Capture-ready principles and design for pulverised coal plants

Mathieu Lucquiaud, Hannah Chalmers, Jia Li and Jon Gibbins

Energy Technology for Sustainable Development Group,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial

Xi Liang and David Reiner, Judge Business School, Cambridge

UKCCSC project meeting, 20th March 2008

Why do CCS? – cumulative global CO2 emissions

‘Unconventional oil’ includes oil sands and oil shales but not CTL. ‘Unconventional gas’

includes coal bed methane, deep geopressured gas etc. but not gas from coal and a possible

12,000 GtC from gas hydrates.

CARBON IN

FOSSIL FUELS

CARBON THAT CAN BE

EMITTED TO ATMOSPHERE

From 3rd Assessment Report, http://www.ipcc.ch/

Why do capture-ready? – time needed to learn (1)

Gibbins and Chalmers (2008), Energy Policy

FIRST TRANCHE

Demonstration

SECOND TRANCHE

Commercial &Regulatory Drivers

Overall effortalso important

to maintain continuity

GLOBALCCS

ROLLOUTBig prize is getting two learning cycles

from two tranches of CCS projects before

global rollout

EUCCS

ROLLOUT

PLANTSCOMINGINTO SERVICE

12 plants by 2015 in EU

CCS build-up plus all plants built capture-ready

CCS retrofit on capture-ready plants

2015DEMO

PROJECTSIN PLACE

2020CCS

STANDARDIN EU

2025GLOBAL

CCSROLLOUT

Critical path for IGCC and oxyfuel demo and deployment?…Critical path for IGCC and oxyfuel demo and deployment?…

Why do capture-ready? – time needed to learn (2)Critical path for post-combustion capture demo and deployment?…Critical path for post-combustion capture demo and deployment?…

Gibbins and Chalmers (2008), Energy Policy

Second tranche plants overlap with first tranche since many lessons can be learned without needing a

new plant (e.g. solvent development and some aspects of absorber

design, including packing)

PLANTSCOMINGINTO SERVICE

2015 2020 2025

First tranche plants earlier (especially if

retrofits)

Big prize is having technology suitable for

global deployment available up to 5 years earlier (and well suited to retrofit too)

Construction of second tranche plants can start

earlier since capture plant design fixed later in

the process Shorter timescales for building new capture

plant (since don’t need new power plant) mean that more learning is available from

earlier tranches for rollout

• Owner – needs to protect the investment value– needs to get plant permitted

• Society – doesn’t need to protect investment value, but– does need someone to be able to operate the

plant in the future with CCS (if the original owner goes broke)

• Regulator(s) – needs to keep the lights on, get new plant built,

provide continuity, minimise costs etc.

Also, some risk-based perspectives…

Must:• Have access to suitable geological storage• Have space and access for capture equipment• Have reasonable confidence it will work (feasibility study)

Also consider:

• Up-front expenditure with savings later, e.g.

Bigger/better equipment?

Move near cheaper/better CO2 storage?

• Flexibility – initial retrofit and later technology upgrades

But only pre-investments with very good returns justified

See IEA GHG report on capture-ready

Basic principles for capture-ready design

Mustbut different

interests?

Must:• Have access to geological storage• Have space and access for capture equipment• Have reasonable confidence it will work

Also consider:• Up-front expenditure with savings later, e.g.

Bigger, better equipment?

Cheaper/better CO2 storage?

• Flexibility – initial retrofit and later technology upgrades

SocietyReasonably-justified plan for the future

Owner

& auditors,bank’s

engineers etc.Detailed studies

for immediate action, protect investment value

Regulator

e.g. Have to re-permit for CO2 after ten years?

Whys map on to hows

IGCC• Hard to integrate before and after capture• Oversize components (Parsons study)• Shift before capture (Jacobs GEM)• Simpler option - build a second unit alongside when capture is added and size to integrate?• Many designs possible (e.g. 4 entrained flow gasifiers)

OXYFUEL• Boiler manufacturers developing designs

• Can also make post-combustion capture ready

IGCC and oxyfuel capture-ready designs

• Post-com capture credibility - must be demonstrated• Many future developments likely• Should not lock in to known technology• Likely common requirements, can be met at low cost:

• Space – large volumes of gas to handle, building work• Clean and probably cool flue gas• Pressure drop• Provision for extra instrumentation and control, other services• Extra cooling (efficiency penalty)• Some electricity for capture/compression plant• Some steam for temperature swing solvents

Post-combustion capture-ready designs

• Limited experience of offshore CO2 pipelines

• More experience with onshore pipelines, but often in places with little/no population

• It seems likely that regulators will need to play a role here

• One key issue is then what a UK/North Sea network might look like (hub and spokes model?)…

Some key issues to consider for pipeline (and storage) planning

• CCS is needed since danger of excess cumulative emissions from fossil fuel use

• Various options for capture, transport and storage• Main actions now are getting ready for CCS

– Serious demonstration projects and deployment strategy required (local, regional and global)

– Also want new-build plants to be capture-ready

• Challenging, but we know enough to get started

Overview so far…

• Clutched LP turbine

added for capture

unclutched for capture or removed and LP rotor replaced by lay shaft

IPHP LP

LP

reboiler

DSH

3.6 bar

• Floating IP/LP crossover pressure

IPHP LP

LP

added for capturereboiler

DSH

6.7 bar => 3.6 bar

• Throttled LP turbine

IPHP LP

LP

added for capturereboiler

DSH

3.6 bar

Steam turbine design for capture-readiness

PC plant without

CCS

PC plant with CCS

Clutched LP turbine retrofit

Throttled LP turbine retrofit

Floating IP/LP

crossover pressure

Efficiency without CCS

45.3% 45.3% 45.3% 45.3%

Efficiency with CCS

35.9% 35.9% 35.0% 35.5%

Flexible design for 2nd and 3rd generation of

solvents

NO YES YES

Additional capital costs

High Negligible Negligible

Operation without capture

Reclutched LP turbine

Easy Easy

•IEA GHG Report – 2007/4 CO2 capture-ready power plants

•Report commissioned in response to G8 Gleneagles communiqué

•It will be presented at the G8 summit in Japan this summer

Inputs to policy process include…

•Capture-ready makes sense in the context of cumulative emissions and new-build of coal-fired power plants (globally)

•Capture-ready principles for post-combustion capture at coal-fired power plants are clear

•Additional costs close to zero

•Steam turbine manufacturers and power utilities have taken the message on board

Key conclusions

Capture-ready photo montage(some details omitted)

Richard Hotchkiss, RWE npower - Recent Developments in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) – Coal Research Forum - http://www.coalresearchforum.org/pastmeetings.html

Tilbury 2x 800 MWTilbury 2x 800 MW

Capture-ready photo montage(some details omitted)

Richard Hotchkiss, RWE npower - Recent Developments in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) – Coal Research Forum - http://www.coalresearchforum.org/pastmeetings.html

PROJECT TITLE: PROJECT TITLE: CHINESE ADVANCED POWER PLANT CHINESE ADVANCED POWER PLANT CARBON CAPTURE OPTIONS (CAPPCCO)CARBON CAPTURE OPTIONS (CAPPCCO)TECHNICAL SUMMARY OF PROJECTTECHNICAL SUMMARY OF PROJECT

• Carbon capture characteristics database for existing & Carbon capture characteristics database for existing & planned plantsplanned plants

• Develop and assess capture options for planned new Develop and assess capture options for planned new pulverised coal (PC) plantspulverised coal (PC) plants

• Develop and assess capture options for existing PC plantsDevelop and assess capture options for existing PC plants

• Special issues for adding carbon capture to Chinese power Special issues for adding carbon capture to Chinese power plants e.g. water requirements, cooling requirements, coal plants e.g. water requirements, cooling requirements, coal properties, capture performance under variable Chinese climatic properties, capture performance under variable Chinese climatic conditions including likely performance of next-generation conditions including likely performance of next-generation pollutant control technologiespollutant control technologies

• Financing capture ready and capture retrofitFinancing capture ready and capture retrofit

19

Capture Option – Financing Capture Ready

Capture Option

Issuing a Tradable Capture Option help financing Capture Ready

A Capture Option has plenty of potential benefits

The value of a Capture Option is significant

The feasibility of Capture Ready depends on the additional capital

outlay for Capture Ready. (For example, in this model, Capture

Ready is economic at all discount rate, if required additional total

capital is less than 2%. )

Financing Capture Ready: Issuing a Tradable Capture Option

20

Capture Option

Capture Site

Storage Site

Transportation

Storage Site

(IPCC CCS Special Report, 2005)

Reiner D, Liang X, Gibbins J, Li J

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

mill

ion

CNY

Scenar i o HO_nCR 1625 627 153 22

Scenar i o HO_CR 2451 1255 471 97

Scenar i o LO_nCR 3 1 1 0

Scenar i o LO_CR 7 2 1 0

Scenar i o HP_nCR 10 2 2 0

Scenar i o HP_CR 25 7 5 2

Scenar i o LP_nCR 609 113 16 0

Scenar i o LP_CR 1326 439 99 11

6% 8% 10% 12%

21

Closure Possibilities

Capture Option

0. 00%

10. 00%

20. 00%

30. 00%

40. 00%

50. 00%

60. 00%

70. 00%

80. 00%

90. 00%

100. 00%

6% 8% 10% 12%

Di scount Rate

Clos

ure

Poss

ibil

ity

LP_nOpt i onLP_nCRLP_CR

22

Capture Option

Value of Capture Ready in a 600MW SCPC in China

831

630

311

711

713

327

758 3

1

816 3 2 100

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

6% 8% 10% 12%

CNY

mill

ion

Scenari o HO

Scenari o LO

Scenari o HP

Scenari o LP