctor, one parliament member and “several were among the best known pastors and publicists of Meiji Japan..” (Notehelfer 319)

Page 37: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

同志社との受け継ぎ

「ここ同志社で他人から学ぼうと考えるのは間違いである。君たちがここに派遣されたのは自分で学ぶ機会を得るためだ。同志社は君たちが考える通り、まだ不完全かも知れない。。。もし同志社が君たちの意向に添わなければ、新島師や他の先生たちをお助けして、君たちが望む通りの立派な学校に作り上げてみてはどうだろうか。これこそ君たちの指名と解約できないだろうか。同志社の運命は君たちの運命でもある。」   岩松2003

Page 38: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

The Kumamoto Band Cohort at Doshisha

Davis (theology teacher at Doshisha) recollects “They asked me questions, every day, which I had never thought of before, and the three years in which I had them as pupils were years of must intense study for me.” Mitsui “Doshisha and the Kumamoto Band,” Japan Christian Quarterly 25;2 (1959:112). Quoted in Notehelfer 314

Page 39: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

The Futures of the 40 Kumamoto Band signers (Shinoda I. Kumamoto Band Ketusmei 130 shunen Kinenshi 59-

60)

Kumamoto Band students (40)

ministers 13educators 20scholars 8diplomats 8

businessmen 10politicians 6other 4

Total 69

8 both

6 both

3 two

Page 40: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

英語関係の仕事をした学生

徳永規矩   熊本英学校創始者 辻(家永)富吉 ワシントン

大国大使館顧問 北野要一郎 長崎英語学校 蔵原惟郭 Edinburgh, 熊本

英学校長 熊本女学校長遠山参良   Ohio Wesllyan

五校教授 熊本学院初代院長

海老名喜三郎  同志社大学長 熊本英語学長

加藤勇 前橋英学校開設

原田 助     Yale, 同志社第7総長中原淳蔵   Yale 熊本高等工業学校初代校長浮田和民   Yale 同志社、早稲田 横井時敬   Yale, 東京農業大学学長 余田司馬人  Yale, 熊本高等工業学校 伊勢(横井)時雄  同志社社長 小崎弘道 Yale, 同志社第2社長  福島網雄   斉斉校教頭 尚絅高校女学校校長 郡 徳隣   大蔵省 台湾総督府官市原盛宏 横浜市長 朝鮮銀行総裁 由布武三郎   文部省局長

Page 41: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

本当に「日本初?」

国立: 開成学校(大学南郊) (現東京大学)

公立:  長崎精得館 大阪洋学校  横浜洋学所 (Sapporo Agricultural College

 (現札幌大学) 1876)私立: 

福沢勇吉と慶応義塾(現:京王大学)宣教師学校:

横浜の Hepburn Academy (現:明治学院大学)

Page 42: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

正則と変則の始まり

From 1869, students were separated into two groups—those taught by foreigners and those by Japanese scholars. Foreign teachers were found mainly by Guido Verbeck the principal professor of the Daigaku Nankõ. Hommes 91

The government laid the system that all lectures should be given in English at Tokyo Kaisei Gakkou (now Tokyo University) in 1873 and established Tokyo Eigo Gakkou as the cram school, after which it established Sapporo Agricultural College in 1876. (Akaishi 2006)

Page 43: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

大学南校のカリキュラム(正則コース)

初等(スペル・加減乗除)八等(クワッケンボス小文典・分数比例)七等(大文典・平方根と立方根)六等(ウィルソン氏万国史・代数)五等(クワッケンボス氏物理学・幾何)外国人教師が英語・フランス語(後にドイツ語が加わる)で初・中等教育カリキュラムを直接教える正則コースでは、場合によっては左氏春秋や漢書まで仕上げた学生に、クワッケンボスのごときアメリカの少年向きの文法書を教えるのであるから、年のいった学生の不満はかなり強かった。そのため、。。。学校を去る例が多かった。 http://www.lib.utokyo.ac.jp/tenjikai/tenjikai2005/tenji/index-d.html

Page 44: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

福沢勇吉と慶応義塾

1858 school for Western studies(蘭学)1863 英学福沢勇吉は変則の支持者でした1889 ー  1890 慶応大学になって初めて「正則」

を取り入れた

Page 45: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

Hepburn schools

1863 ヘボン氏の教室1870  Ferris Gakuin (Yokohama) = Meiji Gakuin (1877)のルーツ 

"We gather small groups of students and scholars. Two students who are interested to help me in my clinic will come in a few days. My wife teaches English to my Japanese teacher and our servant's son for one or two hours every afternoon. Both of them are really hard workers.“

Page 46: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

横浜洋楽所

6人の先生~Brown, Ballagh, Hepburn,      Thomasと二人の日本人先生

“The academy curriculum …was almost exactly the same as in the school of Ballagh and Brown” Scheiner 1970;42

Page 47: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

阪府洋学校と大阪英語学校

(1870年 5月創設)理化学学校「舎密局」(1870年 9月創設)幅広い洋学教育をめざした

「阪府洋学校」1873年 8月に「第四大学区第一番中学」に統合

Page 48: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

大阪洋学校のカリキュラム

少初級・大初級から始まって八級・七級を九ヶ月、六級・五級を一ヶ年で修了し、四級以上はむしろコース別となり、『理科』『史科』『政科』『兵科』『文科』『語科』六科のうち三科の二級までをマスターすると、その上にさ

らに一級があり、今日の大学院のようなものかと思われる八級の授業内容は  素読  リンニー氏・モルリー氏文典

  地・理・史・文学初歩書 伝習 調韵会話 文典 会話  文典

Page 49: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

結論 「日本初」というと。。。

Probably 日本初の public total English immersion school

Maybe 日本初の total English immersion school

Perhaps 日本初の English immersion school

でも Definitely 加藤学園よりも早い!

Page 50: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

そしてカペテンゼーンズは definitely英語イマージョン教育の大先輩

“If such is not to be called a great man, I do not know where to find one.” Shimomura

“…he was not a man of words, but of deeds.” Fuwa 100

“Captain Janes was too great a man for my comprehension”. Morita 87

Page 51: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

ちなみに。。。

日本のベースボールが伝えられた始まりは第一大学区第一番中学(のウィルソン氏)と一般的に知られているが、熊本洋学校のほうが早い段階からベースボールが行われていたのではないか、という説もある。アメリカ人教師L・L・ジェーンズが熊本洋学校で教師をしていた。。。間にベースボールを学生たちに教えていたとのこと。着任すぐにベースボールを教えていたのであれば、ウィルソンよりも早かったことになる(明治7~8年ごろという説が有力)。1876年(明治9年)に熊本洋学校は廃校。熊本洋学校の学生たちは同志社に集団で転校。同志社のベースボールの始まりは東京からの影響のほか、熊本洋学校の転校生によって広められたともいわれる。

Page 52: Captain L.L. Janes and the Kumamoto Yogakko : Japan’s first  Total English Immersion School?

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