Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are composed of rings of 4 or 5 carbons with Hydrogens and Oxygens attached to the carbon atoms

The basic building block of carbohydrates is glucose

Carbohydrate Functions

• Carbohydrates are used for energy production, energy storage, and cell structure.

Sugars and Complex Carbohydrates• Glucose is the main food molecule used by most

living things: other molecules are converted to glucose before being used to generate energy. Glucose can also be assembled into starch and cellulose.

• Complex Carbohydrates: Some is structural: the cellulose of plant cell walls and fibers is a polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules. The chitin that covers insects and crustaceans is another glucose polymer (with a bit of modification). Some is food storage: starch and its animal form glycogen. Also glucose polymers, but linked differently: we have enzymes that can digest starch. We animals store glycogen in the liver as a ready source of glucose, the basic food molecule needed by all cells.

Lipids (Fats)

•An Important Molecule for Living Things

Sources of Fatsin Our Diet

BAD

Red MeatButterCheese

OK

Olive OilCanola OilAvocado

GOOD

SalmonNutsFlaxseed Oil

Basic Structure

Two Parts:

Glycerol Head: •hydrophilic: attracted to water

Fatty Acid Tails: •hydrophobic: not attracted to water

Glycerol

Fatty acid

Four Main Types of Lipidsand their functions

1.Fats: energy storage and insulation

2.Phospholipids: biological membranes

3.Waxes: waterproofing and protection

4.Steroids: hormones/messaging

Proteins

An important molecule for your body

Where can you get proteins?

Why do you need protein?

• Transports materials across cell membrane

• Protects bones• Builds cartilage• Builds muscle• Helps chemical

reactions in your body (enzymes)

What are the subunits (monomers) of proteins?

• AMINO ACIDS

Talk about ways that proteins are different than carbohydrates

Think about sources, subunits, and functions.

Nucleic Acids

• Made of CHONP• Building blocks are

called nucleotides• Functions:– Storing genetic

information– Transmitting genetic

information– Protein building code

Molecules are organized into organelles

• Nucleus• Mitochondria• Cell wall• Cell membrane • Chloroplast• Ribosome

Organelles Compose Cells

• Cells themselves are made of smaller parts called organelles (mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, ribosome, cell membrane)

Organization of matter in living things• Cell = the basic unit of life’s organization• Eukaryotes = multi-celled organisms

containing internal structures (organelles)

– Plants, animals, fungi, protists– Ribosomes synthesize proteins– Mitochondria extract energy

from sugars and fats– Nucleus houses DNA

• Prokaryotes = single-celled organisms

lacking organelles and a nucleus

Hierarchy of matter in organisms

Matter is organized in a hierarchy of levels, from atoms through cells through organ systems