CARBON AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

OBJECTIVESDescribe properties of macromolecules important

to life: • Carbohydrates• Nucleic acids• Proteins• Lipids

• Know how polymers are assembled and dismantled

ORGANIC MOLECULES

ATOMS & MOLECULES• There are various ways to write a

chemical formula

MACROMOLECULES BY WAY

OF POLYMERIZATION

• Monosaccharides

• Nucleotides

• Amino acids

Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer

Monomer

Monomer

MonomerPolymer

Polymerization

(bonding together of monomers)

GENERIC POLYMERIZATION REACTION

BUILDING POLYMERS

Constructing

Polymers:

• Dehydration (Condensation) Reaction

DISMANTLING POLYMERS

Breaking

Down Polymers:

• Hydrolysis Reaction:

CARBOHYDRATESMonosaccharides:• Building block (monomer)

for

CARBOHYDRATESMonosaccharides:• Glucose as a linear, ring and

abbreviated ring structure

CARBOHYDRATES:MONOSACCHARIDES

CARBOHYDRATESDisaccharides:• 2 Monosaccharides

hooked together

CARBOHYDRATESPolysaccharides:• Many monosaccharides

hooked together

NUCLEIC ACIDS• Store and transmit

• Composed of

NUCLEIC ACIDSA String of Nucleotides• Nucleotide Structure:

STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEOTIDE

NUCLEIC ACIDS• Nucleotides are connected by

– Result of condensation rxns.

NUCLEIC ACIDS• DNA:

• RNA:

3´ 5´

C G

U

U

C

CG

G

A

A

RNA Loop

Base Pairing in RNA

PROTEINNumerous

Functions:

PROTEINS• Proteins are composed of

20 possible amino acids

20 AminoAcids

Note: VariableR Group

PROTEINSWhen Amino Acids Link,a Peptide Results:

• Dipeptide:

– Two amino acids connected

PROTEINSWhen Amino Acids

Link,

a Peptide Results:

• Polypeptide:

– Many amino acids joined together

PROTEINSLevels of Organization:

1. Primary

2. Secondary

3. Tertiary

4. Quaternary

PROTEIN STRUCTURE

Primary Level:

PROTEIN STRUCTURESecondary Level:

Helix:

• Pleated Sheet:

PROTEIN STRUCTURE

Tertiary Level:

PROTEIN STRUCTURE

Quaternary Level:

PROTEIN

PROTEIN FORM & FUNCTIONForm & Function Are Correlated!

– The function of a protein depends on its specific

conformation

LOSS OF PROTEIN FUNCTIONGenetics:

LOSS OF PROTEIN FUNCTION

The Environment:– Denaturation:

Protein denatured

LIPIDSLipids:

LIPIDSFunctions Include:

LIPIDSLipids:

– Most important types found in cells:

TYPES OF LIPIDS

Steroids:

– Includes:

TYPES OF LIPIDSPhospholipids:

– Play structural role

– Are “amphipathic”:

Fats: • Serve as a source of

– Usually in form of

– Formed through

TYPES OF LIPIDS

TYPES OF LIPIDSFats:

– Saturated versus unsaturated fats