carboeurope ip 2004-2008 mid-term project overview executive board: ernst-detlef schulze (pi),...
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CarboEurope IP2004-2008
Mid-Term Project Overview
Executive Board: Ernst-Detlef Schulze (PI), Annette Freibauer, Riccardo Valentini, John Grace, Philippe
Ciais, Han Dolman, Martin Heimann
61 Contractor + 30 Associated PartnersFunding: 16.3 M€ (EU) + >30M€ (national)
Office: A. Freibauer, A. Thuille, Y. HoffmannMax-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jean,
Germanyhttp://www.carboeurope.org
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3 Overarching Project Questions
• ”The European Carbon Balance” What is the carbon balance of the European continent and its geographical pattern, and how does it change over time?
• ”Processes and Mechanisms” What are the controlling mechanisms of carbon cycling in European ecosystems? How do external parameters such as climate change and variability, and changing land management affect the European carbon balance?
• ”Detection of Kyoto” Can the effective CO2 reduction in the atmosphere in response to fossil fuel emission reduction and enhanced carbon sequestration on land be detected in the context of the Kyoto commitments of Europe?
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Component fluxes of the European carbon balance
Ciais et al., 2006, in prep.Black: “natural”
Red: human induced
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Overarching Research Strategy
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4 Interlinked Project Components
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Component 1: Ecosystems Carbon Budget
and its Driving ForcesCoordination:
Riccardo Valentini (U. Tuscia)
• To observe the fluxes of carbon water and energy over Europe by eddy covariance
• To partition the flux into its constitutent parts
• To quantify the effects of management
• To provide the basic data for evaluation and parametrisation of models
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Figure 1: Correlation plots between index of water availability (IWA) and annual (a) gross primary production (GPP), (c)
terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER) and (e) net ecosystem production (NEP), and between mean annual temperature
(MAT) and annual (b) GPP, (d) TER, and (f) NEP (b, d, f). Solid and dashed lines represent the linear regression lines with
associated 95% confidence bands. The linear correlation coefficient, the linear regression equation, and the significance level are reported in each plot. Colors code sites, symbols code
vegetation type as indicated in the legend below (ENF=Evergreen Needle Forest, EBF=Evergreen Broadleaf
Forest, DBF=Deciduous Broadleaf Forest, MF=Mixed Forest, W=Wetland).
Synthesis of Flux Data
Reichstein et al., 2006
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Processes controlling interannual variations in fluxes
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Sensitivity of respiration to water and temperature
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Workpackage SoilsWorkpackage Soils
1. Detection of changes in soil carbon plausible within 5 years at some sites1. Detection of changes in soil carbon plausible within 5 years at some sites
2. Soil carbon storage and mineralization are related to soil properties2. Soil carbon storage and mineralization are related to soil properties
N = 100 C-stock0-5 cm
C-stock0-20 cm
FORCAST2000
MDD 0-5 cm
MDD0-20 cm
[g kg-1] [gC m-2 5y-1]
Hainich 2.3 0.4 7.0 1.0 360 119 < 274 <
Hesse 1.2 0.3 3.8 0.6 -160 108 < 173
Soroe 2.4 0.4 7.1 1.6 520 119 < 438 <
r = -0.59p < 0.01
r = -0.67p < 0.01
Min
era
lisati
on
ra
te
[g C
O2 (
g
soil
C)-1
]
Min
era
lisati
on
ra
te
[g C
O2 (
g
soil
C)-1
]
Schrumpf et al., in prep.
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Forests: Effects of Age and Management
Magnani et al., 2006
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Component 2: Continental Carbon Budget and its Driving Forces
(“Atmosphere”)Coordination: Philippe Ciais (LSCE)
• To provide the high-precision, high-frequency, long-term concentration measurements for the determination of sources and sinks by the top-down approach
• To develop innovative methods based on carbon cycle tracers and isotopes in order to partition the signals into terrestrial, marine and fossil constituents
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Increasing continental to marine [CO2] difference
With continuous hourly records, trend is robust to data selection
Calibration drifts monitored and 10 times smaller
Ramonet et al., 2006
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14C as a tracer of fossil fuel
contribution in European air
Levin et al., 2006
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Component 3: Regional Carbon Budget and its Driving Forces (Regional
Experiment)Coordination: Han Dolman (VUA)
• To determine the spatially explicit regional balance over an area (300x300km) in south-west France at 2km resolution, every day for a full year based on intensive atmospheric and surface measurements
•Development of downscaling and upscaling methods for the multiple constraint approach
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CO2 concentrations (ppm) may-27 9HUTC
Atmospheric CO2 modelling May – 27 2005 Sea breeze effects
S-W S-ES-E
CO2 concentrations (ppm) may-27 14HUTC
FORESTAREA
AGRICUL.AREA
S-ES-W
FORESTAREA
AGRICUL.AREA
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Atmospheric CO2 modelling May – 27 2005 Schematic Processes
Sarrat, et al., 2006)
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Component 4: Continental Integration
(Coordination: Martin Heimann, MPI-BGC)
• To assess the present European carbon balance, its component processes and its variability on a continuum of spatial scales going from local (10km) to continental (5000km) using top-down and bottom-up models
• To merge the data streams of flux measurements, concentration measurements, forest and soil carbon inventories and combine them with remote sensing, meteorological and other GIS data into a carbon data assimilation system
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Carbon Cycle Observing SystemsCarbon Cycle Observing Systems
EurasiaEuropeEurasiaEurope
WorldWorld
CountriesCountries
Plot/SitePlot/Site
Eurogrid(~20-50km)2Eurogrid
(~20-50km)2
Remote Sensing + GIS - Data
Models
Remote Sensing + GIS - Data
Models Fore
st/S
oil
Inven
tori
es
Fore
st/S
oil
Inven
tori
es
Atmospheric
CO2 Concentration
Atmospheric
CO2 Concentration
Flux MeasurementsEcosystem Manipulation Experiments
Flux MeasurementsEcosystem Manipulation Experiments
Scientific Carbon Cycle Target
Scientific Carbon Cycle Target
Political “Kyoto” Target
Political “Kyoto” Target
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Process Model Development at Eddy-Flux Site-Level (PIXGRO)
Owen et al., GCB, 2006
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Top-down method development: Potential error reduction by increasing
observation network
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Anomaly of 2003 as seen from
space:Anomaly of the
fraction of absorbed
photosynthetic radiation (FAPAR)
Gobron et al., 2004
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Growing season NEP anomaly in 2003,
simulated by 4 prognostic and
3 diagnostic terrestrial ecosystem
models
Vetter et al., in prep.
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2003 Summer NEP Anomaly LPJ Simulation and Comparsion with Eddy
Flux Data
kg C m-2 mo-1
M. Reichstein
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Large-scale CO2 flux anomalies determined from atmospheric observations by top-down
inversion system
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Anomaly of summer 2003:Consistency between top-down and
bottom-up approach?
MPI-BGC inversionPrognostic terrestrial ecosystem models
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Which process controls the 2003
anomaly?
M. Vetter, in prep.
All models predict a decrease in NEP, but differ in relative role
of GPP and Reco
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Carbon Balance of EuropeLongerterm Average (~10yr)
Janssens et al., 2003
tCarboEurope = 2003
Ciais et al., 2006, in prep.
tCarboEurope = 2006 ??
tCarboEurope = 2008