11.1 Stars

____________ are _________________________ in space that radiate energy from their

_____________________ like a thermonuclear reactor.

They outnumber all other celestial bodies.

_________ have a __________________ like all living things on earth.

How long a star lives for depends on its _____________.

_____________________, an American writer and astronaut, once said “there are more

stars in the Universe than grains of sand on all the beaches on the earth.”

________________ is not empty, but filled with ____________________________

which is made up of _______________________________________and ___________.

Even though only _________________________________ is dust , it is the dust that

makes it hard for astronomers to see light from distant stars.

The Birth of a Star.

Stars begin to form from the materials in a ___________________, when gravity

starts acting on chunks of gas and dust. The mass grows until it finally

__________________ in on itself.

An early phase of star, called a __________________, is created.

If the protostar collects enough dust and gas, its core will reach

________________________ and the atoms start to fuse together.

The process of hydrogen atoms joining to form helium atoms is called

__________________________.

Nuclear fusion creates an enormous amount of ___________.

It is the energy given off by fusion that causes stars to ___________.

The Evolution of Stars.

Similar to all living things, stars ________.

They all start in a __________________, but the path of development differs depending

on the mass of the newborn star.

The three paths are;

________________________________

_______________________________________________

________________________________

Low Mass Stars.

These stars start out _______________ and remain that way for most of their life as dim

to cool __________________. ______________________ burn their hydrogen at a much

_________________ and may last for _________________ years.

Intermediate Mass Stars.

These stars are similar in mass to our ________. They burn their hydrogen

_______________ than low mass stars. They last about __________________________.

They will eventually expand into a _____________________, then they collapse into a

small, dim white __________________. As it cools, it turns into a

________________________, a dense, dark body of mostly _____________ and

___________________.

High Mass Stars.

These stars have ___________________________ of our Sun. They expand and burn

their gases rapidly becoming ___________________. Their life span is about

_____________________________.

They have a violent ending collapsing onto themselves with a massive explosion called a

_______________________. When these supernovas explode they send heavy elements

into space. The ______________, ___________________, and ____________________

we use on earth comes from these supernovas exploding.

Black Holes.

When a star more than ____________________ more massive than our Sun explodes

into a _______________________, it becomes a ____________________ and collapses

into itself.

Because the material is so _______________ and has an extraordinary amount of

________________________ pull, nothing can escape its force, not even ____________.

Proof that black holes exist:

Material pulled toward the center of black holes will emit radiation

Gravity from black holes affects passing stars and galaxies

Models show how super-dense objects can distort light from stars

Star Sizes.

Many Stars visible from

Earth are much larger

than our Sun.

Analyzing Star Colours.

Two things can be determined about stars when looking at them through powerful telescopes.

The stars colour reveals;

________________________and __________________

Whether the star is moving ____________from earth or________________ earth.

Colour and Composition.

Spectroscopes are used to analyze ________________________________. Using a

spectroscope, the light emitting from a star reveals _____________________ that show

certain _________________ in the star.

Colour and Motion.

Scientists use something called the “_________________________” which measures changes in

wavelength because of motion. Changes in sound waves can also be detected. When waves are

analyzed it shows whether the pattern of light is being ____________________________. If a

star is coming ____________ toward Earth, the wavelengths of light become _______________.

11.2 The Sun and the Planetary System. Our solar system is full of planets, moon, asteroids, and comets, all in motion around the

_____________. Most of these components are separated by great distances. Each planet

has its own distinct ______________________________. Comets, icy debris, and dwarf

planets travel at the outermost reaches of our solar system.

Formation of the Solar System.

Our solar system was formed more than ________________________ years ago. As the

Sun burst into existence, the leftover material combined to form ____________________

and numerous other planetary bodies: ________, ____________, and _______________.

Closest to the Sun are the _________________________ (terrestrial planets) and further

away are the _________________________ (gaseous giants).

The Sun.

The sun contains more than _________ of all the solar

systems mass. The composition of our star is mainly

____________________________, the most common

element in space. The hydrogen in the sun fuses with

helium and radiates this energy outward.

The sun is a complex system of bubbling gases that

occasionally send out spectacular __________________

and violent ______________________. It has no solid

surface but many distinct features.

Solar Winds.

Energetic gases in the _________________ are ejected in a sudden burst. When these

high energy particles rush past the Earth they create “________________________.”

These winds are deflected by the ________________________ around the earth’s poles.

This is what causes our ______________________________ shows. Sometimes these

winds can disrupt satellites and temporarily knock out power supplies to Earth.

The Planets.

To be considered a planet the body must _______________ one or more ____________,

be large enough that its own gravity holds it in a _______________________________,

and be the only body occupying the _____________________.

Mercury.

_______________ planet to the __________

__________________, slightly larger than our moon

_____ significant _______________________

__________________________________ 400oC to -183oC

Changes in temperature cause contraction and expansion of crust forming many

______________________________

Venus.

_______________ to ___________

Similar in composition to Earth

Atmosphere is almost all __________________________

Thick clouds of ______________________________ cover the planet

Planet has ____________________, lava flows, cracks and rifts

Earth.

______________________, 3rd rock from the Sun

Suitable atmosphere and temperatures

_____________ found in all 3 states (solid, liquid, gas)

Water covers nearly ___________ of the entire planet

Atmosphere is almost completely ________________

Mars.

_________________ because of the _________ content in soil

Half the size of Earth but same surface area

Has a volcano 3x the height of ___________________

Has 8 km deep canyon that stretches from Vancouver to Toronto

Thin atmosphere of ______________________

Has winds up to 900km/hr

_________________________ and two polar ice caps

Jupiter.

________________________ in solar system

Gas giant

Mass 2.5 times greater than all planets combined

Great ____________________ (visible from Earth) is a storm raging in clouds of

__________________ and _______________ that forms the outer layers

Has the shortest day of any planet, turning once on it’s axis every _____________

Saturn.

Gas giant identified by the elaborate system of ____________ formed from ice particles

____________________ are 250,000 km wide and as thin as 10m

planet is composed mainly of _______________________________

Uranus.

Fourth most massive planet, another gas giant

Similar composition to Jupiter and Saturn

Also has a system of _____________ made of _________________________

______________________ is from the _______________________ in its atmosphere

(methane absorbs red light)

It orbits differently than other planets because its axis is _____________

Neptune.

_________________________ and 3rd most massive

____________________________ due to __________________ similar to Uranus

Also has a ring system but is faint

When voyager 2 flew past the planet it noticed a spot similar to Jupiter, which is likely a

________________________

Hubble telescope has discovered another storm cloud near the northern hemisphere

The Moon.

All planets __________________________________________ have one or more

_______________________________. Over _____________ moons have been

discovered orbiting planets in our solar system. Astronomers call these orbiting

companions “__________________________.”

Asteroids.

___________________ are small bodies that are ________________________ of the

formation of the solar system.

Most asteroids orbit the sun in a band between ___________ and ________________.

They range in size from grains of sand to 1,000 km wide like "__________________."

Coments.

Comets are often referred to as "____________________."

They are composed of ______, __________, and ________. Space probes have found

that there is more rock than once thought. They originate from the

________________________ and the. ________________________. Once they get

close enough to the sun we can see the _____________ of gas, ice and dust streaming

behind.

Trans-Neptunian Objects.

Anything that orbits the sun past Neptune are considered ________________________.

Scientists believe there are about ___________________ orbiting in the Kuiper belt .

Some of these objects or dwarf planets are:

_______________

___________________________________

Oort Cloud.

At the farthest reaches of the Suns gravitational influence is a spherical cloud of small

_______________________________ of debris called the _______________________.

It is another source of comets. It is approximately ___________ the distance to the next

closest star.

11.3 Measuring Distances in Space. Astronomical units are used to measure distances within the solar system.

________________________ are used to measure distances to other bodies far beyond

our solar system. Distances measured from Earth to some bodies can be determined by

using ____________________________ and _____________________.